专业英语第六课
《农机化专业英语》教学大纲
农机化专业英语Scientific English课程总学时：40学时其中讲课：40学时实验：开课时间：第六学期适用专业：农业机械化及其自动化内容简介《农业机械化工程》专业英语主要以阅读为主，文章是与专业相关内容。
主要包括功、功率等基本术语及概念；有农用车辆及作业机械的基本构造、功能、技术变革过程等。
借此在学习英语，了解本专业领域的相关知识，同时，锻炼和提高专业学生专业文献阅读能力及专业文章写作能力。
教学大纲一、课堂讲授部分：第一课Power（功率)附加阅读：powor and Horsepower (功和马力)Force and Work (力与功)科技阅读：Atomic Cars(原子能汽车)第二课Pulleys and Belts（皮带轮与皮带）附加阅读：Belts and Pulleys (皮带和皮带轮)The and lever (杠杆)科技阅读：City Planning (城市规划)第三课Gears（齿轮）附加阅读：Gear Type (齿轮种类)Driving Shaft (驱动轴)科技阅读：How to make space livable(如何使太空能够居住)第四课Lubrication（润滑）附加阅读：Lubrication (润滑)快速阅读练习V olcanoes （火山）科技阅读：Solar Energy, the Ultimate powerhouse(太阳能，最基本的能源)听力练习第五课Internal-Combustion Engine, Gasoline Diesel Engine内燃机，汽油机和柴油机附加阅读：1、Engine （发动机）2、阅读练习Bridges科技阅读：The science that Imitates Nature’s Mechanisms（仿生学）第六课Pioneer farm Machines（早期农业机器）附加阅读：1、Moldboard plows (铧式犁)阅读练习：China’s Mineral Deposits科技阅读：Going up (上天)第七课Mechanized Farm Work（机械化农业作业）附加阅读：1、Preface to Farm Machinery and Equipment(农业机器及设备前言)2、Crops vs farm Machinery (作物与农业机器)科技阅读：Telling the time (报时)第八课Changing Concept（改变观念）附加阅读：1、Basic functions of tractor (拖拉机功能)2、Tractors types（拖拉机类型）科技阅读：Informing the world (告诉世界)阅读练习：填空练习第九课Any Progress on Farm Vehicle Automation（农用车辆自动化进步）附加阅读：1、Safety Requirments for Automatic Vehicle Control(自动车辆控制安全要求)2、Tomorrow’s Combine (未来的收获机)科技阅读：Artificial Waterways (人造水渠)第十课Electric Motors for the Farm（农用电动机）附加阅读：1、Induction Motors (感应电动机)2、Electric Power on Farms (农用电力)科技阅读：Walking in space (太空漫步)第十一课Hydraulic Pumps（液压泵）附加阅读：1、Hydraulics (液压)2、Hydraulic Press or Jack (液压机或千斤顶)科技阅读：Science in the Capitalist World (资本主义世界的科学)第十二课The Art of the Crawler Driver（拖拉机驾驶技术）附加阅读：1、Tracklaying Tractors (链轨拖拉机)2、How to Avoid Danger on the slopes (如何避免坡地危险)科技阅读：HowComputers Are Changing Our World(计算机如何改变我们的世界)二、实验部分教学大纲说明一、教学目的与课程性质和任务《农机化专业英语》是适应农业机械化及其自动化专业教学计划改革和培养适应现形势人才的需要而开设的，为提高该专业学生对专业英语资料的阅读、写作能力而设置的。
《专业英语基础知识》课件
第四章：英语作基础
写作思路和逻辑的基础
建立系统的写作思路和逻辑， 提升写作能力
语言风格和表达技巧
培养优美的语言风格和熟练的 表达技巧
常见写作错误及避免方法
分析常见的写作错误并学习避 免方法
第五章：文化背景和专业术语
英语国家文化与生活背景
了解英美等国家的文化背景和生活习惯
专业术语的翻译和使用方法
分析专业术语的意义，掌握其使用方法和翻译方法
《专业英语基础知识》 PPT课件
本课程意在提高学生的英语听说读写能力，培养学生从事专业研究的基础英 语水平。通过全方位的讲解介绍，让你轻松掌握英语学习的技巧，迅速提升 英语能力。
第一章：英语学习技巧
1 背景和意义
2 方法和技巧
了解英语的优势和必要性
掌握科学有效的英语学 习方法
3 常见问题及解决方
案
讨论英语学习中最常见 的问题和应对方法
第二章：英语语法基础
词法基础
学习单词词义、形态和变化
句法基础
掌握英语句子结构、主语谓语一致、时态语态、 复合句和并列句
第三章：英语听力技巧和口语训练
1
提高听力技巧
学习提高听力技巧的方法和技巧
2
口语练习
实用ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้口语练习方法和技巧
3
发音校准和避免常见语音错误
学习正确的发音和纠正常见的语音错误
第六章：英语考试和学习资源
1
英语考试类型及备考方法
分析常见的英语考试类型，学习备考
学习资源及其使用方法
2
方法
介绍常用的英语学习资源及其使用方 法
总结
1 英语学习的必要性
和重要性
总结英语学习的必要性 和重要性
生物专业英语第六课-5
作业
翻译句子
① ② ③ ④ ⑤
Lysosome contain…… Chlorophyll a molecule…… Meiosis is a special…… He also recorded …… P.A.levene discovered that……
课堂练习 判断
① Both prokaryotic and enkaryotic cells have a supporting cytoskeleton. ② The nuclear envolope is produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. ③ The Calvin-Benson cycle may take place either in light or in the dark. ④ Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.
系统 进化分枝图
作业 复习前五课的重点词汇和句式 课堂练习 选择 ① Chromoplasts are a type of ( ). A.pigment B.storage bin C.nutrient tank D.plastid ② During protein synthesis a single mRNA molecule may be associated with several ribosomes to form ( ). A.a gene B.a lysosome C.a polysome D.smooth endoplasmic reticulum
③ In the first stage of photosynthesis water is ( ). A.oxidated B.phosphotylated C.reduced D.heated ④ In the ligjt-independent reactions of photosynthesis, the first electon acceptor for atmospheric CO2 is ( ) A.PGA. B. ATP C. RUBP D. a carbohydrate subunit ⑤ DNA is replicate during the ( ). A.S phase B. M phase C.G2 phase D. G1phase
《专业英语》教学大纲(适用于护理学专业)
《专业英语》教学大纲课程类别：专业方向课程性质：选修英文名称：Special English总学时：40 讲授学时：32 实训学时：8学分：2.5先修课程：护理学基础、大学英语适用专业：：护理学专业（涉日护理方向）开课单位：护理学院一、课程简介专业英语教学内容涵盖了医学专业词汇构词法、医院的科室介绍、门诊病人接待、导医、住院病人护理和治疗、对病人的健康教育以及国际护士资格考试相关介绍等内容。
通过本课程的学习，帮助学生掌握常见的护理术语和表达，能够与病人和其他医务工作者进行口语交流；了解医学英语术语的构词法，掌握常见的词根、前缀、后缀，能够初步读懂护理文献；了解CGFNS考试的有关信息及考试范围、内容及、题型，为CGFNS的自学提供基础。
二、教学内容及基本要求第一章：医学英语词汇（6学时）教学要求：识记：（1）常见的词根、前缀、后缀的意义（2）护理环境中常见疾病、物品、器械等的表达方式理解：（1）医学英语术语的构词法应用：（1）能对一般护理文献进行翻译授课方式：讲授、自学、实训第二章：Orienting the Patient to the Unit and Hospital （2学时）教学要求：理解：（1）关于病人入院美国医院与中国医院的异同应用：（1）能为新入院病人介绍医院环境和规章制度授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第三章：Filling out the Admission Form （2学时）教学要求：应用：（1）会应用护理病历单对病人进行资料收集（2）会应用口语向病人解释护理专业名词授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第四章：Explaining Procedures （2学时）教学要求：应用：（1）用口语向病人解释常见护理操作的目的（2）能在护理操作中与病人进行交流并对病人进行适当的解释授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第五章：Explaining Routines （2学时）识记：（1）常用护理常规的表达方式（2）美国护理环境中温度、体重、身高的表达方式应用：（1）会用口语向病人解释常见护理常规的意义授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第六章：Preoperative Care （2学时）教学要求：理解：（1）“知情同意书”的意义（2）交班制度应用：（1）会对术前病人进行饮食、备皮等方面的健康教育（2）会向病人解释术后常见并发症及其原因、预防措施授课方式：授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第七章：Postoperative Care （2学时）教学要求：应用：（1）会对术后病人进行呼吸运动、下床活动的指导授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第八章：Emergency Care （2学时）教学要求：识记：（1）收集病人过去病史和现病史的表达应用：（1）能对心脏病病人进行护理评估授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第九章：Coronary Care Unit （2学时）教学要求：应用：（1）能说出常用的急救设备（2）会向病人解释常见急救设备的用途授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第十章：Obstetrics （2学时）教学要求：识记：（1）对孕妇问诊的常用表达方式应用：（1）能对孕妇进行饮食、运动、用药等方面的健康教育授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第十一章：Discharge Planing （2学时）教学要求：识记：（1）对病人进行出院指导的内容应用：（1）能说出含钾高的食物（2）能对高血压病人进行饮食指导与用药指导授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第十二章：CGFNS简介（4学时）教学要求：理解：（1）CGFNS考试应用：（1）会做简单的CGFNS考试题目授课方式：讲授、课堂作业法第十三章：Patient Education: Medication （4学时）应用：（1）能对病人进行药物治疗方面健康教育授课方式：讲授、角色扮演第十四章：Patient Education: Examination （6 学时）教学要求：应用：（1）能对病人解释常见检查的目的，并进行指导授课方式：讲授、角色扮演三、其他教学环节安排四、考核方式（1）平时成绩：30%学习态度：10分翻译及读书笔记汇报：10分角色扮演实训报告：10分（2）期末考核：70%笔试：70分五、教材及主要参考书（1）教材：Judith Perry，蔡碧华．护理美语．XX：科学出版社，2006．（2）主要参考书：宋军．护理专业英语．XX：人民卫生出版社，2006．Smeltzer，S. C. O. and Bare，B. G．Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing （10th Ed）. Philadelphia，PA．Lippincott Williams & Wilkins，2004．。
数学专业英语 第六讲 论文写作 常见错误分析
不要过于烦琐.
• 不要用On the Study of ... 或On the Existence of... 之类作为 标题.
• 标题通常是一个名词性短语, 不是一个完整的句子,
• 无需主、谓、宾齐全, 其中的动词一般以分词或动名词的 形式出现, 有时冠词可以省略. • 偶尔有以疑问句为标题的论文, 但不应以陈述句为标题. • 为方便二次检索, 标题尽量避免使用复杂的数学式子.
• [2] name(s) of author(s), title of the book (in italics),
publishinghouse, city of publication, year of publication.
16
Mathematical English
• [3] name(s) of author(s), title of the paper, in: title of the book (in italics), publishing house, city of publication, year of publication, numbers of the first and last pages of the paper.
improvements for you.
9
Mathematical English
数学论文对英语的要求其实并不高. 而且我们有功能强大的 LATEX(WinEdt) 编辑软件, 可以轻而易举地编排出有复
杂公式、美观漂亮的版面.
但是, 有些作者在论文写作中存在不少问题.
下面从论文的各个组成部分对一些常见的错误进行分析并举
发表论文的目的, 一是公开自己的成果并得到学术界的承认, 二是为了同行之间的交流.
专业英语
第六课飞行控制flight control飞行操纵舵面flight control surface副翼aileron 扰流板spoiler襟翼flap 缝翼slat冲压空气涡轮RA T ram air turbine动力操纵组件PCU power control unit动力传动组件PDU power drive unit动力转换组件PTU power transfer unitPCA前起落架轮舱nose wheel well副翼前扇形轮aileron fwd quadrant杆力限制器push rod force limiter横向感觉配平定中机构lateral feel trim & centering mechanism电子副翼配平作动器electric aileron trim actuator自动驾驶伺服器auto pilot servo横向操纵机构lateral control override mechanism副翼位置传感器aileron position transmitter线性可变位移传感器L VDT linear variable displacement transducer转动可变位移传感器RVDT rotating variable displacement transducer自动减速板作动器auto speed brake actuator无回程离合器no-back clutch扰流板控制组件spoiler control module主设备中心MEC main equipment center襟翼位置指示器flap position indicator左轮舱left wheel well襟翼缝翼电子组件FSEU flap and slat electronic unit 齿轮箱gear box液压旁通活门hydraulic bypass valve扭力管torque tube第七章水平安定面horizontal stabilizer垂直安定面vertical stabilizer升降舵elevator方向舵rudder中央操纵台center control stand滚球螺杆，滚球螺帽ball screw and ballnut第十二章起落架landing gear前起落架nose gear主起落架main gear收起作动筒retract actuator 前起落架舱门nose gear door 过中位锁over center lock 起落架选择器gear selection顺序活门sequence valve 折叠式撑杆folding side brace减震支柱shock strut转向梁truck beam起落架备用放下系统alternate gear extension system 备用放下动力组件alternate extension power pack 舱门安全活门door safety valve红色舱门不安全指示灯red door unsafe light空地感应系统air-ground sensing system防拖胎保护anti-skid protection惯性基准系统inertial reference system多元盘组件multiple-disk assembly第二十六课液压系统磅每平方英寸PSI pound per inch转每分RPM revolution per minute腐蚀corrosion液压油箱hydraulic reservoir竖管stand pipe反推装置thrust reverser发动机传动泵EDP engine driven pump交流马达泵ACMP alternating current motor pump 热交换器heat exchanger隔离活门isolation valve备用液压系统reserve hydraulic system附件齿轮箱AGB accessory gear box发动机吊架engine strut供油切断活门the supply shut-off valve龙骨梁keel beam壳体放泄油滤组件case drain filter module油量传感器quantity transmitter回油滤组件return filter module机身整流罩body fairing螺旋桨桨×propeller hub转速表tachometer第二十七课燃油系统防波油箱surge tank隔流肋baffle rib通气斗vent scoop阻焰器flame arrester释压活门pressure relief valve浮子放泄活门float drain valve燃油总管fueling manifold燃油总管放泄活门fueling manifold drain valve燃油箱通气系统the fuel tank vent system燃油量指示系统FQIS the fuel quantity indicating system 加油系统fueling system供油系统the fuel feed system喷射泵集油系统jet pump sumping system增压泵boost pump超控泵override pump单向交输活门single cross feed valve发动机供油关断活门engine fuel shutoff valve交输供油活门cross-feed manifold自由摆向单向活门free-swinging check valve手拧螺钉thumb screw机载紧急放油系统air borne fuel jettison system集油放泄口sump drain比重计：densitometer →密度：density｝→重量weight油箱电容﹢介电常数→体积微处理器（tank capacitance）（dielectric constant）（volume）（microprocessor）↑↑油箱组件tank unit 补偿器compensator。
纺织专业英语课文翻译
第二课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途吸湿性和良好的吸湿排汗性能使棉纤维的一个更舒适的一个比较高的水平。
因为在纤维素的羟基基团，棉花对水有很强的吸引力。
当水进入纤维棉，膨胀，其截面变得更圆。
水分和膨胀时湿让棉花吸收水的重量约四分之一的高亲和力的能力。
这意味着，在炎热的天气里，身体的汗会吸收棉织品，沿运纱布的外表面和蒸发到空气中。
因此，身体会帮助维持其温度。
不幸的是，棉花的亲水性使得它容易受到水渍。
如在咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素会渗入纤维随着水；当水分蒸发，着色剂是困在纤维。
也许主要的缺点，棉织品是他们的倾向，皱纹和去除皱纹的困难。
棉纤维的刚度降低纱线抗起皱能力。
当纤维弯曲的一种新的配置，氢债券持有的纤维素链在一起破裂和分子滑动以减少纤维中的应力。
在新的位置的氢键的改革，所以当破碎力去除纤维保持在新的位置。
这是氢键，有助于保持皱纹的断裂和改革，使棉织品要熨。
棉花是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸稳定性好，中等强度的纤维。
这是抵抗酸，碱和有机溶剂，通常提供给消费者。
但由于它是一种天然物质，它是受攻击的昆虫，霉菌和真菌。
最突出的是棉花霉烂的倾向，如果允许存在潮湿。
棉花抗太阳光和热，虽然直接暴露于恒定的强烈的阳光会引起黄的最终降解纤维。
变黄时也可能出现在气干燥器干燥棉织品。
颜色的变化是一种化学反应的纤维素和氧或氮氧化物之间在热空气中干燥的结果。
棉花将保留其白度较长时，线干或在电干燥器中干燥。
主要感兴趣的是事实，棉纱时干时湿比。
此属性的宏观和微观结构特征的纤维的结果。
当水被吸收，纤维膨胀，其截面变得更圆。
通常这种大量的外来物质的吸收会导致内部应力较高，导致纤维弱化。
然而，棉花，水的吸收导致的内部应力减少。
因此，减少内部应力来克服，肿胀的纤维变得更强。
同时，在纱线溶胀纤维按对彼此更强烈。
的内部摩擦增强纱线。
此外，所吸收的水作为一个内部润滑剂，赋予纤维较高水平的灵活性。
这说明棉花衣服更容易熨潮湿时。
大气科学(气象)专业英语6
Unit Six Severe Storms 第六课：强风暴New Words▪glossary n.词汇▪blizzard n.雪暴▪snowfall n.降雪▪snowdrift n.雪堆▪coat v.覆盖▪hailstorm n.雹暴▪wake n.尾流▪rate v. 评价；rate n. 比率，速度 , e.g., at a rate of，以…的速率▪devastating a. 破坏性的；devastate v. ; devastation n.▪top v. 封顶，盖住； top n. 顶▪radiosonde n. 无线电探空仪▪enlarge v.放大en+… n./adj./--→ v. enrich, endanger, enable,▪downdraft n.下曳气流； updraft n.上升气流▪upper-level n.高层，高空；lower-level n.低层，低空 mid-level 中层▪outflow v.流出； inflow v.流出▪blast n.阵风；gust n.阵风;一阵狂风▪airline n.航线，航空公司；flight n.航班▪typhoon n. 台风；hurricane n. 飓风；tropical cyclone n.热带气旋；tropical storm n. 热带风暴▪cyclone n.气旋；cyclonic a.气旋性的;vortex n.涡旋anticyclone n.反气旋；anticyclonic a.反气旋性的▪destructive a. 破坏性的▪multi-cell n. 多单体； super-cell n.超级单体▪water-rich a. 含水丰富的▪waterspout n.水龙卷 ;tornado n.龙卷；whirl n.旋风，涡旋▪suction n. 虹吸，吸（水）▪exterior n.外部； interior n.内部▪exploration n. 探索▪hook-shaped a. 钩状的Text•According to the Glossary of Meteorology, a storm is “any disturbed state of the atmosphere, especially as affecting the earth’s surface and strongly implying destructive or otherwise unpleasant weather”.•In winter most storms are cyclonic in nature; they cover large areas, produce rain or snow, and often are cold and windy.•These storms usually do more good than harm because the precipitation they yield waters farms and fills streams, lakes, and reservoirs.▪Sometimes winter cyclones become intense as their central pressures fall.▪As a result the winds increase in strength, and if there is adequate atmospheric moisture, there can be flood-causing rains or heavy snow falls that close down entire cities.▪In some cases blizzards occur as a strong, cold winds, that carry the snow into large snow-drifts. ▪In such storms, grazing animals on the open range can become isolated, run out of food, or even freeze to death.▪Among the most dangerous of winter storms are those that produce freezing rain.▪By coating streets, highways, and airports runways with ice, the storms cause a large number of motor vehicle accidents and pose serious hazards at airports.▪Winter storms usually develop gradually, move slowly, and can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy.▪On the other hand, severe storms of a convective nature develop so rapidly and are so small and short-lived that they are difficult to forecast.▪Violent thunderstorms, hailstorms, and tornadoes develop in tens of minutes and can strike with frighten suddenness.▪In minutes a hailstorm can destroy a field of wheat or a tornado can demolish a score of buildings, leaving injured and dead in its wake.▪Another type of severe storms, the hurricanes and its counterparts in other parts of the words, are relatively large, intense tropical cyclones. ▪Although they do not contain the concentrated power of tornadoes, hurricanes are more energetic, larger and longer-lived, and therefore they can do more damage than tornadoes.▪Occasionally, individual violent storms can cause great losses.▪In some parts of the world extreme weather can take human tolls that nearly defy belief.▪For example, a tropical cyclone that struck Bangladesh in November in 1970 took more than a quarter of million lives and rates as one of nature’s most devastating calamities.▪The storm was a Southeast Asian version of the South Atlantic hurricane.Commonly, thunderstorms extend to altitudes of about 10 km and often are topped by anvil clouds composed of the crystals blowing away from the main cloud regions.Although thunderstorms take on many sizes, shapes, and structures, they may be considered to fall into two broad categories: local or air mass thunderstorms and organized thunderstorms.▪Local storms are fairly isolated and have a short lifetime—less than an hour or so.▪A great deal was learned by flying instrumented airplanes through thunderstorms and by observing them by means of radar, radiosonde, and other ground-based instruments.▪A local thunderstorms is made up of one or more “cells” each of which follows a three-stage life cycle: cumulus stage, mature stage and dissipating stage.Paragraph 10-1▪Under the cloud, even before rain reaches the ground, there often is a downward rush of cool air that spreads rapidly outward away from the cloud.▪Depending on the strength of the upper-level winds and of the downdraft, outflowing surface winds can range from light breezes to strong blasts.▪The cool air usually advances ahead of the thunderstorm, and sometimes does appreciable damage to vegetation and buildings.Paragraph 10-2▪The downdrafts and outflowing air and the associated wind shear represent a serious hazard to airplanes in the process of landing and taking off.▪Particularly strong downdrafts have been termed “downbursts” which are responsible for a number of crashes by commercial airlines.Hurricanes飓风Paragraph 11▪Tropical cyclones that occur over the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico and have maximum wind speeds greater than 32.6 m/s (73 mi/hr) are called hurricanes.▪Similar storms over the western North Pacific are called typhoons.▪The ones that develop over the Indian Ocean and affect India and southeast Asia are called cyclones.▪Hurricanes of the Pacific coast of Mexico have been named cyclones by the natives of the country.▪Various other names are used in other parts of the world.▪The paths followed by hurricanes are determined mostly by the prevailing wind currents in which the hurricanes are located.▪In their developing stages the storms are transported by easterly winds that prevail over the tropics.▪As the “steering” current changes, the hurricane path also changes.▪In some cases there are abrupt shifts in the direction of travel.▪As hurricanes move over land or over higher-latitude oceans, they become weaker.▪This occurs primarily because the energy input is reduced as the storm leaves the regions of warm ocean water.▪In addition, when a hurricane passes over a continent, the terrain exerts additional frictional force that act to reduce the speeds.▪Hurricanes passing over land can be very destructive and lethal.▪When hurricane Camille swept into Mississippi in August 1969, it caused about 1.5 billion of damage.▪The torrential rains from hurricane Agnes in 1972 caused massive flooding over the eastern United States.▪Although it was not true in the case of Agnes, loss of life and destruction of property usually are a result of the storm surge, a wave of ocean water generated by the hurricanes winds as the storm approaches the coast.▪A wall of water some 3m or more in height can be produced.▪As it swept over low-lying land, it can cause devastating floods.Hailstones冰雹Paragraph 14▪Hail usually is produced by large, long-lasting thunderstorm classified as multicell or supercell thunderstorms.▪The thunderstorm often are arranged in lines or bands that are call squall lines and occur most often in the spring and early summer months.▪These are the periods when atmospheric conditions are most favorable for the development of violent thunderstorms.▪According to a highly regarded hailstorm model, first offered by two English scientists, hailstones began to form in the water-rich, rising air that enters the cloud along its leading edge.▪As they grow by colliding with supercooled drops, the hailstones fall at increasing speeds through the air and intercept increasing quantities of supercooled water.▪If the updraft speed exceeds the terminal velocity of the hailstones, they are carried upward.▪The upper-level winds move them forward across the upper part of the storm to a region of weaker updrafts.▪If the updrafts are not strong enough to hold up the hailstones, they fall toward the ground.▪After descending several kilometers, some of the stones fall into the strong updraft core and are carried upward again for a second passage through the supercooled cloud.▪A series of such trips can lead to large hailstones.▪As ice particle starting with a diameter of 1 mm can grow to 3 cm after exposure to the high liquid water contents in a strong updraft.▪In thunderstorms with strong, persistent updrafts, large hailstones can be grown without the recycling process.Tornadoes龙卷▪Thunderstorms producing large hail are also likely to produce tornadoes.▪Contrary to the opinions of many people, tornadoes are not particularly energetic.▪ An average tornado contains much less energy than the thunderstorm that produces it, and is appreciably less energetic cyclone.▪But since the energy of a tornado is expended in a short period of time, its power-energy divided by time is relatively high.▪Because of their concentrated power, tornadoes are probably the most feared of all weather phenomena.▪They often strike suddenly, with little warning, and in a few minutes cause extensive damage to property, injuries, and loss of life.▪A tornado may have the appearance of a narrow funnel, cylinder, or rope extending from the base of a thunderstorm to the ground.▪The visible funnel consists mostly of water droplets formed by condensation in the funnel. Near the ground blowing dust, leaves, and other debris identify the presence of a strong vortex. ▪Tornadoes and weak visible vortex observed over water—most often in the tropics and subtropics—are called waterspouts.▪Tornadoes are generally small, typically less than a few hundred meters in diameter, but some are larger than 1 km.▪With rare exceptions the winds are cyclonic, that is , they blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.▪The funnels usually touch the ground for only a few minutes or so, but some have been reported to last for much more than an hour.▪The maximum wind speeds in tornadoes usually are between about 33 and 100 m/s (73 and 224 mi/hr), but occasionally they may exceed 120m/s.▪the higher the intensity rating, the greater is the damage potential of a tornado.▪Most of the fatalities and property destruction are caused by a small number of large, long-lived tornadoes.▪During the decade ending in 1970 fewer that 2 percent of the largest tornadoes accounted for 85 percent of the fatalities.▪Within a tornado there are still smaller, intense whirls that Fujita calls suction vortices.▪They have diameters of about 10 m.▪A small, short-lived tornado might have only one;a maxi-tornado would have many suction vortices.▪Fujita proposed that these small vortices account for occasional observations of virtually total destruction of one structure while another one 10 m away is left unscathed.▪The pressure in a tornado funnel is substantially lower than the surrounding atmospheric pressure.▪It has been estimated that in a very severe tornado the central pressure might be more than 100mb less than the pressure outside the funnel.▪The pressure differences between the interior and exterior of a tornado can account in part for the damage to buildings whose doors and windows are closed tightly.▪When a tornado moves over such a structure, the outside pressure drops rapidly while the pressure inside falls more slowly.▪The resulting pressure differences augment those caused by the dynamical effects of the wind.▪When the pressure inside a building substantially exceeds the pressure on the outside, the result is a strong outward pressure force.▪Such a force can do extensive damage; in some cases it could pick up the roof and blow out the wall of a building.▪Tornadoes– as is the case with hail – are most frequent in the late afternoon and early evening and occur in the spring and early summer months.▪It is during this period that the necessary meteorological conditions are most likely to be present.▪Even in these years of space exploration, many tornadoes are detected visually by ordinary citizens who spot the funnels and notify local officials.▪Increasingly, radar is being used to detect and track tornado storms.▪Conventional radars cannot specially identify a tornado, and therefore it is necessary to use characteristics of the radar echoes to infer the presence of the tornadoes.▪Occasionally, the shape of an echo is a good indication of the presence of ,or the impending formation of tornadoes.▪The most reliable such indicator is a hook-shaped echo extending from a thunderstorm, but most of the time the echo shape is of little use in ascertaining if there is a tornado.▪Thunderstorms that cause intense radar echoes that extend to great altitudes should be regarded as threats to produce hail and tornadoes.▪A Doppler radar can observe the same quantities as can a conventional radar, but in addition it can measure the speed, toward or away, from the radar of targets such as raindrops or other liquid or solid objects.▪Recent research has shown that Doppler radar can identify and locate tornadoes, sometimes as much as 20 minutes before the funnel reaches the ground.。
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2，3，5，4’tetrahydroxystilbene -2-O-β-D-glucoside
physcione emodin
Operate protected from light。 避光操作.
dilute ethanol 稀乙醇 phosphoric acid 磷酸 combined anthraquinone 结合 蒽醌 free anthraquinone 游离蒽醌
• 气微，味微甘而苦涩。
块根横切面：木栓层为数列细胞，充满红棕色物。
韧皮部较宽广，散有类圆形异型维管束4-11个，
为外韧型，导管稀少。根中央形成层成环，木质 部导管较少，周围有管胞和少数木纤维。薄壁细 胞含草酸钙簇晶及含淀粉粒。
collateral type 外韧性
…using silica gel H mixed with sodium
longitudinal wrinkles or irregular reticula, the lower part with longitudinal striations and fine wrinkles. 2 Texture hard and fragile, easily broken, fracture yellow, reddish- brown in the center; the central part of an old root
Heavy metals and harmful elements
重金属及有害元素
• 照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（附录Ⅸ B，原子吸收 分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定， • 铅不得超过百万分之五； • 镉不得超过千万分之三； • 砷不得超过百万分之二； • 汞不得超过千万分之二； • 铜不得超过百万分之二十。
• 取本品粉末1g，加乙醚5ml，振摇，放置1小时，滤过，
滤液挥干，残渣加乙酸乙酯1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。
另取丹参对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取丹 参酮ⅡA 对照品，加乙酸乙酯制成每1ml含2mg的溶液， 作为对照品溶液。 照薄层层析色谱方法实验，吸取上述三种溶液各5μl，分 别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚-乙酸乙酯（4：1） 作为展开剂，展开, 取出，晾干。 供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上显相同颜 色的斑点；在与对照品色谱相应位置上，显相同的暗红色 斑点。
韧皮部
形成层
木质部
phelloderm 栓内层 sieve tube tissue 筛管群 fascicular cambium 束内形成层
Extract the aqueous solution with three 20-ml quantities of n-butanol. 水溶液用正丁醇提取3次，每次20ml。
dark brown or brownish-black, withered or hollowed. Odour,
slight; taste, bitter. 3 Cultivar roots slender, mostly branched. Externally yellowish- brown, with relatively thin longitudinal wrinkles. Fracture yellow or yellowish, slightly horny. Taste bitterish.
供试品溶液的制备
取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.3g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精 密加入甲醇50ml，称定重量，加热回流1小时，放冷，再称定重量， 用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
测定法
• 分别精密吸取对照品溶液、供试品溶液各5μl，注入液相色谱仪，
测定，即得。 • 本品按干燥品计算，含丹参酮ⅡA （C19H18O3)不得少于0.20％。
含量测定
• 照高效液相色谱法（附录 VI D）测定
• •色谱条件及系统适用性试验
• 以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇－水（75:25）
为流动相；检测波长为270nm。理论塔板数按丹参酮ⅡA
峰计算应不低于2000。
对照品溶液的制备
• 取丹参酮ⅡA 对照品适量，精密称定，置棕色容量瓶中，加甲醇 制成每1ml中含丹参酮ⅡA 16μg的溶液，即得。
照薄层色谱法(附录ⅥB)试验，吸取上述供试品溶液、 对照药材溶液各2μl及上述三种对照品溶液各1μl，分别 点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上.以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸(10： 3：1：2)为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯 (365nm)下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相
应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点；在与对照品色谱相应
栽培品较细长，多有分枝；表面浅黄棕色，纵皱纹 较细腻；断面黄色或浅黄色，略呈角质样；味微苦.
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的位置上，显三个相同的暗色斑点。
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圆锥形，扭曲，长8～25 cm，直径1～3 cm。 表面棕黄色或深黄色，有稀疏的疣状细根痕，上部 较粗糙，有扭曲纵皱纹或不规则网纹，下部有顺纹和 细皱纹；质硬而脆，易折断，断面黄色，中心红棕色， 老根中心呈枯朽状或中空，暗棕色或棕黑色；气微，
味苦。
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma [English Name] Liquorice Root
11
Description
fibrous 纤维性 furrows：沟纹
sparse：稀疏的 cleft：裂隙
lenticel 皮孔
lenticel-like protruded 皮孔样突起
brocaded ：织成锦缎的
brocaded patterns 云锦样花纹
• • • starchy：粉性的 viscous：粘性的 horny：角质样 横断面： transverse elongated
横切面：transverse section
纵切面：longitudinal section
• 本品呈团块状或不规则纺锤形。表面红褐色 或红棕色，皱缩不平，有浅沟，并有横长皮 孔样突起和细根痕。 • 体重，质坚实，不易折断，断面浅黄棕色或 常维管束环列，形成“云锦状花纹”，中 央木部较大，有的呈木心。
Combine the n-butanol solutions, wash with water for 3 times，
用水洗涤3次
ammonium glycyrrhizinate CRS 1% solution of sodium hydroxide 甘草酸单铵盐 1%氢氧化钠溶液
The fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots obtained with the reference drug solution;
1 Conical, twisted, 8-25 cm long, 1-3 cm in diameter. Externally brownish-yellow or dark yellow, bearing sparse
warty traces of rootlets, the upper part rough, with twisted
protected from moth 防蛀
Polygoni Multiflori Radix
Fleeceflower Root 何首乌
Description 性状
transverse elongated 横长的
lenticel-like protrusions：皮孔样突起 abnormal vascular bundles：异形维管束
bud scars 芽痕 adventitious buds 不定芽
乌拉尔甘草: …具显著的纵皱纹、沟纹、皮孔样
突起及稀疏的细根痕。 胀果甘草：…根茎不定芽多而粗大。 光果甘草:…皮孔细
Transverse section:
木栓层
1.木栓层为数列棕色细胞。 2. 栓内层较窄。 3. 韧皮纤维多成束，非木 化或微木化，周围薄壁细胞 常含草酸钙方晶。
carboxymethylcellulose as the coating substance and
a mixture of chloroform and methanol (7:3) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 2μl of each of the two solutions in strips to the plate. 将上述两种溶液分别点于同一以羧甲基纤维素钠为 黏合剂的硅胶H薄层板上使成条状…
供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相 同颜色的荧光斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的 位置上，显 相同的橙黄色荧光斑点。
Residual organochlorine pesticides
有机氯农药残留量
pesticides residue 农药残留
hexachlorocyclohexane (total BHC) 六氯环己烷 chlorophenothane (total DDT) 二氯二苯三氯乙烷 pentachloride nitrobenzene (PCNB) 五氯硝基苯 a ventilated and dry place 通风干燥处
Extractives 浸出物
• Water-soluble extractives 水溶性浸出物 • Ethanol-soluble extractives 醇溶性浸出物 • the cold maceration method 冷浸法 • the hot extraction method 热浸法