2017 2018高中化学第三章烃的含氧衍生物第三节羧酸酯精选新题新人教版

第三节羧酸酯

1.熟悉羧酸的概念及分类。

2.了解乙酸的酸性，明确乙酸酯化反应的断键特点。

3．了解酯的结构特点及性质，了解酯的酸性水解和碱性水解的差别。 4.掌握乙酸乙酯的实验室制法。

羧酸[学生用书P46]

1．羧酸的结构和分类

(1)概念：由烃基与羧基相连构成的化合物。

(2)通式：R —COOH(R 为烃基或氢原子)，官能团：—COOH 。饱和一元脂肪酸的分子通式：

CHCOOH 或CHO 。 mnmn

22＋12

(3)分类

①按分子中烃基的结构分

低级脂肪酸：如乙酸CHCOOH

??3

?硬脂酸：CHCOOH ??1735

??脂肪酸?COOHH 软脂酸：C 高级脂肪

酸

1531

???

羧酸

??COOHH 油酸：C

1733

芳香酸：如苯甲酸

②按分子中羧基的数目分

一元羧酸：如甲酸HCOOH ，俗名蚁酸

，俗名草酸COOH 二元羧酸：如乙二酸HOOC —

?羧酸?多元羧酸：如柠檬酸? 2．乙酸的性质 (1)物理性质

(2)化学性质

CHCOOHCHCOO＋H，乙酸是一种弱酸，比－＋①酸性：

碳酸酸性强，具有酸的通性。33例如：2CHCOOH＋NaCO―→2CHCOONa＋CO↑＋H 。O223323

②酯化反应

如乙酸与乙醇的反应：

3．羧酸的化学性质

羧酸的化学性质与乙酸相似，主要取决于官能团—COOH。

(1)弱酸性

COOH能电离出H，使羧酸具有弱酸性。羧酸具有酸的通性。

＋由于—

例如：2RCOOH＋NaCO―→2RCOONa＋CO↑＋HO。2322(2)酯化反应

反应原理：羧酸与醇发生酯化反应时，一般情况下，羧酸脱去羟基，醇脱去氢原子。

1．判断正误(正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”)。

(1)乙酸分子中含有羧基，可与NaHCO溶液反应生成CO。( )

向苯酚和醋酸中滴加少量紫色石蕊试液，溶液都变为红色。( )

23(2)

(3)1 mol CHOH和1 mol CHCOOH在浓硫酸作用下加热可以完全反应生成1 mol 325CHCOOCH。( )

乙酸分子中含有碳氧双键，一定条件下乙酸能与氢气发生加成反应。 ( )

523(4)

在酸性条件下，CHCOOCH的水解产物是CHCOOH和CHOH。( ) 522533答案：(1)√ (2)× (3) 1818(5)

× (4)× (5)×

2．下列关于乙酸的说法不正确的是( )

A．乙酸是一种重要的有机酸，是具有强烈刺激性气味的液体

B．乙酸分子中含有四个氢原子，所以乙酸是四元酸

C．无水乙酸又称冰醋酸，它是纯净物

D．乙酸易溶于水和乙醇

解析：选B。CHCOOH分子中虽然有4个氢原子，但是只有羧基上的氢原子可以电离出H3＋，所以乙酸是一元酸。

3．下列说法正确的是( )

A．只有链烃基与羧基直接相连的化合物才叫羧酸

B．饱和一元脂肪酸的组成符合通式CHO nn22C．羧酸在常温下都呈液态

D．羧酸的官能团是COOH

答案：B

1．酯化反应的规律

一般是羧酸分子中的羟基与醇分子中羟基上的氢原子结合生羧酸与醇发生酯化反应时，

成水，其余部分结合生成酯，即“酸脱羟基醇脱氢”。

2．酯化反应的类型

(1)一元羧酸与一元醇之间的酯化反应

浓硫酸CHCOOCH＋HO

CHCOOH＋CHOH2253352△(2)二元羧酸与一元醇之间的酯化反应

(3)二元醇与一元羧酸之间的酯化反应

(4)二元羧酸与二元醇之间可得普通酯、环酯和高聚酯的酯化反应

(该反应将在第五章中学到)

在水溶液中存在平衡：已知，当

( OOHCCH与) 18发生酯化反应时，不可能生成的是

因存在平衡，因此可发生的反应有两种可解析] [ 能，如下所示：

[答案] A

羧酸的结构与性质

1．现有甲基、羟基、羧基、苯基四种基团，两两组合形成化合物，其水溶液呈酸性的有( ) A．3种 B．4种

C．5种 D．6种

解析：选B。此题是联系结构和性质的一种题型，首先，四种基团两两组合可得6种物

和CO。注意不要COOH、CH、、、H质，即CHOH3233

结构简式为)。 CO漏掉H(32

．苹果酸的结构简式为，下列说法正确的是( 2)

A．苹果酸中能发生酯化反应的官能团有2种

B．1 mol苹果酸可与3 mol NaOH发生中和反应

C．1 mol苹果酸与足量金属Na反应生成1 mol H 2

．与苹果酸互为同分异构体D

解析：选A。A.由苹果酸的结构简式可知，含有羟基和羧基两种官能团，两者都能发生酯化反应，该选项正确。

B．苹果酸中只有羧基能和NaOH反应，故1 mol苹果酸只能与2 mol NaOH发生中和反应，该选项错误。

C．羧基和羟基都能与Na反应放出H，故1 mol苹果酸能与3 mol Na反应生成1.5 mol 2H，该选项错误。2．此结构简式与题干中的结构简式表示的是同一种物质，该选项错误。D．

酯化反应

．当乙酸分子中的O都是O，乙醇分子中的O都是O，两者在一定条件下反应所生成的水的相18163

对分子质量为( )

A．16 B．18

C．20 D．22

解析：选C。抓住酯化反应的机理，即“酸脱羟基，醇脱氢”：

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