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1-2 The Pre-Industrial RevolutionWelcome to this first session.In today's session, we'll explore some of the ideas that dominated the design of settlements prior to the dawn of the Industrial Age.In the 19th century, when industrialization came to cities,everything changed.But before that there was a long continuity of ideas about how to design cities.It's totally foolish to imagine that we could explore several thousand years of history of cities in just one brief session.However, what we can do is to talk about the leading ideas, the things that dominated the design of settlements for that long period of time and help you recognize them in your communities.Many of you who live in cities that date back 100s of years, and the traces of earlier settlements can be seen by just by walking around in your city. But those of you who live in more recent cities, will also probably be surprised to see the number of ideas of contemporary cities that have their roots in what had happened in earlier cities.Human's may have been designing and planning settlements since the dawn of civilization.Many of the earliest settlements were created in informal ways.People simply gathered around the camp fire, built houses around it and and the settlements emerged from that kind of informal process.But beginning at least 3000 years ago people began deliberately designing settlements.As civilizations grew and became more stable and amassed resources, conscious ideas entered into the design of places.The first idea is the wall.Defense became essential, and for over2,000 years,the design of fortifications became a critical part of planning cities. Even after fortifications came down, and the moat was drained, the idea of creating limits to the city remained.The second idea is the grid.As land ownership was dispersed to families and people there was a need to subdivide property in some logical way and record it on maps.There was a need also to define public areas like streets and squares.A grid plan was the easiest way to map on the ground and the easiest to subdivide.Gridiron cities were created by the Greeks as they settled Asia Minor 500 years BC.And, grids were the favorite form of new cities when the Europeans conquered the Americas in the 15th century.As this map of Lima, Peru shows.The third idea is the axis.Some parts of the city have been more important than others throughout history.And some people have been more important than others.Even in a gridiron city like Bejing, the importance of the Emperor was reinforced by creating a central axis and only he was permitted to walk along.In Renaissance Rome, Pope Sixtus, the Fifth, used the axes of a way of uniting the separate and districts of the city and the residue of the monuments that have been left behind, and by creating important plazas and buildings.The fourth idea is the city square.InEuropean cities, public squares were Created to become the living room of the city.A place for all important events.Often they started as open market places.And as markets moved indoors, they became spaces used for multiple purposes.The Piazza Ducale, in Vigevano,Italy, is typical of such central spaces.But in England, in parts of Northern Europe, city squares could also be green spaces, offering relief from the dense city.This idea was carried over into the new world, in the design of new cities.The final idea I'll discuss here is the cloister. Places for worship in the homes of religious deities had a special role in the pre-industrial city. Spaces were created for monasteries,houses of worship, temples and other kinds of shrines and these were often given prominent locations in the city.Bangkok's many wats were the landmarks that defined the character of that city, and do to this day.Church's often defined the skylines of American cities and marked the center of neighborhoods and districts of the city.The sacred spaces were often accompanied by schools, and meeting houses, and residents for all those who they served.All five of these elements can be found in cities with long histories.So let's take a look at how they found their place in the design of a sampling of important cities,from antiquity to the 19th century.In the year 1800, the largest and probably the most important city in the world was Chang-An,in central China, located along the Silk Road.It had over a million people.It was the seat of the Tang Dynasty and had legations from all the important countries of the world.It also housed the political and economic structure of China.Today, Chang-An is known as Xian.The design of Chang-An actually began much earlier, with some of the walls and many of the temples built in100 BC.When the T ang Dynasty made it its capital,it became the prototype for all Chinese cities,including the prototype for Beijing.The original wall of Chang-An was five kilometers by six kilometers, and the city had 11 gates.A central axi s, led to the administrator city and ultimately to the Imperial Palace.The city had a grid plan, with each very large block subdivided into larger or smaller lots, depending on the stature of the occupant.There were two markets near the gates of the city.And hundreds, literally hundreds of T aoist, Buddhist and other temples scattered throughout the city,almost one on every block.Modern day Xian occupies only about one-third of the original city of Chang-An.But it remains one of the few large walled cities in the world with gates in their original locations.The grand axis of the city remains with the drum tower occupying a key locationalong it.The large main streets remain but the life of the city exists on thestreets and alleyways between them, much as it did more than a thousand years ago.The diversity of blocks within the grid is maintained,including the Muslim quarter, which is quite unique for cities in China.Today's Beijing shows the unmistakable elements of Chang-An.Now let's jump to the 12th and 13th centuries inEurope.Most European cities invested heavily in building fortifications to defend their population, secure those who fled the land around the city in the face of invading armies.An example is Klagenfelt, Austria, notable for it sorderly planning of the streets and squares in the town.Roads connect the gates of the town for quick mobilization of troops.But there was also a need to secure their territory.Throughout much of France and the remnants of the Roman Empire, noblemen such as Raymond the 7th of Toulouse built new towns on the perimeter of the lands they controlled.These towns called bastides were also designed as a grid plan.Montpazier is one of the best preserved and we can see today just how it functioned.The market square is located at the precise center, surrounded by the administrative buildings and shops.The church occupies an adjacent block with its cloistered green.While much of the wall has been abandoned,some of the gates remain, and the town is still largely occupied.A real revolution in city design began in Rome in the 16th century.After the fall of the Empire, Rome fell into ruins, and was almost deserted.But with the relocation of the papacy back to Rome and the ambition of the popes who lodged there and we should say, the money collected from the Christian realm all over Europe, were almost ready for a transformation. Pope Sixtus, the Fifth provided the impetus.Although he reigned for only five years, Sixtus the Fifth laid down a new street plan for the city connecting major monuments.It involved axis and view corridors which connected the city visually.New piazzas were added, including the Piazza del Papolo,with its twin churches and vistas to the distance.Sixtus' axis set the stage for the creation of the17th century, St. Peters Square, one of the greatest achievements in city design in history and the icon of Baroque city planning.Sometimes disaster provides the opportunity for changes in city design.In 1666, much of central London burned to the ground.And architects and designers of the day were quick to rush in with their proposals as to how it should be rebuilt.Unfortunately, it was rebuilt pretty much the way it was before.But the schemes by Christopher Wren and John Evelyn had far-reaching influence on the design of new settlements in the New World. Less than 15 years later, William Penn, a Quaker, was given a large land grant by the King, on the Delaware River shores of its American Colony.It was probably as much to get rid of Penn and his colleagues, who were constantly needling the king.He called upon a surveyor to lay out a new settlement.Thomas Holme clearly had in mind the unsuccessful schemes for London.Thomas Holme proposed a settlement with a gridiron plan running from the Delaware river to the Schuykill river about two miles away.There would be two major streets, roughly in the cardinal directions,and five squares.One in each quadrant, and one in the center called city square.The blocks and lots would be large enough so that every one living there could have a small orchid or keep animals on their property.William Penn saw it as creating a Greene Country Towne.Philadelphia was slow to develop.20 years after its founding, only a few blocks have been occupied, and it took fully two centuries to fill out the plan from river to river.But they stuck with the plan.Public buildings were added as they were needed,and streets became lively places for residents to meet.And housing which began as townhouses with large green spaces behind, evolved, became more dense, taller and while the blocks remain the same.It was not until the turn of the 20thcentury that city square was built upon, when a new City Hall and Courthouse was constructed.In its time, they were the largest public buildings in America.Philadelphia's Four Squares remain the outdoor center of its four center city neighborhoods and they're loved by all.I lived a block from Ritten house Square and considered it my outdoor living room.There were many others wonderful designs for the new settlements in the Americas.At Savannah, Georgia, Charles Oglethorpe created a plan in 1733for a city where virtually every housefaced a Square.Savannah remains today one of the mostliveable cities in the country.In Australia,Colonel William Light laid out a city quite similar to Philadelphia in 1823, and he surrounded it with a green belt.When it came time to expand, rather than consume the green belt, North Adelaide was added as another free-standing city.Adelaide remains one of the most livable cities in Australia.The combination of all of these ideas in pre-industrial cities was the design for Washington,the national capital that replaced id by Charles L'Enfant, it had a gridiron plan.A monumental axes that emphasized the importance of public buildings and monuments.Public squares and monuments were for both the federal city and the everyday city,and blocks that varied depending upon whether they were commercial areas or residential blocks.Washington would later become recast as the greatest example of the city beautiful movement in America.But that's a story for another session and I will say no more about Washington.What we see through this brief excursion through the history of the ideas about city design, is that many ideas we take for granted today,actually has their origins in pre-industrial cities dating back to antiquity.The early plans for cities provide the armature for future design.They can of course be modified, as Rome was by Sixtus the 5th, o Paris was through Baron Von Houseman's efforts.Or many other American cities were changes through urban renewal and redevelopment in the1970s and 1980s.But the form of a city is in its DNA,inherited from previous generations.It's important to understand where those ideas came from.In the next session, Johnathan Barnett will discuss how some of those changes that occurred to cities as a result of industrialization.You're welcome to join him.。

城市规划书英文报告

Title: Urban Planning ReportUrban planning plays a pivotal role in shaping the development and sustainability of cities, ensuring they meet the needs of residents while enhancing environmental quality and economic vitality. This report provides an overview of key considerations, strategies, and challenges in urban planning.1.Introduction to Urban Planning:2.Urban planning is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns, and communities. Itencompasses land use, transportation, infrastructure, housing, and environmental sustainability to create functional and livable urban spaces.3.Key Considerations in Urban Planning:o Land Use: Efficient allocation of land for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes.o Transportation: Designing accessible and sustainable transportation networks, including roads, public transit, and pedestrian infrastructure.o Infrastructure: Planning for essential services such as water supply, sanitation, energy, and telecommunications.o Environmental Sustainability: Incorporating green spaces, energy-efficient buildings, waste management systems, and strategies to mitigate climate change impacts.o Community Engagement: Involving residents, stakeholders, and businesses in the planning process to ensure inclusivity and address local needs.1.Strategies for Effective Urban Planning:o Compact Development: Promoting mixed-use developments to reduce urban sprawl and promote efficient land use.o Smart Growth: Emphasizing sustainable practices that balance economic growth with environmental stewardship.o Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Designing communities around public transportation hubs to reduce car dependency.o Green Infrastructure: Incorporating parks, green roofs, and urban forests to improve air quality, reduce heat islands, and enhance biodiversity.o Resilience Planning: Preparing cities to withstand and recover from natural disasters and climate change impacts.1.Challenges in Urban Planning:o Infrastructure Deficits: Addressing aging infrastructure and expanding services to meet growing urban populations.o Housing Affordability: Ensuring housing options are accessible to diverse income groups amid rising real estate costs.o Traffic Congestion: Managing traffic flow and reducing reliance on private vehicles through better public transit and active transportation options.o Environmental Degradation: Mitigating pollution, preserving green spaces, and promoting sustainable resource management.o Social Equity: Addressing disparities in access to services, amenities, and economic opportunities across neighborhoods.1.Case Studies and Best Practices:o Highlighting successful urban planning projects that have revitalized neighborhoods, improved public spaces, and fostered economic development.o Learning from cities that have implemented innovative solutions in transportation, housing, and environmental sustainability.1.Future Directions and Recommendations:o Emphasizing the importance of integrated planning approaches that consider social, economic, and environmental factors.o Encouraging collaboration between government agencies, private sectors, and communities to achieve sustainable urban development goals.o Investing in research and technology to advance smart city initiatives, data-driven decision-making, and resilience planning.In conclusion, effective urban planning is essential for creating vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable cities that enhance quality of life for residents while safeguarding the environment for future generations. By addressing current challenges and embracing innovative strategies, cities can become resilient hubs of opportunity and creativity in the face of global urbanization trends.。

城市规划相关外文翻译资料

Riverfro nt Lan dscape Desig n for London 2012 Olympic ParkClie nt: Olympic Delivery AuthorityLocati on: London, UKProject Credit: Atk insText: Mike McNicholas, Project Director, Atk insHow do you pla nt along a river's edge, knowing that millio ns of people could be pass ing through thesite in the n ear future? How do you desig n, create and maintain the surrounding wetla nds, knowing that man-made wet woodla nd is very rare and tran siti on alby n ature? How do you en surethat the habitat being created remai ns viable and susta in able in the Ion g-term? Atk ins engin eers of the wetla nds and river edges on the London 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questi ons.Coveri ng more tha n 246 hectares of formerly derelict in dustrial la nd, London' s new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one of Europe's biggest-ever urba n gree ning projects. Rivers and wetla nds are at the heart of the visi on for the new park, which lies in east London' s Lower Lee Valley. Th e Iandscape that' s now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of theLo ndon 2012 Games.As river edge and wetla nd engin eers for the project, Atk ins has played a critical role in turni ng the visio n in to reality. Atk ins ' remit in cludes desig n of the soft river edges and wetla nds, in cludi ng riverba nk restoratio n and bioe ngin eeri ng.The tran sformati on is un precede nted.More tha n 8km of riverba nks have bee n restored as part of the project; in tan dem with this, 2 hectares of reed beds and ponds have bee n created, along with 9,000 square meters of rare wet woodla nd(Fig.01).The challe nge was about gett ing people both visual and physical access dow n to the river-to actually make the rivers more accessible and more ope n, and therefore the cen terpiece of the Park.Mike Vaughan heads up Atkins' multidisciplinary design team, which includes river engineers, geomorphologists and ecologists. “The idea was to open up the river corridor by making the steep slopes that line the river fl att e” explains Mike. “ By dropp ing the slopes, we' ve brought the river into the park and made it much more accessible-people can get close to the river and see whats going on there”Gett ing the riverba nk geometry just right was a delicate bala ncing act. Too steep, and the banks would n eed costly artifi cial rein forceme nt; too shallow, and they would start to eat into valuable space on the site. An optimum slope of 1 in 2.5-about 22 degrees- was chose n. The space occupied by river bank was restricted by the n eed toconvey fl oodwater and the location of terrestrial Iandscape and infrastructure. As such, the banks were over-steepe nedus ing two approaches.Firstly, where possible, the riverbanks were terraced using coir rolls and timber stakes. In other locations, where only a 70 degree bank was possible, a rein forced detail was used, provid ing layers of geo-grid and steel mesh cages, faced with a riverside turf.Today, with the new Iandscape rapidly taking shape, it s easy to forget how the Lee Valley used to look. Un til the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) took possessi on of the site in 2006, many of the river cha nn els that criss-cross the site were clogged with invasive weeds, along with the predictable detritus of urban decay: aba ndoned shopp ing trolleys and car tires.Th e Lee Valley' s neglected river network wasn t only an eyesore, but also an obstacle-a gulf separating Hackney and Tower Hamlets in the west from Waltham Forest and Newham in the east.Now, the revitalized waterways-and the new crossings spanning them-will be vital not only duri ng the Games, but also aft er 2012. Th ey are an in tegral part of the legacy solutio n, stitchi ng the new Park and its waterways into the wider fabric of east London.1 Bringing Habitats back to LifeMaki ng the most of the site ' s rivers and n atural features to create susta in able habitats is a key part of the Olympic Delivery Authority ' s vision for the Olympic Park. But the process of transforming the park' s rivers from weed and rubbish-i nfested gulches into prist ine watercourses has bee n long and tough.For Atk ins, that process started with develop ing an in timate un dersta nding of the labyri nth of waterways and cha nn els that wind their way through the site. Flows and velocities were measured at diff erent points over a period of time, with data used to con struct a detailed hydraulic model to predict flood risk. That' s of critical importa nee, because Atk ins had resp on sibility for everyth ing up to a con tour of 4 meters above ordnance datum (sea level) on the site.A full flood risk assessme nt was un dertake n at en vir onmen tal impact assessme nt stage. Atk ins un dertook an alyses of the risk of fl ood ing caused by freque nt rain fall, taking into acco unt the automated regulati on of water levels in the impo un ded reaches and the impact of tidal lockout. The modeli ng exercise was made con siderably more complicated by the impo un dme nt of the river system duri ng the course of 2008; in effect, this elim in ated the direct tidal infl uence of the Th ames. But its in direct infl uence is still felt. “ Whe n the tide comes in on the Th ames, it stops water fl owing out of the River Lee ” explains Mike Vaughan. “ So the river levels fl uctuate by an average of 400mm a day.Atki ns' modeli ng calculati ons correctly predicted this phe nomenon, and also the in creased risk of flood ing. “ These discoveries led to some cha nges in the Ian dscap ing profile,” says Mike. “ The riverside paths have bee n raised by up to a meter and the profile of the wetla nds was also raised, as main tai ning correct water levels is critical to their survival. ”Susta in able drain age tech niq ues have also bee n used across the Park. In theIan dscape areas, porous strips have bee n used in the con course, feedi ng into bioswales which drain dow n into the riverside pon ds. Surface conv eya nee, un dergro und pipes and storage features have also bee n utilized(Fig.O2).The first step in the river restoration process was to“ lay back” the banks, many of which were precipitously steep. This re-profili ng was n ecessary because much of the surrounding land was “made” ground, the result of centuries of tipping that had raised the ground level by as much as 10 meters in places. The cocktail of materials on the banks included rubble, glass, animal bones and, more recently, wartime demoliti on materials from London' s east end.Ano ther challe nge facing the Atk ins team was the prevale nee of in vasive weeds. These in cluded Himalaya n balsam, Japa nesek no tweed and gia nt hogweed. All are fast-growing non-native plants introduced to Britain in the 19th century as garde ncuriosities; all have prospered on the wrong side of the garde n wall.Invasive species are bad news for riverbanks. They reproduce and grow with prodigious speed, driving out native plant species. And they' re highly resilient. Knotweed can force its way through solid concrete, while giant hogweed contains furocoumari ns, sun-activated tox ins that can cause ski n ulcerati on. Elimi natio n was a priority —soil was treated throughout the site and the banks stripped of all rema ining vegetatio n.In additi on, Atk ins was resp on sible for en suri ng the protect ion of the existi ng fl ora and fauna on the site. Phase one habitat surveys were un dertake n as part of the en vir onmen tal impact assessme nt in 2006, in clud ing bird and fi sh surveys. A major translocation of species was undertaken to suitable receptor sites including a specially-created 1 hectare site just outside the Park. Atki ns translocated 330 com mon lizards, 100 toads and 4,000 smooth n ewts. In order to protect the flora on the site, Atki ns mai ntai ned a ‘ permit to clear' system for con tractors, and specifi ed safeguarded habitat areas that were not to be touched including areas of sycamore trees.2 Choosi ng Pla nts to Pla ntAtkins is responsible for the final look of the riverbanks and wetlands-and decid ing what to re- pla nt prese nted a challe nge. With banks now bare, new pla nting would have to fulfi ll not only ecological and aesthetic dema nds-they' d be expected to be in bloom for the Olympic Games-but engin eeri ng imperatives too.The Atk ins desig n team chose bioe ngin eeri ng tech niq ues, rather tha n culvert ing and hard engineering, for the project. That means protecting and consolidating riverba nks by using vegetatio n and n atural products in stead of con crete. Choos ing the right species with the right root systems would be critical to protect the banks from erosi on.An added challe nge was that the river n etwork is semi-tidal. The twice-daily rise and fall of around 400mm had the pote ntial to play havoc with new pla nti ng, and the river' s high sedime nt loads threate ned to smother anything pla nted from seed or plugs. “ We don' t actually have a n atural river system” no tes Mike. “ Pla nts don' t cop well in those con diti on s.”To fi nd out which plants would fare best-and to establish the most eff ective planting methods -Atkins conducted a unique riverbank planting trial along a 50-metre stretch of the Lee in the Olympic Park.“We trialled plants of different elevations and different installation techniques. These were monitored over a year,” says Ian Morrissey, senior environmental scientist with Atkins. “ That's really helped to inform exactly what species we should plant and where”.The trial revealed that plug plants would be just too vulnerable. But plants pre-grown in coir -coconut fibre matting-resisted being washed away or swamped. Coir has other benefi ts too-it 's easy and quick to install in rolls and pallets two meters long and a meter wide(Fig.03).“Th e mat itself acts like a mulch, so you prevent any weeds growing up through it that might already be within the bank material. But more importantly, when the banks become inundated, you get fine sediment trapped within the coir. Th at helps to bind the roots and feed the plant”s, says Ian.3 Banking on Tomorrow' s SeedlingsCreating a sustainable riverbank ecosystem means using native species. So before the banks were scraped back, seed was collected from suitable native aquatic species-a process managed by Atkins -and stored in a seed bank. Some of this seed was then used by bioengineering and nursery specialists, Salix, who were appointed by the Olympic Delivery Authority to cultivate plants off site in what 's believed to be one of Britain's biggest-ever nursery contracts.The offsite growing operation was huge and sowing for the project commenced in June 2009, as plants must be a year old and well established in their coir pallets before encountering the tough riverbank environment.Plants for the wet woodlands, including sedges, were raised in more than 7,000 pots at Salix' s nursery on the Gower peninsula, near Swansea. And in Norfolk, the company created a new 16-acre nursery dedicated to the 2012 project(Fig.04). Here, more than 300,000 plants representing some 28 different species, including sedges, common reed, marsh marigolds and yellow fl ag irises, were grown on more than a thousand coir pallets, ready to be transported to London in the following months.During the summer of 2010, the 18,000 square metres of planting were then pieced together like a giant jigsaw. This was a massive logistical challenge. To make it easier, each of the pallets and rolls was tagged. It was vitally important that each one went in exactly the right space so as to avoid cutting and trimming the roots and rhizomes of the plants. The team laid them out in blocks, to a plan, to make sure this didn't happen.4 Ponds and Wet Woodlands from ScratchWhile the riverbanks of the “Old River Lee” occupied much of the attention of the Atkins team, there were also entirely new bodies of water to consider. A fundamental part of the biodiversity of the river edges in the north of the Park lies in three new triangular ponds, off the east bank. Two of these were designed to dry up in the summer, forming moist grassy hollows. Th e third pond was created to retain water, en abli ngspecies such as water lilies and marsh marigold to thrive(Fig.O5).Preve nting that third pond from dryi ng out -while also en suri ng that it did not fl ood along with the River Lee-was a conun drum. Atk ins resp on ded by desig ning a conn ecti on betwee n the pond and the river to act as both overfl ow and feed. Flows could be regulated: whe n the pond level rose too high, water could be drained back into the river; whe n it started to dry out, a valve could be ope ned to release river water back into the pon d. It sounds simple, but it is believed to be the fi rst of its kind for a habitat feature of this scale.As well as the improved waterways and riverba nks, new wet woodla nds will be a no table feature of the Olympic Park. They' re now a rare habitat in the UK, and the ones in the Park are being created from scratch.“ It was quite a novel thing to be asked to do” recalls Atkins' Ian Morrissey. “ The challenge was to make sure we had the right water levels within the wetwoodla nd areas. Atk ins was resp on sible for work ing out the topographies and the cha nn els, and how they would in teract with the river”Wetla nds have a tendency to become dry land eve ntually, a process that can be slowed dow n through select ing the right vegetatio n, careful water level man ageme nt and maintenan ce.“ The sedge species we selected were chose n because they are quite vigorous so are able to compete well with terrestrial species, says Ian.Tree species for the wet woodla nd in clude willow, alder, birch and the now rare black poplar, points out Atkins' Mike Vaughan: “It' s fantastic for wildlife. You get a lot of in vertebrates in there, as well as n esti ng birds.Birds, though, can present a challenge, particularly on the freshly planted riverba nks.“There' s a risk of wildfowl grazing our plants when they get on site, ” says Mike. To prevent that happening, hundreds of meters of deterrent fencing were erected around new vegetati on. That stayed there un til spri ng 2O12(Fig.O6).5 Beyond the Finishing LineThe transformation of the lower Lee Valley and the creation of the new park, now n eari ng completio n, is remarkable by any sta ndards. Visitors to the Olympic Park - up to 250,000 every day at the peak of the Games - will encounter one of the gree nest and most en viro nmen tally frie ndly parks ever to be created for the Olympics.And the ben efits will be felt lo ng after 2012. “ We' re pulli ng that really difficult trick of putting in infrastructure that' s good for the Games, but will work in legacy” said the ODA's John Hopkins. “This will be a great place to live and work, with rivers and parkla nds at the heart. Socially, econo mically and en vir onmen tally, there will be a terrifi c legacy-it ' s a new Iandscape powering a new piece of city.伦敦2012奥林匹克公园滨水景观设计与营造业主委托：伦敦奥运交付管理局项目位置：英国伦敦项目设计：阿特金斯撰文：迈克•麦克尼古拉斯/阿特金斯项目经理如果在不久的未来，将有数百万人途经这块滨水区域，沿河该如何种植？如果了解到自然界中人造湿林地已十分罕见，该如何设计、创造并维护周边这种湿地环境？该如何长期保持栖息地的活力和可持续性？在伦敦2012奥林匹克公园项目中，来自阿特金斯的工程师们受托负责湿地和河滨地区设计及建设，将会找到所有这些问题的答案。

城市规划翻译

1.Town Planning in PracticeAn Introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs (Sir) Richard Unwin1909A masterful exposition on the fine points of site planning—such as the arrangement of buildings and streets, squares, and other public places—this book is one of the foundations ofthe field. Lushly illustrated with town plans and photos, Unwin’s book demonstrated how to plan cities at the human scale. This is an excellent book to share with local civil engineers.2.An Introductionto City PlanningDemocracy’s Challengeto the American CityBenjamin Marsh1909Marsh was one of the first and most vociferous leaders of the movement touse coordinated governmental actionto address public health crises. ―A city without a Plan,‖ he wrote, ―is like a sh ip without a rudder.‖ Marsh became oneof the major early advocates for zoning and planning in New Y ork.3.The Principles ofScientific ManagementFrederick Winslow Taylor1911Taylor’s highly influential argument was that both business and governmentshou ld ―functionalize work.‖ It gave support to the idea of separatingpolitics from the administration ofwork, giving credence to rise of a professional class of planners, city engineers, city finance officers, andthe like.4.Wacker’s Manual of thePlan of ChicagoWalter D. Moody1912The first publication geared to elementary-school children on the subject of planning, this manual taught children about Daniel Burnham’s The Plan of Chicago of 1909.5.Carrying Out the City PlanFlavel Shurtleff, Frederick L. Olmsted 1914Instigated by Olmsted, this was the first study of state planning law. Undertaken by landscape architect Flavel Shurtleff, the work became an indispensable tool for planners, planning commissioners, and attorneys as they developed the legal foundations and the practice of planning.6.Cities in EvolutionAn Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of PhysicsPatrick Geddes1915Linking social reform and the urban environment, Geddes looked at cities comprehensively. All planning should preserve the unique historic character of the city and involve citizens inthe planning of its development, he reasoned, sounding two themes that would reemerge in the 1950s and 1960s.7.The Planningof the Modern CityA Review of the Principles Governing City PlanningNelson P. Lewis1916Focused on the physical city, Lewis viewed the problems of city planning as engineering problems. From transportation systems to parks and recreation, this book took a systemsapproach and inspired engineers to consider planning their concern and planners to consider physical problems.8.City PlanningWith Special Reference to the Planning of Streets and Lots Charles Mulford Robinson1916Charles Mulford Robinson was among first writers to meld knowledge of18th and 19th century design with the growing effects of motorized travel and “modern‖ American living. This book springs from a period of great creative ferment and experimentation in city planning, particularly in the areas of street design and platting. Many of his observations remain relevant today. 9.The CityRobert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess, Roderick D. McKenzie, Louis Wirth 1925Burgess introduced the concept of human ecology by investigating the spatial patterns of urban development. His concentric zone theory connected the distance one commutes fromthe central business district to a socioeconomic zone of the city; hence residents are sorted by economic and social class into zones.10.The Suburban TrendHarlan Paul Douglass1925Douglas’s survey of subu rban communities was written just as suburbs were first developing in large numbers—and at a time when many believed that the suburbs would somehow fuse the best of the city and the countryside in harmony. His work exemplifies the ongoing tug between urban and suburban in planning.11.New Towns for OldAchievements in CivicImprovement in SomeAmerican Small Towns and NeighborhoodsJohn Nolen1927A pioneer in the profession of cityand regional planning, Nolen was a landscape architect responsible forthe design of many innovative town plans, such as V enice, California. His book comprehensively examined the economic, social, and physical aspectsof planning and argued for the placeof natural beauty in urban design.Like his contemporaries, he was a city reformer. The book highlights severalof his planned communities, including Mariemont, Ohio.12.Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and ArrangementA Study of Trends andTendencies in the EconomicActivities within the Region ofNew York and its EnvironsRobert Murray Haig, Roswell C. McCrea 1927An economic view of cities, Haig’s book introduced the concept of economic base analysis. He viewed land use asa function of accessibility and wrote extensively on the taxation and the urban economics.13.Toward a New ArchitectureLe CorbusierFrench 1923; English 1927Le Corbusier’s books offered a visionof a rational, man-made city in which large housing blocks of high rise dwellings faced or were set in parks. Residential areas were separatedfrom other activities and organized in rigorous grids of new development. Hiswork and belief in the functional cityis often invoked as the source idea for multi-story housing blocks in America.14.The New ExplorationA Philosophy of RegionalPlanningBenton MacKaye1928Co-founder of The Wilderness Society, Benton MacKaye advocated inthis work for land preservation for recreation and conservation. MacKaye linked planning to conservation.15.MiddletownA Study in ContemporaryAmerican CultureRobert Staughton Lynd, HelenMerrell Lynd1929A monumental and very popular anthropological study of Muncie, Indiana, the book helped define the character of the American community. The authors examined work, class divisions, nuclear family, and play among other key organizing principles of American life.16.Neighborhood UnitA Scheme of Arrangement forthe Family-Life CommunityClarence Perry1929Perry developed the concept of the neighborhood unit and believed cities should be aggregates of smaller units that serve as a focus of community. He promoted public neighborhood space and pedestrian scale.17.The Disappearing CityFrank Lloyd Wright1932In this publication Wright introduced Broadacre City, his visionary community form divorced from the city andsuburban in concept. His was one of many conceptual new towns that were primarily architectural in character. 18.CIAM ManifestoCongrès International d’Architecture Moderne1933Members of the congress presented their analysis of comparative town planning at the famous 1933 congress. They were committed to a belief in collective action to create a thoroughly new and modern city that would replace the old and outdated.19.Final ReportStatus of City and Regional Planning in the United States National Planning Board1934The National Planning Board wasa short-lived attempt at a national planning program with a focuson buttressing infrastructure, the economy, and creating jobs. This report was a based on a study ―to determine what the role of the urban community is in national l ife.‖20.Modern HousingCatherine Bauer1934Both an assessment and a political demand for a housing movement to support low rent housing, this book helped rally interest and concern in housing needs in America. It advocated for the role of government in assuring housing for all.21.Regional Factors in National Planning and DevelopmentNational Resources Committee1935A major study of regions in America, this work detailed how federal, state, and local government couldundertake coordinated planning. The report addressed political frameworks, interstate cooperation, economic issues, regulations, waters rights,and examined the Tennessee V alley Authority as a model for regional planning.22.Outline of Town andCity PlanningThomas D. Adams1935Did the profession of planning arisein response to traffic congestion? Certainly, the automobile put tremendous pressure on the existing form of cities. This core idea and many more were consolidated into thisbook which served as one of the first textbooks on planning in America. The books was based on 11 years of lectures Adams gave at MIT.23.Our CitiesTheir Role in the National EconomyNational Resources Committee, Urbanism Committee1937This was in the words of the committee the ―first major national study of ci ties in the United States … where a large portion of the Nation’s wealth ... and problems are concentrated.‖ The work links urban planning to the economy.24.The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoodsin American CitiesHomer Hoyt, U.S. Federal Housing Administration1939From his experience in real estate, Hoyt examined how the structureof residential neighborhoods developed. He also explored how the real estate market worked to shapeneighborhoods. His is known for the sector theory in urban development. 25.Local PlanningAdministrationLadislas Segoe, Walter H. Blucher, Institute for Training in Municipal Administration1941Planning pioneer Ladislas Segoe advocated for planning’s integrationinto government in order to gain respect in administrative and legislative circles. This was a manual for administrative practice and came out within months of Walker’s book.26.The Planning Function inUrban GovernmentRobert Walker1941A controversial but influential book which argued that planning neededto move away from association with independent commissions and gaina place closer to the local legislative body, the chief executive, and administrative agencies. In short, Walker argued for fully integrated planning agencies within local government.27.American HousingProblems and Prospects: TheFactual FindingsMiles Colean, Twentieth Century Fund, Housing Committee1944Colean had worked for the Federal Housing Authority and advocated for housing finance reform and public housing. His analysis of American housing concluded that there werenot enough innovative housing products on the market to address need. He also advocated for strong coordination between war production and housing—an opportunity missedduring World War I.28.The Road to SerfdomFrederick A. von Hayek1944Nobel Prize winner Hayek arguedthat central economic planning ledto serfdom. His influential theories reinforced libertarian views that hands-off approaches by government were needed to avoid tyranny. His work re-emerged as an influence on governmental policy makers in the 1980s.munitasMeans of Livelihood and Waysof LifePaul Goodman, Percival Goodman 1947This book jump started the post-war rebellion that reached its pinnaclein the 1960s. The Goodmans posed three models of community based on consumption, art, or liberty. They spoke out against religious and government coercion. Paul Goodman’s later works encouraged a radical rethinking of major social institutions and their roles in individual lives.30.A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and ThereAldo Leopold1949Aldo Leopold was a co-founder of The Wilderness Society and the originatorof the concept of wildlife management. In this popular book he put forwardthe ethical premise that views landnot as a commodity to be possessed but an obligation to be preserved. He helped develop the scientific conceptof ecology.31.Toward New Towns forAmericaClarence S. Stein1951Stein was a co-founder of the Regional Planning Association of America, aco-designer of the iconic planned townof Radburn, and an advocate for the federal new town planning program.His book highlights his pedestrainfriendly, greenbelt-influenced designsfor neighborhoods and towns.32.Urban TrafficA Function of Land UseRobert B. Mitchell, Chester Rapkin 1954This book pioneered the concept that urban traffic patterns resulted fromland uses and their resulting activities. Although the link had been made between traffic and planning quite early, Mitchell and Rapkin showed how it could be measured and studied. Their concept became accepted thinking throughout the profession.33.Politics, Planning, and thePublic InterestThe Case of Public Housing in ChicagoMartin Meyerson, Edward C. Banfield 1955Meyerson and Banfield saw planningas firmly enmeshed within politicsand urban management. Gary Hack explains that Meyerson believed “making the plan has to be inherentlya process that organizes public and political support.‖34.The Heart of Our CitiesThe Urban Crisis, Diagnosisand CureVictor Gruen1955The father of the mid-20th century shopping mall, architect and planner Gruen wrote this treatise on how to approach the redevelopment of cities.He viewed malls as the center pieces ofnew urban towns.35.The Organization ManWilliam H. Whyte1956“Reco gnized as a benchmark, Whyte’sbook reveals the dilemmas at the heartof the group ethos that emerged inthe corporate and social world of thepostwar era.‖ This is Nathan Glazer’s assessment. The book examines theimpact of large scale organization onsociety, including planned suburban communities and the belief in theendless perfection of life and society.Whyte revealed the cost to theindividual in terms of initiative andcreativity.cation for PlanningCity, State, and RegionalHarvey S. Perloff1957This book became the foundationfor planning education as Perloffgave intellectual coherence to thefield. He outlined what he called ―theintegrated set of learning experienceswhich would permit the student … to rediscover … principles … and lear nto apply them in a problem-solvingsetting.‖37.Standard IndustrialClassificationBureau of the Budget1957The standard classification projectbegan in 1937 and in the 1950s abroader project was undertaken toclassify both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing in the United States.This massive effort integrated diversestatistical data that allowed planners, researchers, and communities to accesswide ranging data in standardizedclassifications such as types of employment.38.Urban Land Use PlanningF. Stuart Chapin1957Accepted as one of the standardtexts on planning practice, the book describes planning as a ―big stakes game in a multi-party competition.‖Therefore, the book continues the tradition of looking at planning within a political and local governmental context, but also as a competition among interests.39.The Image of the CityKevin Lynch1960A book that appears on almost every planner’s list of essential books, this work is still in use almost 50 years later. Lynch argued that people create mental maps of their surroundings with five key features: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. He also introduced the terms wayfinding and imageability into the discourse, influencing the way people think and talk about urban space.40.The Cit izen’s Guideto PlanningHerbert H. Smith1961One of the first books addressed to planning commissioners and their role. Smith helped both citizens and appointed officials understand the basics of planning. He untangledthe different roles of planning commissioners and professionals and examined topics such as the master plan, capital improvement programs, zoning, and the regulation of land subdivision. In this classic, he offers a highly personal insider’s account of thereal world of the planning process. 41.The City in HistoryIts Origins, Its Transformations,and Its ProspectsLewis Mumford1961Winner of the 1961 National BookA ward, Mumford’s book traces the development of cities from ancient Greece and Rome to the modern forms of suburb and megalopolis. Mumford describes the genesis of cities and analyzes their purpose in a sweeping narrative that proposes a more ―organic‖and humane relationship between people and their environment. Mumford helped popularize planning for the general public through his Skyline feature in The New Y orker. 42.The Death and Life of Great American CitiesJane Jacobs1961A writer with no formal training in architecture or planning, Jacobs dared to write what she called ―an attack on current city planning and rebuilding‖that set out new, more human, principles for city planning. The result has become one of the must-read books of the planning profession. Empirical and highly readable, this book is based on Jacobs’s observations about city life. She observed what made streets safe or unsafe, what constituted a neighborhood, andwhat function a neighborhood served within the larger organism of a city. She analyzed why some neighborhoods remained impoverished while others regenerated.43.Silent SpringRachel Carson1962Carson brought environmental concerns into the mainstream with this book on the harmful effects of pesticides on mosquitoes and birds. Widely credited for spurring the environmental movement, Carson’s work inspired planners to consider the importance of environmental protection in their daily lives and in urban development projects.44.The Urban VillagersGroup and Class in the Life of Italian-AmericansHerbert Gans1962Gans, a sociologist and city planner, told the story of Boston’s West End working-class Italian- American community. He illustrated the importance of family and neighborhood, taking a captivating anthropological view of a distinctly urban environment. The sociology of how people live in cities and interact with their environment was an influential thread in planning literature.45.The Federal BulldozerA Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal, 1949-1962Martin Anderson1964This book signaled a turn away from the idealistic ―tear down and build new and better‖ approach to city planning. Anderson’s early history of urban renewal detailed the mechanisms and legislation used to push the program forward, showing how its idealistic goals quickly gave way to destruction for its own sake. Anderson became a domestic policy adviser to Presidents Nixon and Reagan.46.The Urban General PlanT. J. Kent, Jr.1964In a contemporary review of the book, Kenneth L. Kraemer notedthat the philosophy of planning had evolved. Planning was now more comprehensive and seen as ―multilayered matrixes.‖ The goal of planningwas no longer an ideal state, but ―an activity stream relating to problems and goal definition, program design …and evaluation.‖ Kent exemplified the change and provided a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban comprehensive plan, and how it was currently being applied.47.The Making of UrbanAmericaA History of Planning in theUnited StatesJohn Reps1965Over the years, Reps’s expansive studies have looked at the original plans of all types of communities in the United States. In addition, he examined how key cities and towns developed intheir first decades and followed upwith more intensive regional studies. This comprehensive history of early American town and city developmentis filled with detailed drawingsand maps outlining how America urbanized.48.The Zoning Game: Municipal Practices and PoliciesRichard Babcock1966A. Dan Tarlock writes: ―The Zoning Game caught the crest of the emergence of local land-use controls from a marginal subject of interest ...to a major national issu e in the 1970s.‖It was twice cited by the U.S. Supreme Court. The book proposes sensiblereforms to one of the earliest tools of planning and also provides a critique, asking whether zoning as it is practiced really promotes its stated goals. Babcock believed that zoning, when done correctly, was a critical means of implementing land use decisions that benefited the community as a whole. 49.Design of CitiesEdmund Bacon1967Bacon’s powerful urban design concepts shaped Philadelphia, where he had as much influence as Daniel Burnham in Chicago and Robert Moses in New Y ork. A planner, architect, architectural historian, and theorist, Bacon relates the international workof great city designers through the ages to the contemporary city, with illustrative examples.50.Design with NatureIan McHarg1969This pioneering, inspirational work on environmental planning was notable for its use of map overlays to identify land development constraints. An influential landscape architect who spoke to planners, McHarg showed how to achieve the ideal fit between built environments and natural surroundings.51.American City Planning Since 1890A History Commemoratingthe Fiftieth Anniversary of the American Institute of PlannersMel Scott1969Not only was this book invaluable in developing this essential books list, it is the standard text on American city planning history up to 1969. Scotthelped illuminate the intellectual as well as the practical develops in the field drawing clear paths from the Progressive and sanitary movements to the planning in the postwar eras.52.The Uses of DisorderPersonal Identity and City Life Richard Sennett1970Influential urban sociologist Sennett examines how excessive order produced dull urban life, but was socially destructive and led to the cultivation of violent, narrow, repressed societies. His appreciation of the complexity and essential unregulated nature of good urban life challenged planners to do more than impose solutions.53.Learning from Las V egasRobert V enturi, Denise Scott-Brown, Steven Izenour1971A landmark work filled with wit and insight into how people actually use and enjoy landscapes of pleasure.The book challenged architects and planners to consider the overlooked vernacular and understand how it created an order and form of its own, and responded creatively to the people who inhabited commercial landscape. It was the first book to examine the phenomenon of the strip in the American city.54.Site PlanningKevin Lynch, Gary Hack1971This thorough work on all the technical aspects of site planning is infused with a deep understanding on how humans inhabit their environment, the need to avoid ugliness, and the importance of understanding the consequences ofdesign. The book remains a standard in the field of planning.55.A Reader in Planning Theory Andreas Faludi1973These essays covered the full complement of 20th centuryplanning theory, including rational planning, advocacy planning, and incrementalism. Each one challenged the utility and methods of planning in determining the public interests andthe role of the planner. Of particular note are Paul Davidoff’s ―Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning‖ and Martin Meyerson’s ―Building the Middle-Range Bridge for Comprehensive Planning.‖56.Urban Design as PublicPolicyPractical Methods forImproving CitiesJonathan Barnett1973Barnett discussed how to bridge the gap between the design and planning professions. An architect, planner, and teacher, Barnett focused on how to actually bring about the qualities of urban life that Jane Jacobs and others espoused.57.Close UpHow to Read the American City Grady Clay1973Clay is one of the great proponents of close observation of landscapes and built environments, and in his first book he introduced a new taxonomy and vocabulary for describing wherewe live, what we see, and how we feel about places. Importantly for planners, he stressed the subjective and perceptual nature of places rather than grand, abstract plans for them.58.Small Is BeautifulEconomics as if PeopleMatteredE.F. Schumacher1973Schumacher was an early proponentfor the concept of sustainability.He examined how it applied to economics and planning for human organizations and communities. His essays on ―Buddhist Economics,‖ the limits of natural resources, and scale are essential to modern planning thought. The book had a large popular audience.59.The Power BrokerRobert Moses and the Fall ofNew YorkRobert Caro1974Journalist Caro grapples with the motivation, methods, and impacts of Moses, a builder of New Y ork public works who abjured planning as a discipline but understood how to ―get things done.‖ This book was especially influential in how it crystallized the change in values that had taken place over the 20th century, with large-scale patriarchal Modernist planning falling out of favor.60.Urban Planning AnalysisMethods and ModelsDonald A. Kruekeberg, Arthur A. Silvers 1974This clearly written introduction to basic quantitative techniques of urban planning and policy analysis includes solid chapters on survey researchand analysis, population forecasting, transportation modeling, and program analysis and management, including time-sequence scheduling.61.A Pattern LanguageTowns, Buildings, ConstructionChristopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein1977This timeless and detailed accounting of the patterns of urban architecture illuminates the populist turn inurban design in the wake of Jane Jacobs’s work. These patterns are the composition of a distinct language invented and used by everyday people. Planners can learn about place and its people by interpreting the details ofits form.62.The Fiscal Impact Handbook Robert Burchell, David Listokin, et al. 1978A planning classic on the important topic of assessing development impact on the fiscal condition of the local government. This is a comprehensive treatment of cost-revenue analysis and the limitations of different approaches.63.Making City Planning WorkAllan Jacobs1978As San Francisco’s planning director, Allan Jacobs faced a memorable fight with developers and commissioners who proposed to build three high rise towers on the waterfront Embarcadero Center property. One of the first planning books of its kind, Jacobs’s memoir is both practical and political; he offers case studies illustrative of typical planning issues and intersperses these with more personal ―behind the scenes‖ stories of what city planning was really like in San Francisco.64.The Practice of Local Government PlanningFrank So, et al.1979The ―green book‖ has served as core text of planning since its inception.Produced in partnership with ICMA the book comprehensively covers American city planning history, planning functions, and, most important, the public administrative aspects of planning, including agency management and budgeting. The book has been updated in several new editions and is still in use.65.The Social Life of SmallUrban SpacesWilliam H. Whyte1980Whyte’s careful examination of small spaces and how people behave in them revealed the moral dimensionof planning––the responsibility to create healthy public spaces. Whyte’s observations were fascinating enough to draw a public readership for his studies.66.A Theory of Good City Form Kevin Lynch1981A philosophical classic, the book calls attention to all that we take for granted as normative urban life. In this third of Lynch’s influential books, he relates humanist priorities to the actual form of cities, while trying to illuminate what our best and worst physical environments say about us as well as what we can learn from them.67.Liveable StreetsDonald Appleyard1981Appleyard was a precise observer of street conditions and traffic qualities. His analysis of streets and their traffic patterns demonstrated the link between urban design and social relationships. The book provided quantitative data to support traffic calming polic ies and established。

城市规划文献翻译

<文献翻译一：原文>Planning, Governing, and the Image ofthe City1THE SEPARATION OF KNOWLEDGE FROM ACTION,AND THE IMAGE AS A TIE THAT BINDS THEMPlanning theory has tended to emphasize the separation of knowledge from action, as evidenced by the subtitle of a main text, Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action (Friedmann 1987). Doing so has perpetuated a long line of enlightenment thinking that nourishes the epistemological roots of endeavors such as planning and design. Hannah Arendt (1958) identified knowledge with command and action with obedience to command. Thus she was able to claim that the separation of knowing and doing is the root of domination. Arendt was influenced by Martin Heidegger who, in his famous essay "The Question Concerning Technology," questioned how society questions technology (1977). What he achieved by this was a radical rethinking of what technology is, and how society mediates thought and action by technology. For Heidegger, technology is not limited to machines nor popular ascriptions like means and tools. For him the essence of technology is enframing. Technology enframes the real and transforms it into a standing reserve. Everything lies in wait to be used and transformed by technology. In this sense institutions are a technology that turns agents and ideas into objects subject to institutional technology. This places agents and ideas in a subordinate relation to the institution. In Heidegger's analysis, knowledge is both subordinate to institutional action and superordinate to the power that enables the institution to act. In contrast, Arendt's analysis of the individual person places knowledge in a position superior to action.The separation of knowledge from action, object from subject, being from doing, and command from obedience is picked up in the historical studies of Michel Foucault and his theorizing on power and knowledge (Foucault 1978, 1979, 1980). Juirgen Habermas is also sympathetic to Arendt's treatment of knowledge and action (1974, 1979).These fecund lines of thought opened up a host of pathways for critical social, political, philosophical, and professional analyses. Not in the least, they helped bring the institution back in, to paraphrase Theda Skocpol (1985).1． Michael Neuman．Planning, Governing, and the Image ofthe City [D]．Current Issue，（J）：December 2012．In the sphere of planning, Friedmann's "knowledge before action" can be traced back to Patrick Geddes's survey before plan，if not earlier (Geddes 1915). Friedmann (1987) cloaked a rational model similar to the choice theory put forth by Davidoffand Reiner a generation earlier (1962) in radical transactive garb. Friedmann underscored the link that politics makes between scientific/technical knowledge and societal guidance. He ironically set up a consulting capacity for planners in which they advise decision makers. If planners are cast into this advisory role, they can do nothing but fulfill the dichotomy signalled by the phrase "from knowledge to action" (emphasis added).Moreover, in his prescription for radical planning, references to vision, images, and institutions do not appear, if one excepts macro-institutions such as the market, government, and society.The divorce of knowledge from action, of content from process, is nearly complete in planning theory. The primacy of process is held firm under the grip of theories of communicative action. The communicative paradigm has unearthed fertile soil for a cadre of theorists using rubrics suchas discourse, consensus building, debate, story telling, equity planning, and interactive planning (Innes 1995). But to remove images in any of their forms from discourse results in a partial analysis, and will eventually result in communicative theories coming to a standstill. Not only are images and plans important to planning and governing, images are critical parts of and influences on daily life. "Pervasive images" is a pleonasm. Is it not our responsibility as scholars to come to grips with this phenomenon? Rodowick, for one,claimed that "electronic and digital arts are rapidly engendering new strategies of creation and simulation, and of spatial and temporal ordering, that linguistic philosophies are ill-equipped to understand" (Rodowick 1991, 12,quoted in Boyer 1994, 490).Boyer, writing on North American city planning, claimed "the past failures of the architect-planner to build images of the city reflect the refusal to allow the past to be experienced with the present in a new constellation. In consequence our modern cityscapes show little awareness of their historical past" (1983, 286). We can add that the present failures of planning theorists to build theories incorporating images and plans reflect the refusal to allow planning's past to be experienced with its present. We can rest somewhat easier knowing that practice has gone ahead of theory by reincorporating the image and rediscovering the plan (Neuman 1996).<文献翻译一：译文>规划、指导、形象和城市理论与实践的分离形象作为其纽带如《不受限制的规划：从知识到实践》(Friedmann 1987 年)的标题所言，规划理论已倾向于将知识从实践分离出来。

History and Civilization of the City 城市规划方面英文论文(专业、雅思、托福等可用)

History and Civilization of the CityAs a saying goes, there are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand audience's eyes, undoubtedly, a city has a great number of images in citizens' minds because every city definitely has its long-standing history and splendid civilization just like every individual has its memory. If all of our cities abandon them in order to become what called the "modern city", which is more advanced than it before, citizens would have much less impression of the city's tradition. Is this good for our cities? I suppose not. It can be imagined that if Hamlet had monotonous character, audience would no longer like it. Consequently, in my opinion, a city should not abandon its traditional civilization when in the process of urbanization.There is a concept called "urbanization", which not only means modernizing the city, but also means making the rural area alter to city. Some people, however, give an additional meaning that abandoning the traditional culture to it. Maybe, as is known to them, when taking the tradition into consideration, it is no more a significant element to the modern city. Yet as far as I know, the traditional culture is crucial and fundamental fortune. When we are facing to various type of lure, the government should not lose itself and should protect the valuable treasure. For instance, Nanjing is a big city which owns over 2470 years of history, and Nanjing was the capital of many dynasties of ancient China. In the construction, the government reserves its quadruple castles and ancient bridges of the Ming Dynasty and lots of other historical sites. In addition, establishing ten protection zones such as Ming Palace and Confucius Temple is another brilliant method to prevent the traditional civilization from damaging during the process of modernization or urbanization. There is no doubt that the government attaches great importance to it in urban construction.Thus, on the one hand, the tradition of a city is definitely a significant element and fortune which we should consider and protect in urbanization. On the other hand, it also can benefit the development of the city even the whole country.History and culture are root and soul of the city, because when citizens know the history, they know the derivation of themselves, similarly, when they understand the culture of the city, they understand the spirit of it. Furthermore, the people from other area will be attracted. There are many instances we can learn from them, such as Pingyao, Lijiang, Wuzhen, etc. They are all famous ancient towns with less tall buildings and cars. Nevertheless, their long history and various cultures attract numerous tourists every year. Taking Pingyao for the example, about ten years ago, it had already attracted 1.5 million tourists as well as earned more than 200 million from them, it can be imagine that the number is much more tremendous today. As the same time, the native people not only remember themselves’ cultures but have more chances to work for hometown, and the government have fund to protect the ancient buildings, augment the planting or prevent the pollution rather than waste money to build excess similar modern buildings. As far as I am concerned, the developing of our city cannot be separated from the history and traditional culture.As a philosopher told us, to know the passed one thousand year is to better develop the next five hundred years of the future, no matter which type of city we want in the future, we should not forget the long history and abandon the splendid traditional civilization. After all, memorizing and inheriting is our responsibility.。

城市景观规划设计外文文献翻译

城市景观规划设计外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Brooker L. Ecological planning in the urban landscape design [J]. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2013, 6(4):15-26.英文原文Ecological planning in the urban landscape designBrooker L1 City and The Landscape1.1 Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity. Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms, in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature. it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implication is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.1.2 The Relationship between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificialand natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. And in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishing harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.2 The city landscape planning and design2.1 city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape. Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics,cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization, and create an orderly space form. 2.2 The urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society. To improve the urban environment is a common voice. The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. And blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it. Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal. In landscape planning of city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure; fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban. Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.3 Ecological planning and urban landscape3.1 The relationship of urban landscape and ecological planningLandscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme isthe fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.The dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment.3.2 landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecologicaland aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size, density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment Mindanao and to promote green space system construction.3.3 The urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each otherIt is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecologicalfunctions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.3.4 The city landscape ecological planning the humanized design"it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowedunder 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.Human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand: physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feels comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand.Club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three. to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs ofdifferent people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.4 The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss andinteresting. Natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.中文译文城市景观设计中的生态规划Brooker L1城市和景观1.1景观设计概述景观设计首先是一种人们的思维活动，作为一种艺术活动来进行。

城市规划专业英语翻译

CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION AND TRENDSARTICLE: The Evolution of Modern Urban PlanningIt’s very difficult to give a definition to modern urban planning, from origin to today, modern urban planning is more like an evolving and changing process, and it will continue evolving and changing. Originally, modern urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution; it was physical and technical with focus on land-use. Then with the economic, social, political and technical development for over one hundred years, today’s city is a complex system which contains many elements that are related to each other. And urban planning is not only required to concern with the build environment, but also relate more to economic, social and political conditions.这是非常困难的给予定义，以现代城市规划，从起源到今天，现代城市规划更像是一个不断发展和变化的过程，它会继续发展和变化。

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二〇一三年三月外文文献翻译（一）题目：HongKong:The FactTown Planning一、内容简介：近年来，香港城市规划的目的是提供一个优质的生活环境，促进经济发展，促进健康，安全，指导和控制的发展和土地使用的方便和一般社区福利。

遵循可持续发展的原则，城市规划旨在带来一个有组织的，有效地为社会生活和工作中的和可取的。

在香港土地适宜性发展是稀缺的，有需要的方式利用有限的土地资源的竞争性需求的住房，商业，工业，交通，娱乐，自然保护的平衡，和其他社区的需求。

香港的城镇规划系统：香港的发展战略规划法定部门计划在当地水平的领土和各种类型。

指导的制备是香港规划标准和指导方针，发展有关的相关政策的原则和社会各界的意见。

二、外文文献原稿HongKong:The FactTown PlanningPurpose of Town Planning: Town Planning aims atproviding a quality living environment, facilitating economicdevelopment, and promoting the health, safety, convenienceand general welfare of the community by guiding andcontrolling development and the use of land. Following theprinciple of sustainable development, town planning seeksto bring about an organized, efficient and desirable place forthe community to live and work in. As land suitable fordevelopment in Hong Kong is scarce, there is a need tostrike a balance in utilizing the limited land resource to meetthe competing demands for housing, commerce, industry,transport, recreation, nature conservation, heritagepreservation and other community needs.Planning Organisations: The Planning and Lands Branchof the DevelopmentBureau is in charge of the policyportfolios of planning, land use, buildings and urbanrenewal in Hong Kong. Taking directives from theDevelopment Bureau, the Planning Department (PlanD) isresponsible for formulating, monitoring and reviewing landuse at the territorial level. PlanD also prepares district/localplans, area improvement plans, the Hong Kong PlanningStandards and Guidelines as well as undertakes actionsagainst unauthorized land uses.The principal body responsible for statutory planningin Hong Kong is the Town Planning Board (TPB). It isformed under the Town Planning Ordinance (TPO) andserved by the PlanD. Comprising predominantlynon-official members, the TPB oversees the preparation ofdraft statutory plans, considers representations to suchdraft plans and considers applications for planningpermission and amendments to plans. There are twostanding committees under the TPB, namely, the MetroPlanning Committee and the Rural and New TownPlanning Committee. Under the TPO, the TPB may alsoappoint a committee among its members to considerrepresentations to draft statutory plans.Planning System: Hong Kong’s planning systemcomprises development strategies at the territorial leveland various types of Statutory and Departmental Plans atthe district/local level. Guiding the preparation of theseplans is the Hong Kong Planning Standards andGuidelines, relevant development related policy andprinciples and community views.Territorial Development Strategy: The strategy aims atproviding a broad planning framework to guide futuredevelopment and the provision of strategic infrastructure inHong Kong. It also serves as a basis for the preparation ofdistrict plans. The findings of Hong Kong 2030: PlanningVision and Strategy (the HK2030 Study), a study toformulate the planning framework for Hong Kong up to2030, were promulgated in October 2007. The HK2030Study has adopted sustainable development as itsover-arching goal. The recommended strategy, focusing onthe three broad directions of providing a quality livingenvironment, enhancing economic competitiveness andstrengthening links with the Mainland, aims to help Ho ngKong achieve its vision as “Asia’sworld city”.With increasing economic integration and socialinteraction between Hong Kong and the Mainland,cross-boundary surveys are commissioned regularly tocollect statistical information on various aspects ofcross-boundary activities, e.g. travel pattern andbehaviour, Hong Kong residents’ experience of andaspirations for taking up residence in the Mainland. Thefindings of these surveys provide valuable input for theplanning of cross-boundary infrastructure and theformulation of development strategies. The planning studytitled Coordinated Development of the Greater Pearl RiverDelta Townships, jointly commissioned by Hong Kong,Guangdong and Macao to formulate a regionaldevelopment framework, was completed and its findingswere promulgated in October 2009.Statutory Plans: Two types of statutory plans areprepared and published by the TPB under the provisions ofthe TPO. In 2005, the TPO was amended to streamlinehe plan-making process and planning approvalprocedures, enhance the openness and transparency ofthe planning system and strengthen planning enforcementcontrol in the rural New Territories.The first type is Outline Zoning Plan (OZP) whichmajor road systems of an individual planning area. Areascovered by OZPs are in general zoned for uses such asresidential, commercial, industrial, green belt, openspace,government/institution/community uses or other specifiedpurposes. Attached to each OZP is a Schedule of Notesshowing the uses which are always permitted (Column 1uses) in a particular zone and other uses for which priorpermission from the TPB must be sought (Column 2 uses).The second type is Development Permission Area(DPA) Plan. DPA Plans are prepared to provide interimplanning control, and development guidance for rural areasin the New Territories until more detailed OZPs areprepared. DPA Plans indicate broad land use zones andare also accompanied by Schedules of Notes showingColumn 1 and 2 uses. DPA Plans are effective for a periodof 3 years and will be replaced by rmation on statutory plans, related guidelines andprocedures as well as the agenda and decisions of theopen meetings of theTPB and its Committees can beaccessed online from the TPB website at.hk/tpb/ and the Statutory PlanningPortal at.hk/. The public may alsoobserve those open meetings in the Public Viewing Roomlocated in North Point Government Offices, 333 JavaRoad, North Point, Hong Kong.Departmental Plans: Outline Development Plans andLayout Plans are administrative plans prepared within theframework of the statutory plans. With a much larger scale,these departmental plans show more detailed levelplanning parameters e.g. site boundaries, location ofaccess points and footbridges, specific types ofgovernment or community uses to facilitate thecoordination of public works, land sales and landreservation for specific uses.Views from the public are essential considerations forthe formulation of development strategies and preparationof plans. Public engagement in the form of public forums,workshops, exhibitions, etc. has become a very importantcomponent of the planning process.Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines: It is areference manual setting out the criteria for determiningthe scale, location and site requirements of various landuses and facilities. It is used in the preparation of townplans and planning briefs and is a tool that helps toregulate development.Urban Renewal and Regeneration: The Urban RenewalAuthority (URA) is a statutory body established in 2001 tospeed up the renewal of old urban areas and to executethe Urban Renewal Strategy formulated by theGovernment. PlanD co-ordinates with the URA under thestatutory provisions in the planning of urban renewal andregeneration projects for the improvement of the old urbanareas.The Government has launched a review of the UrbanRenewal Strategy in 2008 in three stages – envisioning,public engagement and consensus building, and isscheduled for completion in 2010. The Strategy willprovide a broad policy guidance for urban renewal in HongKong.New Town and New Development Areas: Large-scalenew town development in the New Territories began in theearly 1970s. PlanD’s District Planning Offices have workedclosely with the Civil Engineering andDevelopmentDepar tment’s Development Offices to prepare plans andoversee the development of these new towns. At present,nine new towns, namely, Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin, Tuen Mun,Tai Po, Yuen Long, Fanling/Sheung Shui, Tseung Kwan O,Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau are in various stages ofdevelopment and will accommodate about four millionpeople upon full development. However, large-scale newtowns will not be pursued in the foreseeable future. Instead,medium-scale new development areas such as Kai Tak andnew development areas in the New Territories will bedeveloped. Enquiry Counters located at:- 17/F, North Point Government Offices,333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong- 14/F, Sha Tin Government Offices,1 Sheung Wo Che Road, Sha Tin, New TerritoriesFor enquiries, please call 2231 5000, fax to 2877 0389 or*************************.hk.三、外文翻译部分城市规划：城市规划的目的是提供一个优质的生活环境，促进经济发展，促进健康，安全，指导和控制的发展和土地使用的方便和一般社区福利。