消化与营养练习题1

营养一、单项选择题1．以下哪种氨基酸对于婴幼儿来说是必需氨基酸（B）A．精氨酸 B．组氨酸 C．丝氨酸 D．胱氨酸2．浮肿型蛋白质—热能营养不良主要是由于缺乏哪种营养素（A ）A．蛋白质 B．热能 C．维生素 D．矿物质3．下列哪种营养素缺乏会引起巨幼红细胞贫血（C）A．锌 B．铁 C．叶酸 D．尼克酸4．下列非超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的主要组成成分是（A）A．铜 B．铁 C．锌 D．硒5．牛奶中含量最低的矿物质是以下哪一种（B ）A．钙 B．铁 C．钾 D．钠6．膳食中可促进铁吸收的因素是（A ）A．抗坏血酸 B．脂肪酸 C．草酸 D．植酸7．具有抗氧化作用的维生素是（C ）A．维生素A B．维生素D C．维生素E D．叶酸8．食物中长期缺乏维生素B1易引起（C ）A．蛋白质热能营养不良 B．癞皮病 C．脚气病 D．败血病9．人体所需的一部分尼克酸vitamin PP可由体内哪种氨基酸转化（C）A．苏氨酸 B．赖氨酸 C．色氨酸Trp D．蛋氨酸10．下面那种食物中蛋白质含量最高（D）A．肉类 B．奶类 C．水果 D．大豆11． RDA指的是（A ）A．推荐营养素供给量 B．适宜摄入量 C．可耐受的高限摄入水平 D．估计平均需要量12．粮谷类食物蛋白质的第一限制性氨基酸为（D ）A．苯丙氨酸 B．蛋氨酸 C．苏氨酸 D．赖氨酸13．消瘦型蛋白质—热能营养不良主要是由于缺乏哪种营养素：（B）A．蛋白质 B．热能 C．维生素 D．矿物质14．下列哪项是糖尿病患者的典型症状之一（B）A．肥胖 B．多尿 C．高血压 D．佝偻病15．维生素B2的良好来源是（D）A．白菜 B．菠菜 C．大米 D．动物肝脏16．与老年人容易发生的腰背酸痛有较密切关系的营养素是（B）A．钠 B．钙 C．铜 D．维生素A17．下列哪项不是脂类的营养学意义（D）A．促进脂溶性维生素吸收B．提供能量 C．构成机体组织和重要物质 D．提供必需氨基酸18．下列哪项不是维生素的特点（C）A．天然食物组成成分 B．维持健康所必需 C．每日需要较多 D．维持人体生长19．维生素A的主要来源是（D）A．马铃薯 B．梨子 C．小麦 D．动物肝脏20. 味觉减退或有异食癖可能是由于缺乏(A)A.锌B.铬C.硒D.钙21．下列哪项不是维生素D在人体的缺乏症（B）A．在成人发生骨软化症 B．在儿童发生癞皮病C．在婴幼儿发生佝偻病 D．在老年人可发生骨质疏松症22．婴幼儿常见的营养问题不包括（D）A．缺铁性贫血 B．缺锌所致生长发育迟缓C．缺乏维生素D所致佝偻病 D．缺钙所致骨质软化症23．老年人发生腰背酸痛时在营养学上首先应考虑的疾病是（D）A．骨质软化症 B．类风湿性关节炎 C．更年期综合征 D．骨质疏松症24．钙的最好来源是（C）A．小虾皮 B．各种瓜子 C．奶及奶制品 D．白菜25．下列有关脂类的说法中哪一项不正确（A）A．促进必需氨基酸吸收 B．胆固醇是合成维生素D的原料C．每克可提供9kcal能量 D．可提供脂溶性维生素26 被世界卫生组织列为营养调查中必测项目的三项指标是（D）A．坐高、身高、头围 B．体重、身高、头围C．胸围、头围、体重 D．体重、身高、皮褶厚度27．糖尿病患者的理想体重（Kg）计算公式为（B）A.身高（cm）－100B.身高（cm）－105C.身高（cm）－110D.身高（cm）－11528．治疗时应适当增加膳食纤维摄入的疾病是（A）A．高脂血症 B．骨质疏松症 C．缺铁性贫血 D．生长发育迟缓29．尿负荷试验可用来评价下列哪些营养素的体内营养状况（B）A．维生素E B．赖氨酸 C．维生素A D．尼克酸30．下列哪组全部是人体必需氨基酸（B）A．天门冬氨酸、苯丙氨酸 B．亮氨酸、赖氨酸 C．缬氨酸、精氨酸 D．苏氨酸、脯氨酸31．与儿童佝偻病关系较密切的营养素有（C）A．铁、碘 B．氯化钾、必需脂肪酸 C．钙、维生素D D．葡萄糖、必需氨基酸32．人体营养状况评价不包括（C）A．膳食调查 B．临床生化检测 C．个人经济状况调查 D．人体测量33．硫胺素缺乏所致疾病是（D）A．光过敏性皮炎 B．癞皮病 C．骨质疏松症 D．脚气病34．孕妇营养不良对母体及胎儿的影响不包括（A）A．母体发生骨质疏松症 B．胎儿宫内发育迟缓C．低出生体重儿 D．胎儿先天畸形35．与能量代谢无关的维生素是（B）A．硫胺素 B．维生素A C．尼克酸 D．核黄素36．锌吸收与下列哪一项因素无关（B）A．植酸 B．维生素K C．膳食纤维 D．维生素D37．婴幼儿常见的营养问题有（A）A．蛋白质-热能营养不良 B．骨质软化症 C．高胆固醇血症 D．高血脂症38．下列哪些矿物质在孕妇膳食中强调要增加（C）A．钙、氯、钠、钾 B．铁、锌、铬、锰 C．钙、铁、锌、碘 D．铜、钙、碘、硒39．下列哪项不是维生素A缺乏时眼部的表现（B）A．干眼病、角膜溃疡 B．色盲症 C．生长发育受阻 D．皮肤粗糙Topic: Carbohydrates Top of Form1. The short term requirement for dietary carbohydrateA. is based on energy needB. is based on the type of carbohydrate neededC. there is no short-term requirementD. is based on gender and body size2. Digestion of carbohydrate in the large intestineA. does not occurB.involves the bacterial floraC. includes only galactoseD. none of the above3. In general, feeding sucrose to mammals:A. increases sucrase activityB. decreases sucrase activityC. has no effect on sucrase activityD. none of the above4. The glycemic index:A. measure of blood glucose levelsB. a measure of the relative ability of a carbohydrate to raise the blood glucose levelC. a measure of glycogen concentration of the muscleD. none of the aboveE. Top of Form5. Which is not a physical property of dietary fiber:A. water-holding capacityB.binding free fatty acidsC. bile acid bindingD. none of the above6. Dietary fiber can:A. reduce postprandial glycemic responseB. increase postprandial glycemic responseC. has no effect on postprandial glycemic responseD. none of the above7. The plasma cholesterol lowering effect of water-soluble fiber affects mainlyA. saturated fatty acidsB. HDL fractionsC. LDL fractionsD. none of the above8. In general, dietary fiber:A. significantly increases vitamin absorptionB. significantly decreases vitamin absorptionC. has no effect on vitamin absorptionD. none of the above9. Dietary fiber:A. increases transit time in the large intestineB. decreases stool weightC. concentrates large intestinal contentsD. none of the above10. The two most prevalent saturated fatty acids in the American Diet are:A. myristic acid and palmitic acidB. stearic acid and palmitic acidC. stearic acid and oleic acidD. linoleic acid and lauric acid11. Bile acids help to:A. break the bonds of triglyceridesB. esterfy fatty acidsC. solubilize fatty acidD. have no effect on fatty acid digestion12. Which fatty acid does not have an effect on serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations:A. lauric acidB. myristic acidC. palmitic acidD. stearic acid13. Which lipoprotein is considered the major atherogenic agentA. LDLB. VLDLC. HDLD. LLDL14. The major action of n-3 fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins is:A. to lower LDLB.to lower HDLC. to lower triglyceride levelsD. to increase HDL1. Which amino acid is not considered essential:A. HistidineB. tryptophanC. prolineD. valine2.The amount of nitrogen excreted regardless of the amount of dietary intake is called:A. nitrogen balanceB. obligatory nitrogen lossC. ureaD.nitrogen catabolism3.An amino acid score is used to:A.adjust for possible differences in amino acid composition among foodsB. establish the amino acid recommendationC. establish amino acid recommendations for pregnancy and lactationD. account for differences in digestibility among amino acids4.The protein requirement for those over the age of 51 is:A. greater than that for younger populationsB. the same as that for younger populationsC. lower than that for younger populationsD. There is no requirement for those over 51 years of age.5.According to the RDA, the 70% adjustment in the protein requirement for lactation represents:A. an unknown factorB.an adjustment for statistical error arising from the factorial methodC. an adjustment to correct for the efficiency in the conversion ofdietary protein to milk proteinD. the average nitrogen in milk protein6.The equation of high quality proteins is most likely only accurate in which populations:A. AdolescenceB. early infancyC. adulthoodD. all populations7.It can be argued that __and __are the only true dispensable(non-essential) amino acids because they can be synthesized by mammals via reductive amination of the appropriate keto acid.A. glutamic acid and serineB. lysine and theronineC. glycine and leucineD. there are no dispensable amino acids8. Young et al. suggest that the nitrogen balance studies of Rose:A. may have overestimated basal amino acid needsB. were highly accurate in estimating basal amino acid needsC. may have underestimated amino acid needsD. represented the maximal amount of daily nitrogen needs9. The transport for di- and tripeptide absorption in the intestinal lumen is:A. the same as that for signal amino acidB. a Na+ dependent transport systemC. a passive transport systemD. a Na+/K+ exchange system10.It is estimated that at least _of basal energy expenditure is usedin maintaining whole-body protein synthesis.A. 10%B. 20%C. 30%D. 40%Topic: Lipids1.The two most prevalent saturated fatty acids in the American Diet are:A.myristic acid and palmitic acidB.stearic acid and palmitic acidC.stearic acid and oleic acidD.linoleic acid and lauric acid2.Bile acids help to:A.break the bonds of triglyceridesB.esterfy fatty acidsC.solubilize fatty acidD.have no effect on fatty acid digestion3.Which fatty acid does not have an effect on serum LDL-cholesterolconcentrations:A. lauric acidB.myristic acidC. palmitic acidD. stearic acid4.Which lipoprotein is considered the major atherogenic agentA. LDLB. VLDLC. HDLD. LLDL5.The major action of n-3 fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins is:A. to lower LDLB.to lower HDLC. to lower triglyceride levelsD. to increase HDL6.Top of Form Monounsaturated fatty acids:A.increase serum lipid similar to SFA'sB.decrease serum lipid as compared to SFA'sC.have no effect on serum lipid levelsD.none of the above7.In general, hydrogenated fatty acids used in foods (margarines,shortenings, etc.):A.decrease serum lipid levelsB.increase serum lipid levelsC.unknown, as there have been no controlled experiments to test thisD.none of the above8.Which of the following fatty acids is the most likely one that willeffect serum cholesterol levels:A. C8B. C18C. C14D. none of the above9.In general, studies in nonhuman primates have found that therelationship between dietary SFA's and serum cholesterol:A.is significantly different than that observed in humansB.does not include SFA's, but is more related to PUFA'sC.are not valid because nonhuman primates do not have serumcholesterolD.none of the above10.Dietary intake of SFA's is:A. a poor predictor of serum triglyceride levelsB. a good predictor of serum triglyceride levelsC.no controlled studies have been completedD.none of the above11.In one study, substituting monounsaturated fat for half of thesaturated fat was found to reduce CHD risk more than substituting carbohydrates for half of the saturated fat.True False12.31 . Trans-fatty acids appear to have their greatest effect on:A. HDLB. TriglyceridesC. LDLD. VLDL13.32. Which of the following does not effect the measurement of serumHDL?A.fluctuations in weightB.fastingC.excessive alcohol intakeD.short term (1-2 days) changes in one's diet14.In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine researchersshowed that women eating a diet high in monounsaturated fats were better protected against heart disease than were women consuming diets high in poly-unsaturated fats.True False15.Serum HDL concentration is not an important marker for heart disease.True FalseTopic: Vitamins1. Dietary supplement manufacturers are required to:A. provide the FDA with data on the safety of the new supplementB. provide extensive research evidence on the safety of the product.C. submit to the FDA information that supports their conclusion that a new ingredient can reasonably be expected to be safe.D. provide nothing to the FDA2. Which federal agency regulates claims made in the advertising of dietary supplements.A. USDAB. NIHC. FDA FTC3. According to Dr. P. Thomas, osteoporosis is uncommon in several countries with relatively low calcium intakes.True False4. The supplement industry is required to follow several federal manufacturing and formulation standards.True False5. The Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study suggested that:A. Vitamin E supplementation had no effect on the incidence of heart diseaseB. Vitamin E supplementation reduced the risk of nonfatal heart attack by 77%C. vitamin E supplementation increased the risk of fatal heart attack in smokers by 16%D. Vitamin E supplementation reduced the risk of nonfatal heart attack in women only.6. Although one study showed that selenium supplementation may prevent certain types of cancer, which of the below is not a reason that cast serious doubts on the results:A. The study sample was too small.B. The study was designed to investigate only the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer.C. The study was performed on women only.D. The study was performed on a population that had low selenium intakes.7. Evidence that supplemental zinc strengthens the immune system is fairly strong.True False8. Select the best answer concerning the effect of dietary protein on calcium metabolism:A. The effect of dietary protein on bone calcium content is likely to be small.B. Dietary protein decreases urinary calcium excretion.C. Dietary protein decreases glomerular filtration rate.D. The current RDA for calcium may not off-set the effect of protein on calcium metabolism.9. True or False: Absorption of colloidal minerals is enhanced because of their natural negative charge.True False10. Which of the following does not distinguish guidelines from nutrient standards?A. They frequently are established for food components for which RDAs have not been establishedB. They include recommendations for nonessential food componentsC. They are expressed in relation to the total dietD. They are recommendations, not requirements11. Which organizations oversee the publication of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?A. USDA and DHHSB. USDA and NIHC. NIH and DHHSD. DHHS and FDA12. Which of the following statements is true concerning the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?A. Information on the food guide pyramid should not be includedB. The vegetarian diets are not compatible with the dietary guidelinesC. Weight gain with age is discouraged13. Which of the following is considered a food guide?A. The RDAsB. The Food PyramidC. The Dietary Guidelines for AmericansD. The Healthy Meals for Healthy Americans Act14. Select the most accurate statement concerning the Food Pyramid:A. The total amount of fat in the diet should be kept below 25%B. The amount of energy provided by a diet following the Food Pyramid range from 900-1500 kcalsC. 100% of the RDA for protein vitamins and minerals (except iron) will be met by following the recommendation of the Food PyramidD. Serving sizes and serving amounts are given for all categories on the Food PyramidTopic: Energy Balance1.Validity refers to:A.repeatability or reproducibility of resultsB.whether the method measures what it is supposed to measureC.if the answer that you received is the correct oneD.if the testing device is working correctly2.Although weighted-food dietary records are considered by most tobe highly accurate, some have found that:A.caloric intake increases over time using this methodB.estimates of micronutrients are normally under-reportedC.caloric intake decreases over time using this methodD.estimates of macronutrients are normally over-reported3.Which is not a weakness of the 24-hour food recall method:A.portion size is difficult to estimate accuratelyB.trained interviewers are requiredC.intakes tend to be underreported compared with other methodsD.time period is defined4.Which method of dietary intake was used primarily for the surveysconducted by the USDA and the USHHS:5. A. 24-hour recall B. food frequency questionnaire C. foodrecord D. diet history6.Which is not a strength of the food frequency method:A.procedure can be administered by mailB.response rates are highC.period of recall is preciseD.respondent burden is usually light7.The discovery that the life-sustaining process of respiration wasmerely a form of chemical combustion was made by:8. A. Rubner B. Lusk C. Lavoisier D. Ravussin9.The greatest contributor to total daily energy expenditure is:A.thermic effect of exerciseB.resting metabolic rateC.facultative thermogenesisD.thermic effect of food10.The effect of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on the thermic effectof food appears to be mediated through:A.alpha1-adrenoreceptorsB. beta2-adrenoreceptorsC.alpha2-adrenoreceptors D. beta3-adrenoreceptors11.Any decrease in RMR with age can generally be explained by:A. a decrease in FFMB. altered thyroid functionC. altered SNSfunction D. decreased thermic effect of food12.Regarding facultative thermogenesis, it has been suggested that:A.absolute energy intake is more important than energy balanceB.energy balance is more important than energy intakeC.energy intake is more important than energy expenditureD.energy expenditure is more important than energy intake13.What type of food intake measurement was used in the ContinuingSurvey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII)?14. A. 24-hour recall B. food record C. in person interviews D.food frequency15.As consumption of reduced fat foods has been rising, so has calorieconsumption.16.True False17.According to the CSFII, men and women:A.consume more than the recommended intake of fiber.B.consume less than the recommended intake of fiber.C.consume about the recommended intake of fiber.D.There is no recommendation for fiber intake.18.Which factor is most consistently linked to long term weight lossand maintenance?19. A. low-fat diet B. low-calorie diet C. low-carbohydrate dietD. physical activity20.On any given day, about 79% of Americans eat fruit.21.True FalseTopic: Nutritional Standards1. The other country or countries involved in the DRI's is (are):A. Canada and MexicoB. MexicoC. EnglandD. Canada2. The DRI's reflect a shift in emphasis from:A. preventing deficiency to decreasing the risk of chronic disease.B. decreasing the risk of chronic disease to preventing deficiency.C. preventing the deficiency to increase nutritional education.D. decreasing the risk of deficiency to preventing chronic disease.3. An adequate intake (AI) value is assigned to nutrition when:A. the requirement is known.B. sufficient evidence is not available to estimate an average requirement.C. the known intake meets the estimated nutrient need of 50% of the individuals in a group.D. the intake meets the nutrient need of 97-98% of the population.4. The DRI value is that which should be consumed:A. daily.B. as an average over the year.C. as an average over one or more weeks.D. there is no time element associated with the DRI's.5. The DRI report suggests that nutrient supplementation may be desirable for some people.True False6. The Adequate Intake (AI) value is set when:A. there is sufficient data to establish a RDA, but not an EAR.B. there is insufficient data to establish an EAR.C. there is sufficient data to establish an EAR, but not an RDA.D. there is insufficient data to establish a UL.7. The time frame associated with the Upper Tolerable Limits is:A. an averaged intake calculated over 3 days.B. an average intake calculated over 5-7 days.C. chronic daily use.D. No time frame has been established.8. The indicatory of adequacy for a given nutrient:A. is the same for all nutrients.B. may change as new data are reported.C. is based on risk of disease.D. is based on risk of deficiency.9. Reference weights used in the DRI for adults 19-30 are applied to all older age groups because:A. data for groups older than 30 years of age are unreliable.B. this procedure is consistent with the RDAsC. the BMI for groups older than 30 years of age is the same.D. there is no evidence to suggest weight should change after age 30.10. The Estimate Average Requirement (EAR) is the daily intake value that is estimated to:A. meet the needs of 97-97% of the population.B. meet the requirements of all the population.C. meet the requirements of 1/2 of the population.D. is not intended to be used as an estimate of intake.11. Some experts suggest that one's BMI should be between:A. 22-27B. 18.5-25C. 20-30D. 15-2212. According to one study of men and women, the relative risk associated with greater BMIA. increased with ageB. did not change with ageC. declined with ageD. BMI has no association with relative risk13. The results of one investigation evaluating the effect of leptin on weight loss indicated that the weight loss one can expect from drugs currently approved to treat obesity was about the same as that found for leptin.True False14. Nutrition Education and behavior modification programs are more effective weight loss strategies than are very low calorie diets (VLCD) or low calorie diets (LCD).True False15. Which disease has the strongest correlation with BMI?A. CancerB.type I diabetesC. strokeD. cardiovascular disease。