Malaysia - 马来西亚可再生能源报告
境外光伏市场研究专题-马来西亚
境外光伏市场研究专题——马来西亚报告提纲：第一章马来西亚光伏发电市场发展状况及前景预测第一节马来西亚光照资源状况一、马来西亚地理位置和气候特征二、马来西亚光照资源地区分布三、马来西亚主要城市平均日照时数第二节马来西亚电力市场发展状况一、马来西亚电力装机容量和发电量二、马来西亚电力消费量三、马来西亚电力电源结构四、马来西亚光伏发电发展现状和光伏项目汇总第三节马来西亚重点光伏发电企业经营状况第四节马来西亚光伏发电市场相关政策一、马来西亚光伏电池及组件市场准入相关认证检测标准规定二、马来西亚光伏补贴政策三、马来西亚能源电力相关法律法规四、马来西亚关于工程承包的相关政策规定第五节马来西亚光伏发电市场发展态势展望和指标预测一、2015-2019年马来西亚电力市场供需缺口预测二、2015-2019年马来西亚光伏发电市场规模预测第二章马来西亚光伏发电市场投资机会判断第一节马来西亚光伏发电细分市场的发展机会判断一、马来西亚独立光伏发电市场的投资机会展望二、马来西亚并网光伏发电市场的投资机会展望第二节马来西亚周边地区光伏发电市场的机会判断一、马来西亚所处的地理区位二、周边国家光照资源状况第三章马来西亚投资环境分析第一节马来西亚宏观经济环境分析一、马来西亚宏观经济总量和经济结构二、马来西亚进出口贸易状况和主要贸易伙伴三、马来西亚引进外资状况和主要投资来源国第二节马来西亚政治环境分析一、马来西亚政治体制和主要政党二、马来西亚与主要国家的外交关系第三节马来西亚政策环境分析一、马来西亚引进外资政策二、马来西亚对外贸易政策三、马来西亚劳务和签证政策第四节马来西亚法律环境分析一、外国投资和对外贸易法规二、劳动法规三、主要税赋和税率四、环保法规第五节马来西亚金融环境分析一、马来西亚利率汇率制度二、马来西亚外汇管制三、马来西亚融资条件四、中国在马来西亚的金融机构第六节马来西亚商务成本环境分析一、马来西亚水电气供应状况二、马来西亚交通基础设施状况三、马来西亚土地及房屋价格四、马来西亚建筑成本五、马来西亚劳动力薪酬第四章马来西亚光伏发电市场投资风险判断第一节马来西亚国家风险判断一、马来西亚政局动荡的风险二、偿债能力不足的风险三、财政收支失衡的风险四、政府腐败的风险五、办事效率低下的风险第二节马来西亚光伏发电市场风险判断一、补贴政策变动导致光伏发电市场需求波动的风险二、竞争对手的竞争风险三、汇率波动和人民币升值的风险四、利润汇出的风险五、产业链配套不完善的风险根据马来西亚的能源结构发展目标来看，大马计划到2015年，可再生能源装机容量达到975兆瓦，约占总需求的5.5%；到2020年，这个数据将翻一番，达到2065兆瓦，占11%。
1955-2013年马来西亚电力（时间序列数据）（英文和马来文
ELECTRICITY
ELEKTRIK
Nota Keterangan
1. Data yang diterbitkan menunjukkan jumlah penjanaan elektrik didalam negara. Jumlah bekalan ditunjukkan secara berasingan bagi pemasangan perbadanan awam iaitu Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) dan Sarawak Energy Bhd (SEB) dan juga pemasangan swasta.
a. Stesen Wap Steam Stations
b. Stesen Diesel
Diesel Stations c. Stesen Hidro
Hydro Stations d. Turbin Gas
Gas Turbines e. Lain-lain
Others
2,704 452
1,155 .. ..
102
125
120
115
235
238
249
200
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
948
1,002
1,070
894
1959
(Juta/ Million) KWH
1960
1961
609
862
985
86
92
99
165
166
185
..
..
马来西亚光伏市场投资环境
马来西亚光伏市场投资环境马来西亚概况马来西亚位于东南亚，国土被南中国海分隔成东、西两部分。
西马位于马来半岛南部，北与泰国接壤，南与新加坡隔柔佛海峡相望，东临南中国海，西濒马六甲海峡。
东马位于加里曼丹岛北部，与印尼、菲律宾、文莱相邻。
20世纪70年代前，马来西亚经济以农业为主，依赖初级产品出口。
20世纪70年代以来马来西亚不断调整产业结构，大力推行出口导向型经济，电子业、制造业、建筑业和服务业发展迅速。
马来西亚政府鼓励以本国原料为主的加工工业，重点发展电子、汽车、钢铁、石油化工和纺织品等。
矿业以锡、石油和天然气开采为主。
马来西亚主要出口市场为：美国、新加坡、欧盟、日本和中国。
主要进口机械运输设备、食品、烟草和燃料等。
马来西亚光伏市场概况马来西亚政府于2009年6月正式出台了绿色科技政策，以此来鼓励并推动可再生能源在今后可持续发展进程中的使用。
据该国能源、绿色科技、水利部预测，截止到2015年，可再生能源产生的电量大约会达到1GW。
2020年之前，在该国经济转型框架下，太阳能光伏发电将融入到发电量为1.25GW的电网工程中。
为了在2015年之前将国民用电需求中光伏发电的比重增加到1.5%，马来西亚光伏工业协会(MPIA)提出来一项五年规划，根据规划，发电量为200MW的互联电网和22MW的电网系统将会相继落成。
请参阅《中国企业投资马来西亚光伏电站市场前景研究报告》第一章马来西亚光伏电站市场发展状况及前景预测第一节马来西亚光照资源状况一、马来西亚地理位置和气候特征二、马来西亚光照资源地区分布三、马来西亚主要城市的平均降雨量和平均日照时数第二节马来西亚电力市场发展状况一、马来西亚电力装机容量和发电量二、马来西亚电力消费量三、马来西亚电力电源结构四、马来西亚光伏电站发展现状和光伏项目汇总第三节马来西亚重点光伏电站企业经营状况第四节马来西亚光伏电站市场相关政策一、马来西亚能源电力相关法律法规二、马来西亚关于工程承包的相关政策规定三、马来西亚环境保护政策规定四、马来西亚土地政策第五节马来西亚光伏电站市场发展态势展望和指标预测一、影响马来西亚光伏电站市场发展的关键因素分析二、未来五年马来西亚光伏电站市场前景预测思路三、未来五年马来西亚电力市场供需缺口预测方案四、未来五年马来西亚光伏电站市场需求预测方案五、未来五年马来西亚光伏电站市场竞争格局展望第二章马来西亚光伏电站市场投资机会判断第一节马来西亚光伏电站细分市场的发展机会判断一、农村地区的投资机会展望二、城市地区的投资机会展望三、工业园区的投资机会展望第二节马来西亚周边地区光伏电站市场的机会判断一、马来西亚所处的地理区位二、周边国家光照资源状况三、周边国家光伏电站需求分析第三章马来西亚投资环境分析第四章马来西亚光伏电站市场投资风险判断第一节马来西亚国家风险判断第二节马来西亚光伏电站市场风险判断第五章马来西亚光伏电站市场投资建议.......马来西亚投资环境世界排名：在2013年营商环境排名中，马来西亚的营商环境排在全球185个国家和地区的第12位。
马来西亚补贴电价生物质电厂性能验收和评估程序(中英文)
HSR，蒸汽焓Ø 在再热器出口 h制氢 HF'实验室测定由干基燃料分析 在燃料上的“为烧”的基础HF高热量值 第67 6 符号说明 总干垃圾（实验室分析）的热值高 ISO国际标准化组织 从燃料化学热输入 总由热工质吸收 L总损失 由于垃圾未燃碳的LUC热损失 LG的干烟气由于热量的热损失 由于水分的“作为燃”燃料LMF热损失 氢的燃烧LH热损失是由于水分 由于空气中的水分LMA热损失 在雾化蒸汽LZ的热损失是由于热 由于形成一氧化碳的LCO的热损失 由于未燃氢LUH热损失 由于未燃烧的碳氢化合物LUHC热损失 由于地表辐射和对流Lb热损失 L [P]热损失是由于辐射灰坑，感热渣中 在烟尘由于显热ld的热损失 在粉碎机LR不合格造成的热量损失热量 LW热量通过冷却水进入信封损失，由于热量摄取 作为水分的样品分析测定MF百分比的水分在燃料 MG水分每英镑烟道气“作为燃”燃料中 熔点水分蒸发灰，每坑“为烧”燃料磅 n个氮 NREL国家可再生能源实验室 OEM原始设备制造商
第67 5 清单缩写 符号说明 AF作为燃 AC交流电 ASTM美国测试与材料 机械工程师的ASME美国社会 乙热火积分到系统 通过输入空气供给热量信用 通过雾化蒸汽提供的热量信用 通过显热燃油供给热量信用 通过辅助驱动器提供的热量信用 从与入口空气进入的水分供给的热量积分 C碳素 CO2二氧化碳 CO一氧化碳 CB每个碳“为烧”燃料燃烧磅 CpG基“指的是干法烟气的比热 干燥空气CPA“平均比热 CP的平均蒸汽的比热 燃料CPF平均比热 CP的平均蒸汽的比热 CW冷却水 CAS化学文摘社 DC直流 雾化蒸汽焓赫兹 饱和蒸汽焓HRV 给水进入单位hwFW焓 的过热器喷水hwSH焓 喷淋水的HWS焓 的放空HWB焓 注射用水的HWI焓 的漏失和黄焓 hsSH，蒸汽过热器出口邻焓 HSR，我焓蒸汽的再热器入口
全球可再生能源报告
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Global Renewable Energy Market Outlook presents the latest forecastsfrom Bloomberg New Energy Finance on the future size of the world renewableenergy markets. The projections extend to 2030 across all renewable energytechnologies and regions. The analysis uses Bloomberg New Energy Finance'smodel of the global energy system and clean energy technologies – the GlobalEnergy and Emissions Model – together with expert interpretation of current andproposed energy policies and targets. This document outlines the main findingsof the Global Renewable Energy Market Outlook , which is available todownload by Bloomberg New Energy Finance Insight clients.The analysis has drawn on the contribution of over 65 technical experts within Bloomberg New Energy Finance across all the main renewable energy technologies and geographical regions. The short-term market projections are based on our detailed understanding of the construction pipeline in each sector, while longer-term forecasts use a combination of modelling energy policies in each region and the costs and resource availability of each technology in each majorcountry. The analysis covers asset finance in all the main forms of renewable energy includingsmall distributed capacity as well as those used for power generation, heat and biofuels.Renewable energy market projections Global investment in renewable energy has grown rapidly in recent years, driven by concerns about climate change, the increasing cost of fossil fuels and national economic policies to createjobs. Looking forward, global investment in renewable energy projects will rise from $195bn in2010 to $395bn in 2020 and to $460bn by 2030, according to Bloomberg New Energy Financeanalysis.1 Over the next 20 years this growth will require nearly $7 trillion of new capital.Over this period renewable sources, including large hydro, will increase their share of totalprimary energy production from 12.6% in 2010 to 15.7% in 2030. The share of non-hydrorenewable resources will increase from 10.3% to 13.2% over the same period.1 The figures presented herein differ somewhat from previous Bloomberg New Energy Finance annualinvestment figures. This is because those used for this report represent money spent on renewableenergy assets – calculated as annual build (GW) multiplied by country-specific capital cost of technology –while previous investment figures refer to money raised for renewable energy projects. The differencearises because in most major renewable energy markets, there is a lag of some 2-3 years between whenmoney is raised and when project begins operations.Renewable energysources will boost theirshare of total primaryenergy production to15.7% in 2030 comparedwith 12.6% last year This will require nearly$7 trillion of new capitalover 2011-30The next 10 years will see a steep climb in investment as countries rush to meet their 2020renewables targets. In addition, much of the spend in 2018-20 will be in the more costly offshorewind projects, in particular in Germany and the UK. Expenditure on renewable energy projects islikely to dip temporarily in the early 2020s as countries review their longer-term objectives, anddigest the effects of the rapid expansion in renewables over the previous years.Regional outlookGeographically Europe will remain the largest regional market for renewables up to 2014, with25% of world investment, but will experience a contraction over this period as governmentsreview the value of clean energy support mechanisms in the face of severe sovereign debtproblems. Growth in the European market will resume post 2015 at an annual growth rate of 8%as investment is scaled up to achieve the European renewable energy target by 2020.The economic challenges in Europe will be felt less in the rest of the world. In China investment inrenewable energy is expected to continue to increase in all years, and by 2014 China will becomethe largest single market for renewable energy with an annual spend of just under $50bn,accounting for 21% of the world market. The US and Canada are also expected to see no lastingslowdown in project build, together hitting $50bn of investment by 2020.By far the most rapid growth will be seen in the rapidly developing economies of India, the MiddleEast and North Africa, Africa and Latin America, which are projected to experience growth ratesof 10-18% per year between 2010 and 2020. By 2020 the markets outside of the EU, US, Canadaand China will account for 50% of world demand. Technology sectorAfter 2020 more ambitious energy policies coupled with much lower unit costs of renewabletechnologies will drive further deployment of renewable energy technologies. Although in the 10years to 2030, world investment in renewables will rise by a more modest 2.5% per year, thismasks a very significant increase in development as the cost of technologies declines.The benefits of cost reductions over time will mostly affect the solar sector, where unit costs areexpected to fall by 60% over the next 20 years. This will spur deployment of solar technologiesaround the world, but it will also mean less capital is required to produce the same output. Annualinvestment in solar power assets will go from $86bn in 2010 to $150bn in 2020 and then remainconstant at $150bn a year between 2020 and 2030.The wind sector will broadly match solar and grow from $71bn in 2010 to $140bn in 2020 and$82bn in 2030. The bioenergy sector will see renewed activity with the commercialisation ofsecond-generation technologies and global supply chains developing in the movement ofbiomass fuels. Investment in biofuels, biomass and waste-to-energy is projected to increase from$14bn in 2010 to $80bn in 2020 and then remain level in the following decade.Power generationOur base case forecasts that net power production will increase by nearly 90% over the next 20years, to 34,000TWh worldwide. Although electricity intensity has declined over the last 20 yearsand will continue to come down, there is a clear correlation between economic growth andelectricity demand. The share of clean electricity (renewables, including large hydro, and fossil-fuel plants with carbon capture and storage) is projected to rise from 23% in 2010 to 29% in 2020,reaching 34% in 2030. Within the renewable sector, the share of hydro power is expected to decline from some 19% in 2010 to 15% by 2020. Because of the overall increase in renewable energy production, hydro output will still increase in absolute terms by 2% a year. The aggregate share of other renewableChina will become top spot for renewable energy investment in 2014, while India, MENA, Africa and Latin America will see the fastest growthSome 34% of powerproduction will come fromrenewables and CCS by2030 from 23% in 2010technologies, such as wind, solar and geothermal, and CCS, will grow from 5% in 2010 to 19% in 2030, corresponding to a 10% compound annual growth rate. Reflecting the rising production and investment levels, installed capacity of renewable power sources is also projected to climb, reaching 2.5TW by 2030 – growth of over 800%. We therefore expect around 1.1TW of new build this decade, with 36% from solar and 46% onshore wind, followed by 1.4TW between 2021 and 2030, of which half will be new solar installations and 37% onshore wind.Total clean energy investment in the power sector, including the cost of replacing and/orrefurbishing aging installations, is expected to exceed $5.4 trillion over the next 20 years. Up to2020, an average $229bn will be invested each year, increasing to $314bn from 2021. Solar willattract around half of the spend, at $1.1 trillion between 2011 and 2030 and $1.5 trillion in thenext decade. Wind (onshore and offshore) will follow, absorbing a little over one-third of totalinvestment this decade and 41% over the next. The relatively high levels of investment in windare due to the large number of new offshore installations expected in Europe, mainly UK andGermany, before 2020 as well as the refurbishment of old wind farms in the EU, US and Chinaover 2026-30. The focus of the renewable power market is rapidly moving away from the traditional mature markets of Europe and the US. Smaller markets are expanding far more aggressively as their power demand ramps up more quickly and – more importantly – there remains considerable unexploited potential for renewable power in these regions. This paints a stark contrast to Europe for example where suitable sites for onshore wind are getting harder to find. In absolute terms Europe will be the biggest market for renewable power over the next five years, attracting 26% of the finance, but for the rest of the period, China will take pole position, with some 20% of newinvestment. The MENA market will also grow very quickly – over 400% over the next 20 years –with most of the investment from solar technologies replacing oil-fired power plants.BiofuelsFuel demand from the transport sector will climb 20% by 2020 and 46% by 2030 on 2010 levels,according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance projections. This implies a slightly lower annualgrowth rate compared with the historical average of 2% per year in the last decade. The slightslowdown is caused by the rapid penetration of electric vehicles and continuously higherefficiencies, all driven by high fuel prices and environmental regulations.Production of gasoline substitutes, mainly ethanol, is projected to increase from 100bn litres in2010 to 190bn and 300bn litres in 2020 and 2030 respectively. Production of diesel substituteswill double by 2020, reaching 100bn litres from roughly 50bn today, and will double again by 2030reaching 200bn litres. These forecasts are relatively conservative: high fuel prices may forcecountries to remove the free trade constraints and relax their current sustainability criteria.Total production of biofuels, diesel and gasoline substitutes will nearly double this decade andrise a further 72% over the next, according to our analysis. The historically big biofuel marketsand producers – the US and Brazil – will boost their domestic production by some 60% up to 2020and then an extra 35% by 2030. While small at present, other markets like China, India and Africawill increase their production at significantly higher rates. As a result, the aggregate share ofBrazil and the US will shrink to 45% by 2030 from 67% today. In absolute terms, however, Brazilwill still add 26bn and 23bn litres of capacity over the next two decades, and the US and Canadawill together increase capacity by some 35bn in each decade. This is corresponds to 35% of thetotal cumulative growth of the sector.Food scarcity has already forced international bodies to put in place tough sustainability criteriafor biofuels production. As countries continue to impose tough sustainability standards, productionwill likely shift towards next-generation biofuels (from wood, straw, waste etc). These technologiesOffshore wind will seethe fastest growth incapacity, increasing by39% up to 2020Europe will be thebiggest market forrenewable power overthe next five years butChina will then take topspot until at least 2030 To meet rising transport fuel demand, total production of biofuels, diesel and gasoline substitutes will nearly double this decadeare relatively immature and expensive but we expect higher adoption levels to accelerate learning and bring down costs quickly. Hence, we expect first-generation biofuels production to grow slowly until 2020 and remain steady thereafter. In contrast, next-generation biofuels production is forecast to climb more than 10% on average every year between 2010 and 2030. With regard to investment, small and immature markets such as Africa and Latin America are expected to attract the most asset finance due to abundant resources and strong domestic demand. Over the next 20 years, only 30% of investment on biofuels will be spent in Brazil, theUS and Canada. Europe will see significant investment between 2015 and 2020 mainly driven byits Renewable Energy and Waste Directives. However, financing levels will then decline due tofalling demand for transport fuels. Emerging sustainability standards and the need to addressfood scarcity will mean that some 95% of the total investment ($510bn) on biofuels infrastructurewill target next-generation facilities over 2011-30.Heat generationThe heat generation sector includes large-scale heat generation plants (ie, those used exclusivelyfor heat production 2) and commercial and residential water heating systems. With regard to waterheating, solar systems are already cost-competitive with fossil fuels or electric boilers in sunnycountries. Hence their penetration is much higher in regions with high solar irradiation like the Middle East and North Africa and southern Europe (on a MW/capita basis). China has by far the most solar water heating capacity, due to low costs and government support. The EU-27 is the second largest market, with the majority of installations located in the south. Falling technology capital costs and increasing efficiencies will soon make solar water heating systems economically attractive for a broader range of climates. As a result, global capacity is forecast to double to 975GWth by 2030, with China still holding 50%, followed by India with 10%.Our forecasts show that some $120bn will be spent on solar water heating technologies between2011 and 2020, rising to $221bn over the next decade. China will see about 50% of theinvestment in commercial-scale solar heating schemes, gradually extending its lead over othermarkets. India will be second, attracting some $30bn until 2030. Other smaller markets, such asAustralia, Brazil and Japan, and upcoming markets in Asia and Africa will see over $80bn ofinvestment by 2030.The commercial heating sector – essentially large plants producing heat and distributing it throughdistrict heating schemes to industrial facilities and/or residential areas – is the smallest segmentof the global renewables market. Less than 5% of energy in the sector comes from renewablesbut there is considerable potential to replace coal and natural gas by biomass and waste.3However, for this potential to be realised, governments need to implement appropriate incentives.The market for renewable commercial heating systems will grow albeit more slowly than othersectors. As implementing building district heating schemes is capital-intensive, developedcountries without a history of investing in such mechanisms are likely to proceed slowly. The bulkof demand growth is expected to come from developing countries, primarily China, with relativelyhigh urbanisation rates. Developing countries could also increase their heat production but weexpect this growth to be limited to existing district heating schemes.The US and Canada, China, and northern and eastern European countries had over 70% of theinstalled biomass and waste-fired heat generators in 2010. We expect investment to climb 11%(to $17bn) by 2020 and an additional 13% (to $20bn) by 2030.42 In other words, facilities used exclusively for heat production – combined heat and power (CHP) plantsare covered under the power generation sector.3 Solar thermal plants could also be deployed for heat generation but they would fall under the CHPclassification.4 The cost of creating district heating schemes has not been taken into account Some $510bn will beinvested in biorefineriesover the next 20 years,with 22% in the EU and21% in North AmericaChina will retain the topspot for solar waterheating capacity, holdinga 50% share of the globaltotal in 2030 With great potential to replace fossil fuels with biomass and waste, the commercial heating sector will attract $36bn over 2010-30TABLE OF FIGURESThe following is the full list of figures found in the full Global Renewable Energy Market Outlook available to Bloomberg New Energy Finance Insight clients.Figure 1: Projecting new capacity evolution in the power sectorFigure 2: Solar photovoltaic experience curve, 2011-30 (real 2010 $/W)Figure 3: Offshore wind experience curve, 2011-30 (real 2010 $/W)Figure 4: Fossil fuel pricesFigure 5: World primary energy consumption, 2005-30 (TWh)Figure 6: Annual renewable energy investment, 2011-30 by region ($bn)Figure 7: Annual renewable energy investment, 2011-30 by technology sector ($bn) Figure 8: Average annual investment in renewable energy by segment ($bn)Figure 9: Investment in renewable energy by region ($bn)Figure 10: Global GDP and electricity demand and intensity (indexed 1990 = 100) Figure 11: Net power generation by source, 2010-30 (TWh)Figure 12: Total installed capacity by technology (GW)Figure 13: Annual new build by technology (GW)Figure 14: Average annual investment in clean energy in the power sector by technology ($bn)Figure 15: Clean energy investment in the power sector by region ($bn)Figure 16: Transport fuel demand by type of fuel, 2008-30 (trillion litres)Figure 17: Total production of biofuels (bn litres)Figure 18: Capacity additions (bn litres)Figure 19: Biofuels production – first- versus next-generation biofuels (bn litres)Figure 20: Investment in biorefineries by region ($bn)Figure 21: Investment in biorefineries, 2011-30 ($bn)Figure 22: Solar water heaters total installed capacity (GW th)Figure 23: Average annual investment in solar water heaters ($bn)Figure 24: Commercial heating total installed capacity (GW th)Figure 25: Average annual investment in commercial heating ($bn)Figure 26: Policy instrument by EU member stateFigure 27: Cost of generation with and without carbon price in Europe, 2008-20 ($/tCO2)Figure 28: EU-27 total installed capacity by technology (GW)Figure 29: EU-27 power generation fuel mix (%)Figure 30: EU-27 power generation average annual new build of renewables (GW)Figure 31: EU-27 average annual renewable energy investment in power generation ($bn)Figure 32: EU-27 biofuels demand (bn litres)Figure 33: EU-27 total installed capacity of commercial heating and solar water heaters (GW th)Figure 34: EU-27 average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 35: EU-27 onshore wind installed capacity (GW)Figure 36: EU-27 offshore wind installed capacity (GW)Figure 37: EU-27 solar installed capacity (GW)Figure 38: EU-27 biomass and waste installed capacity (GW)Figure 39: EU-27 geothermal installed capacity (GW)Figure 40: EU-27 CCS installed capacity (GW)Figure 41: US total installed capacity by technology (GW)Figure 42: US power generation fuel mix (%)Figure 43: US power generation average annual new build of renewables (GW)Figure 44: US average annual clean energy investment in power generation ($bn) Figure 45: US biofuels demand (bn litres)Figure 46: US total installed capacity of commercial heating and solar water heaters (GW th)Figure 47: US average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 48: CSI module suppliers, 2008–Q2 2011 (percentage of total MW by country) Figure 49: China total installed capacity by technology (GW)Figure 50: China power generation fuel mix (%)Figure 51: China power sector average annual new build of renewables (GW)Figure 52: China power sector average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 53: China biofuels demand (bn litres)Figure 54: China total installed capacity of commercial heating and solar water heaters (GW th)Figure 55: China average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 56: India total installed capacity by technology (GW)Figure 57: India power generation fuel mix (%)Figure 58: India power sector average annual new build of renewables (GW)Figure 59: India power sector average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 60: India biofuels demand (bn litres)Figure 61: India total installed capacity of commercial heating and solar water heaters (GWth)Figure 62: India average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 63: Australia power sector installed capacity (GW)Figure 64: Power generation fuel mix (%)Figure 65: Australia average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 66: Bloomberg New Energy Finance vs. government intentions (MW) Figure 67: Brazil power sector installed capacity (GW)Figure 68: Brazil average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 69: Canada power sector installed capacity (GW)Figure 70: Canada average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 71: Japan power sector installed capacity (GW)Figure 72: Japan average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 73: MENA power sector installed capacity (GW)Figure 74: MENA average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 75: South Korea power sector installed capacity (GW)Figure 76: South Korea average annual investment in clean energy ($bn)Figure 77: Electricity generation (TWh)Figure 78: Rest of the world power sector installed capacity (GW)Figure 79: Rest of the world average annual investment in clean energy ($bn) Figure 80: Geothermal installed capacity (GW)Figure 81: Onshore wind installed capacity (GW)Figure 82: Average annual investment in onshore wind ($bn)Figure 83: Offshore wind installed capacity (GW)Figure 84: Average annual investment in offshore wind ($bn)Figure 85: Solar installed capacity (GW)Figure 86: Average annual investment in solar ($bn)Figure 87: Price of crystalline silicon PV modules, 1976-July 2011 (2010 $/W) Figure 88: Expected lowest costs for utility-scale PV systems, 2010-20 (2010 $/W) Figure 89: Biomass and waste installed capacity (GW)Figure 90: Average annual investment in biomass and waste ($bn)Figure 91: Geothermal installed capacity (GW)Figure 92: Average annual investment in geothermal ($bn)Figure 93: CCS installed capacity (GW)Figure 94: Average annual investment in CCS ($bn)ABOUT US Subscription details sales.bnef@ Contact detailsGuy TurnerDirector, Commodity Market Research gturner10@ +44 203 216 4086Christos KatsilerosAnalyst, Clean Energy Economics ckatsileros2@ +44 203 216 4784Victoria Cuming Editor vcuming@ +44 203 216 4782Copyright© Bloomberg New Energy Finance 2011. This publication is the copyright of Bloomberg New Energy Finance. No portion of this document may be photocopied, reproduced, scanned into an electronic system or transmitted, forwarded or distributed in any way without prior consent of Bloomberg New Energy Finance.DisclaimerThe information contained in this publication is derived from carefully selected public sources we believe are reasonable. We do not guarantee its accuracy or completeness and nothing in this document shall be construed to be a representation of such a guarantee. Any opinions expressed reflect the current judgment of the author of the relevant article or features, and does not necessarily reflect the opinion of Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The opinions presented are subject to change without notice. Bloomberg New Energy Finance accepts no responsibility for any liability arising from use of this document or its contents. 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东南亚可再生能源市场的发展现状及前景分析
东南亚可再生能源市场的发展现状及前景分析北极星风力发电网讯:2016 年上半年，东南亚地区电厂级可再生能源项目的发展不再势头强劲。
目前看来，该地区并无计划引入新一轮的上网电价（FiT）补贴，而市场机制也在逐步成型。
虽然短期来看，该地区的项目开发将有所放缓，但随着新项目的经济性不断提高，市场机制开始发挥作用，中期来看，这里的电力市场仍将呈现积极态势。
˙泰国已经进行了第一阶段的社区太阳能（ConmmunitySolar）招标和一轮生物质逆向拍卖，并正在计划第二阶段的招标。
与此同时，泰国的太阳能政策也开始鼓励自给自足式屋顶太阳能系统的普及。
过去，泰国曾讨论过开展新一轮小规模风电逆向拍卖（˙2016年5 月，菲律宾国家可再生能源局（NationalRenewableEnergyBoard）提议引入第三轮上网电价补贴，而能源部（DepartmentofEnergy）也发布了有关实施可再生能源组合标准（RenewablePortfolioStandard，简称RPS）的草案。
不过，由于担心政府补贴会将附加费用进一步转嫁至消费者，菲律宾可能并不会实施第三轮上网电价补贴，除非电价可以达到很低的水平，低至不会给消费者带来额外负担。
˙2016年5 月，马来西亚进行了该国首次电厂级光伏项目招标。
2016 年3 月，越南修正了该国的第7 次电力发展计划，首次制定了明确的太阳能发展目标。
印度尼西亚的新能源发电资源仍主要集中在地热项目，预计将在2016 到2018 年间进行规模高达1625MW 的招投标。
˙2016年上半年，东南亚地区电厂级可再生能源发电项目的融资规模仅为3 亿美元，这预示着这里可再生能源发电项目的增速将在短期内有所放缓。
然而，中期来看，东南亚地区的可再生能源项目仍具有一定潜力。
随着新项目的。
Vietnam - 越南可再生能源报告
BASIC COUNTRY DATA
Area: 329,314.5 km2 Climatic conditions Temperature: Maximum 40 oC Minimum 6 oC Average 25 oC Annual rainfall: 1700 mm Seasons: Spring, summer, autumn, winter Population size: Primary (agricultural, forestry and fishery) sector: 70 % Secondary (industrial) sector: 20 % Third (commercial and service) sector 10 % Annual Gross Domestic Product:52,000,000,000 USD Per capita GDP/year 650 USD/capita/year
COUNTRY POLICY
Following the adoption of the National Plan on Environment and Sustainable Development (NPESD) in 1991, Vietnam has made significant progress in enhancing environmental management and protection. Despite these achievements, Vietnam’s environment continues to deteriorate. Pursuant to the Political Bureau’s Directive 36/CT-TW on “Enhancing Environmental Protection in the Period of Modernization and Industrialization”, following the National Plan for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development 1991-2000, a National Strategy for Environmental Protection (NSEP) for the period 2001-2010 has been prepared by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) and submitted to the Government. The strategy was developed through an intensive consultative process spanning nearly three years, and involving a wide range of ministries, provincial authorities, research institutes, NGOs, bilateral and multilateral organizations, and other stakeholders. The Strategy identifies three, over-arching objectives: 1. To continue to prevent and control pollution; 2. To protect, conserve and sustainable use natural and biodiversity resources; 3.To start improving environmental quality in urban, industrial and rural areas. Ref. .vn/html/kehoach/all.htm
马来西亚光伏市场前景分析
马来西亚光伏市场前景分析马来西亚的基础建设在亚洲国家当中是首屈一指的，包括了电信、公路、水资源、机场等公共建设覆盖率皆在水平之上。
作为新兴光伏市场之一，从2000年到2010年其能源需求增长了80%，目前每年的用电增长率约在4.5%左右。
马来西亚的能源主要依靠自产及进口的天然气及石油，然而天然气的储量只剩33年，另外石油储量也仅剩19年，这样的能源危机促使政府转向新能源的发展。
2001年马来西亚政府即希望以生物质能为主轴发展”第五能源”(意指除了天然气、石油、煤、以及水电之外的新能源)。
由于马来西亚地处热带，不管是生物质能源还是太阳能的可用量都十分丰富，在2009年政府发布了国家可再生能源计划（NationalRenewableenergypolicy&actionplan）——希望在2015年可再生能源装机量可以达到总装机量的6%及总发电量的5%，到2020年装机量分别实现翻倍，其中光伏系统的目标约占了1/3，然而这个目标在其他可再生能源申请不如预期的对比之下，正受到市场主流声音的要求希望继续扩大。
马来西亚目前的总装机量约为23GW(半岛占21.8GW)，其中90%以上为天然气或煤炭的火力发电机组，水力和生物质能发电仅占很小的一部份，主要是在东边的沙巴地区，因此随着其天然气蕴藏量逐渐见底，可再生能源的发展将会占其国家发展计划中很重要的一环。
光伏政策概览马来西亚在2011年出台了高价的F IT法案后旋即吸引了全球开发商的目光。
身为FIT政策制定的后进者，马来西亚的FIT政策针对FIT常见的问题进行了修正，把重点放在可持续性上，因此显得更为保守。
其FIT补贴的基础来自于可再生能源基金，基金的资金来源是向月用电量超过300度电的用电大户所收取的1%可再生能源税收，预期在2012年可以收到8000万美金的资金量。
为了保证基金的可持续性，马来西亚负责的当局SustainEnergyDevelopmentAuthority(SEDA)为FIT设定了两个上限，一是单一项目的申请上限，区分为个人用户(<12kW)、小型非个人用户(<500kW)以及大型非个人用户(<5MW)三个申请上限，借着这个上限，可以更有效的让更多人能参与可再生能源补贴并受惠。
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1. 2. 3. 4. Group members: Thahirah Syed Jalal (Taheera) Dr. Norshah Hafeez bin Shuaib (Shah) Ir Mohamad Fadzil Adnan (Mohamad) Mohd Fairus Abdul Farid (Bob)
Energy Policy
• Implementation:
¾ Incentives-based scheme such as Small Renewable Energy Program (SREP) - offers tax-reduction for companies implementing RE sources for power generations. ¾ Malaysian Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Project (MIEEIP)- promote energy efficiency in order to reduce inefficient and wasteful use of energy in industrial facilities. It was also aimed to help the industry reduce the greenhouse gas emissions.
Work Description
Ir Mohamad Fadzil (Mohamad) - Company background
• • • • Standard & Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM). SIRIM Berhad is a corporate organization, fully owned by the government. September, 1996 which focuses on industrial research work and standards. Planning, implementation, evaluation and conservation of energy such as Malaysian standards development, ISO certification, awareness, and collaboration with other government agencies such as Ministry of Energy, Communication and Water (MECW), Energy Commission (ST) and Energy Centre of M’sia (PTM), research institutes and universities has enable us to assist the government in various energy related activities. SIRIM has also worked with other international organization such as CSIRO, LIPI & MIT.
Country Background
• The annual gross domestic product (GDP) is USD 118.3 billion, with per capita GDP is USD 4,730/capita/year. • Annual GDP growth is about 5.5 %. • The industrial sector contributes to half of GDP, followed by commercial and service sector (36%) and agricultural, forestry and fishery sector (15%). • The main products of industrial sector: Electrical and electronics products. • The main agricultural products: palm oil and rubber industry. • Main producer of crude palm oil in the world.
Country Background
• A net oil exporter. • Malaysia produces about 750,000 bpd. • As of 2002, the estimated oil reserves are 4.23 billion barrels, and 87.3 trillion std. cubic feet which would lasts for the next 20 years. • Natural gas
Contents 1.Country Background 2.Members contributions
Country Background
Country Background
• Area: is 329,750 km2 • Temperature range : 21 - 32 degree Celcius. • Average temperature = 27 degree C. • Average annual rainfall : 2,000 - 2,500 mm. • The rain is mainly influenced by the interplay of the two monsoons which are South-West (April to October) and NorthEast Monsoon (October to February). • Population: 25 million with Malay (50%), Chinese (30%) and Indian (15%).
Mohamad - Chaits own challenges. In general, the major challenges are: i) Financial issues, ii) Currency fluctuations. iii) Expensive/Costly Solar PV system. iv) Lack of public awareness, and v) Unavailability of comprehensive wind data. • Nevertheless, with sufficient exposure, cooperation and assistance from various parties such as government, end users, financial institution and funding agency such as EC and JICA, we managed to convince relevant parties in ensuring the success of such projects. • Usage of software packages such as the technical and financial analysis (TFA) model for the full scale demonstration project was accepted by the commercial financial institution for funding. • Seminars, workshop, study tour and site visits has also managed to increase awareness and convince public and relevant authorities on the need for such projects. • Most of the renewable energy projects have been justified with the current hike in oil prices (about USD75 per barrel) and those who have decided earlier have reaped the benefits
Energy Policy
• Introduced The four fuel diversification strategy • Fuel: oil, hydro, natural gas and coal. • From 1980 to 2002, the dependence on oil and petroleum product was substantially reduced from 88% to just 47%, while the share of gas increased from 7.4% to 43%. • Presently, natural gas is the dominant fuel in electricity generation with about 71% in 2001, followed by 12% coal and 10% hydro. • 2001- For the Eight Malaysia Plan (2000-2005), the Government introduced the Fifth Fuel Policy which includes renewable energy in addition to the four fuel mention earlier. Renewable energy such as from biomass residues, and solar will be given special attention and a 5% target by 2010 is given, in accordance to Kyoto Protocol