非常实用的法律词汇(中英对照)

非常实用的法律词汇（中英对照）♦ 债转股debt-to-equity swap∙♦港元的联系汇率制the linkage system between the US dollar and the HKdollar∙♦坏帐、呆帐、死帐bad account/ dead account/ uncollectible account/baddebt/ bad loan∙♦反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against...∙♦通货紧缩deflation∙♦通货膨胀inflation∙♦非配额产品quota-free products∙♦非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects∙♦风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment∙♦风险基金venture capital∙♦风险准备金loan loss provision/ provisions of risk∙♦搞活国有大中型企业revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises∙♦规模经济scale economy/ economies of scale∙♦国合企业(即国有合作社)state-owned cooperatives∙♦国际收支balance of international payments/ balance of payment ∙♦国际收支不平衡disequilibrium of balance of payment∙♦国家补贴public subsidies∙♦国家现汇结存state foreign exchange reserves∙♦合理引导消费guide rational consumption∙♦季节性调价seasonal price adjustments∙♦既成事实established/accomplished facts∙♦技工贸结合的科技型企业scientific and technological enterprises that integrate scientific and technological development with industrial and trade development∙♦劳动密集性企业labor-intensive enterprises∙♦乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises/ unauthorized pooling of funds, compulsory donations and random levies on enterprises∙♦千年问题、千年虫millennium bug∙♦企业技术改造technological updating of enterprises ∙♦企业亏损补贴subsidies to cover enterprise losses ∙♦实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to∙♦平等互利、讲效、形式多样、共同发展的方针pursuing practical results, adopting various ways and seeking common development/ the principle of equality, mutual benefit, efficiency, diversity and mutual development∙♦瓶颈制约"bottleneck" restrictions∙♦市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA: Administrative Aspects of Market Access∙♦亚太工商咨询理事会ABAC: APEC Business Advisory Council∙♦亚太商业论坛ABF: APEC Business Forum∙♦亚太通讯与数据系统ACDS: APEC Communications and Database System∙♦亚太中小企业技术交流与培训中心ACTETSME: APEC Center for Technology Exchange and Training for Small and Medium Enterprises∙♦亚洲开发银行ADB: Asian Development Bank∙♦亚太经合组织经济领导人会议AELM: APEC Economic Leaders Meeting ∙♦东盟自由贸易区AFTA: ASEAN Free Trade Area∙♦亚太经合组织部长级会议AMM: APEC MinisteriaI Meeting∙♦澳新紧密经济关系协定ANZCERTA: Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement∙♦亚太商业网络APB-Net: Asia-Pacific Business Network∙♦亚太经济合作组织APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation∙♦亚太能源研究中心APERC: Asia Pacific Energy Research Center ∙♦亚太信息基础设施APII: Asia-Pacific Information Infrastructure∙♦亚太实验室认可合作APLAC: Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation∙♦亚太法定计量论坛APLMF: Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum∙♦亚太计量程序APMP: Asia Pacific Metrology Program∙♦东南亚国家联盟ASEAN: Association of South-East Asian Nations ∙♦亚欧会议ASEM: Asia-Europe Meeting∙♦农业技术合作ATC: Agricultural Technical Cooperation∙♦民事civil∙♦民事civil affairs;affairs relating to civil law∙♦民事上的占有civil possesion∙♦民事上的没收civil forfeiture∙♦民事上诉civil appeal∙♦民事主体civil subject∙♦民事法律关系civil legal relationship∙♦民事活动activity relating to civil law∙♦民事纠纷civil dispute∙♦民事客体civil object∙♦民事原告civil plaintiff∙♦民事被告civil defendant∙♦民事指控civil charge∙♦民事案件civil case∙♦民事过失civil negligence∙♦民事责任事故accident involving civil liability∙♦民事补偿civil remedy∙♦民事诉讼civil action∙♦民事损害civil injury∙♦民事债务civil debt∙♦民事管辖civil jurisdiction∙♦民事制裁civil sanction∙♦民事审判civil trial∙♦民事调解civil mediation∙♦民事罚款civil penalty∙♦民事权利争议dispute concerning private rights∙♦民事权利剥夺deprived of private rights∙♦民事权利请求civil claim∙♦民事权利变更alternation of private right∙♦民政civil administraion∙♦民事权利与责任civil right and liability∙♦民事权利civil right∙♦人身权利jura personarum; rights of the person ∙♦人格权right of personality∙♦上诉权right of appeal∙♦不受时效限制权imprescriptible right∙♦立遗嘱权right to make a will∙♦合法权利legal right∙♦共有权communal tenure∙♦求偿权recoupment; recourse∙♦居住权right of habitation∙♦使用权right of use∙♦委任权power of pocuration∙♦财产权proprietatis; property right∙♦财产让与权benefit of cession∙♦起诉权right of action∙♦采光权right of ancient lights∙♦专用权sole right of use∙♦专有权exclusive power∙♦专利申请权clailm of patent application∙♦控告权right of complaint∙♦答辩权right of reply∙♦解释权right to interpret∙♦经济权利economic right ∙♦债的请求权debt claim∙♦监护权guardianship ∙♦选择权right of choice ∙♦转卖权right of resale∙♦（当事方为进行仲裁或接受国际法院的管辖权而签订的）协定compromis: a special agreement between States to submit a particular issue either to an arbitral tribunal or to the International Court of Justice∙♦事实上de facto: existing as a matter of fact rather than of right ∙♦法律上de jure: as a matter of legal right∙♦根据公允及善意的原则ex aeque et bono: as a result of fair dealing and good conscience∙♦出于善意的ex gratia: done as a matter of favour (An ex gratiapayment is one not required to be made by a legalduty.)∙♦依职权而自然获得ex officio: by virtue of holding an office∙♦事后的；溯及既往的e x post facto: by a subsequent act (describing anylegal act, such as a statute, which has retrospectiveeffect)∙♦主动的，自愿的ex proprio motu(ex mero motu): of his own motion∙♦不可抗力force majueure(法语): irresistible compulsion orcoercion∙♦强制法jus cogens(ius congens): coercive law; a rule orprinciple in international law that is so fundamental thatit bins all states and does not allow any exceptions∙♦万民法，万国法，国际法jus gentium: the law of people; international law∙♦法无明文不处罚nulla poena sine lege: no penalty(punishment) withouta law∙♦法无明文不为罪nullum crimen sine lege: no crime without a law∙♦条约必须遵守原则pact sunt servand: a pact is not to be surrendered(agreements are to be kept)∙♦自身，本身；本质上p er se∙♦不受欢迎的人（personna grata受欢迎的人）personna non-grata∙♦初步的，表面上的prima facie: at first appearance; on the face of things ∙♦情势变迁原则rebus sic standibus: change of circumstances∙♦无主物res nullius: an asset susceptible of acquisition butpresently under the ownership or sovereignty of nolegal person∙♦未确定时日的sine die: without a date∙♦越权行为（与intraultra vires(act)vires相对）∙♦占领地保有原则uti possidetis❖Lesson Six∙♦民事责任civil liability∙♦不履行法律责任omission∙♦共同连带责任joint and separate responsibility ∙♦完全责任full liability∙♦侵权责任liability for tort∙♦连带责任joint liability∙♦财产责任property liability∙♦过失责任fault liability∙♦替代责任vicarious liability∙♦无限责任unlimited liability∙♦单独责任solitary liability∙♦道德责任moral obligation∙♦监护责任liability of guardian∙♦严格责任赔偿strict liability。