《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 美国的科技)【圣才出品】
13.1复习笔记I.DefinitionⅡ.Early19th century1.Eli Whitney2.John H.Hall3.Cyrus H.McCormick4.The Stevens and transportation5.Samuel F.B.Morse6.Alexander Graham BellⅢ.Late19th century1.Thomas Alva Edison2.Taylorism and FordismIV.Early20th century1.Reginald Fessenden2.Lee De Forest3.Further development of the radioV.Mid-20th century1.Radio shows2.Household technologieste20th century1.The Age of Visual Informationitary research and development used in peacetimeI.Definition（定义）A technology is a system of practices,often involving a physical device,which accomplishes some result desired by some influential segments of society: government planners,military leaders,businessmen,or even a large proportion of citizen consumers.技术是系统的实践，包括一项实体装置以及它所取得的社会某些有影响力的部分所需要的结果；社会有影响力的部分包括政府计划者、军事领导人、商人、甚至一大部分公民消费者。
Ⅱ.Early19th century（19世纪早期）1.Eli Whitney（伊莱·惠特尼）(1)He invented the cotton gin around1793.(2)He developed the system of mass production of weapons with interchangeable parts.(1)他于1793年发明了扎棉机。
(2)他发展了利用互换式部件进行大规模枪支生产的系统。
2.John H.Hall（约翰·霍尔）(1)He was the director of the Rifle Works at the Harpers Ferry Armory.(2)He can be credited with developing the American system of production,whichbrought cost savings and less demand on skills.(1)他是哈泼渡口步枪厂的厂长。
(2)他为发展美国的生产系统做出了很大贡献，该系统大大节约了生产成本，减少了对工人技术的要求。
3.Cyrus H.McCormick（塞罗斯·麦考密克）(1)He invented mechanical reaper,which harvested countless acres of wheat in the Midwestern plains.(2)The machine brought higher profits.(3)US agriculture was moving away from subsistence farming toward a food marketing enterprise.(1)他发明了机械收割机，可以大规模收割小麦。
(2)农民利用这种机器获得了更高的利润。
(3)美国农业从少有余粮的农场经营向粮食的商业化生产前进。
4.The Stevens and transportation（史蒂文森父子与运输发展）The Stevens family played a significant role in the history of transportation.史蒂文森一家人在美国运输史上发挥了重要作用。
(1)The father John Stevens made America’s first steam locomotive.(2)His two sons made possible cost-effective long distance railroading.(1)父亲约翰·史蒂文森制造了美国第一台蒸汽机车。
(2)他的两个儿子对长距离铁轨铺设有很大贡献。
5.Samuel F.B.Morse（莫尔斯）(1)He invented a system for telegraph transmission called Morse Code.(2)The telegraph undercut the Pony Express System in the Wild West.(1)他制定了点线系统，即后来通行世界的莫尔斯电码。
(2)电报结束了曾应用于美国西部的马上快递系统。
6.Alexander Graham Bell（亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔）He was the inventor of telephone.他因发明电话而闻名。
Ⅲ.Late19th century（19世纪后期）1.Thomas Alva Edison（托马斯·埃尔瓦·爱迪生）(1)He was the most famous of all American inventors.(2)Among many of his important inventions are electric lamp,phonograph,motion pictures and parallel circuit.(3)As he was so clever and talented and his workplaces were located in Menlo Park, New Jersey,he earned the title“the Wizard of Menlo Park”.(1)他是美国最著名的发明家。
(2)他的重要发明包括：白炽灯、留声机、电影、并联电路等。
(3)因为聪明才智和极高的天赋，又因为他的工作地点位于新泽西州的门洛公园，爱迪生被称为“门洛公园魔术师”。
2.Taylorism and Fordism（泰勒主义与福特主义）(1)At the end of the19th century,America saw a significant technological development.It was about scientific management of production.(2)Frederick Winslow Taylor conducted time-motion studies in order to discover the most efficient ways for laborers to accomplish their tasks.(3)Henry Ford began to use the concept of the assembly line for manufacture,a notion borrowed from the practices of cattle slaughtering houses.(4)Taylorism and Fordism combined to create a new system of manufacture in which the workers were turned into tools and they must work in a most dreary, mindless,alienating way.(1)19世纪末，美国科技取得了巨大发展。
这主要表现在生产的科学管理方面。
(2)弗雷德里克·温斯洛·泰勒研究工人在操作时的动作以及所用的时间，以找到效率最高的方法。
(3)亨利·福特率先使用装配线进行汽车生产，这一创新来源于屠宰场的操作方法。
(4)泰勒主义与福特主义相结合，使工人变成了工具，使美国的生产制度变成了可怕的、不须动脑的、异化的工作方式。
IV.Early20th century（20世纪早期）1.Reginald Fessenden（雷吉纳尔·费森登）On Christmas Eve1905,the Canadian-born American physicist Reginald Fessenden made the first long-distance radiobroadcast.1905年圣诞夜，加拿大出生的美籍物理学家雷吉纳尔·费森登播送了第一套远距离无线电广播。
2.Lee De Forest（李·德·福雷斯特）He invented the vacuum tube which improved the whole system of detection.福雷斯特发明了真空管，促进了无线电通讯的发展。
3.Further development of the radio（无线电的进一步发展）(1)In1920,the first commercial broadcasting station,KDKA,began broadcasting from Pittsburgh.(2)After World War I,the growing broadcast radio business served many functions.①For the isolated farmers,radio provided entertainment and information,and unified them into one country.②For the urban newcomers,the radio served to connect them with neighbors.③Radio was an important locus of advertisements for the products to feed a growing consumerism.(1)1920年，世界上第一家商业广播电台——KDKA电台——在美国匹兹堡诞生。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》...
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》...第3章美国的起始I.Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F):1.The question“What is an American?”was first asked by J.Hector St.John de Crevecoeur. _____【答案】T【解析】什么样的⼈叫美国⼈？这⼀经典的问题是由法国农⼈赫克托.圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔在他的《美国农⼈书简》⼀书中提出来的。
因此此题正确。
2.Christopher Columbus discovered America in1492._____【答案】T【解析】克⾥斯托弗·哥伦布是西班⽛著名航海家，于1492年第⼀个发现美洲⼤陆。
因此此题正确。
3.The first English permanent settlement was founded in California._____【答案】F【解析】1607年，英国有3艘船只⾏驶到北美，殖民者史密斯等在弗吉尼亚亨利⾓登陆，并定居下来。
因此此题错误。
4.Massachusetts was established by English puritans who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church._____【答案】F【解析】这批出逃的清教徒并⾮是从罗马天主教反叛⽽出，⽽是从英国国教中反叛⽽出。
因此此题错误。
5.The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers._____【答案】T【解析】宾⼣法尼亚州曾属于威廉佩恩。
⽽他本⼈则信仰贵格派，他决定按照贵格会的理想，建⽴⼀个宗教信仰和政治⾃由的地⽅。
因此宾州是美国第⼀个宗教信仰⾃由的地⽅。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题】(美国文学)
第7章美国文学Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. American literature is mainly about the seeking of the American people for success and happiness. _____【答案】T【解析】美国文学主要是关于美国人民追寻成功和幸福。
2. Rip Van Winkle was a character created by James Fenimore Cooper. _____【答案】F【解析】《瑞普·凡·温克》是小说家及历史家华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）的名篇。
故事主要讲述主人公瑞普·凡·温克喝醉之后在梦中的奇遇，然后顿悟过了一生。
3. The Leather-Stocking Tales consist of five novels depicting the American West. _____【答案】T【解析】《皮袜子故事集》是美国作家詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏（James Fenimore Cooper）的系列小说，共包含《杀鹿者》（The Deerslayer）、《最后的莫希干人》（The Last of the Mohicans）、《探路人》（The Pathfinder）、《拓荒者》（The Pioneer）和《大草原》（The Prairie）等五部小说。
4. Before Mark Twain, all major American writers were born on the East Coast. _____ 【答案】T【解析】马克·吐温（Mark Twain），美国作家、演说家，生于美国密苏里州佛罗里达。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 美国政治制度、教育与经济)【圣
2.1复习笔记ernment1.The Constitution2.Parliament3.Election4.The Cabinet5.Public servants6.Reform7.The Ombudsman8.Local governmentⅡ.Education1.Early childhood education2.Primary schools and secondary schools3.The Correspondence School4.State schools and private schools5.Special needs education6.Universities and polytechnicsⅢ.Economy1.Agriculture2.Forestry and fishing3.Energy4.Overseas tradeernment（政府）1.The Constitution（宪法）(1)New Zealand has no written constitution.(2)The Constitution Act1986defines the relationship between the legislative, executive and judicial roles of government.(1)新西兰没有成文宪法。
(2)宪法法案1986规定了立法、行政以及司法三者政府职能之间的关系。
2.Parliament（议会）(1)The Head of State is the British monarch,represented in New Zealand by a Governor-General.The Governor-General’s agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.(2)New Zealand is governed by an elected parliament,which has had a single chamber—the House of Representatives—since1950.(3)The functions of Parliament include passing laws,supervising the government’s administration and receiving petitions from citizens.(1)新西兰的国家元首是英国女王，总督是她在新西兰的代表。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册（美国）-第7~11章【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册（美国）-第7~11章【圣才出品】第7章美国文学7.1 复习笔记I. American literature—the story of a questII. Post-Revolutionary period1. Washington Irving2. James Fenimore CooperIII. Transcendentalists1. Ralph Waldo Emerson2. Henry David ThoreauIV. Power of imagination1. Edgar Allan Poe2. Nathaniel Hawthorne3. Herman MelvilleV. New visions of America1. Walt Whitman2. Leaves of GrassVI. Reform and liberation1. Frederick Douglass2. Harriet Beecher StoweVII. Regionalism1. William Dean Howells2. Mark Twain3. Emily DickinsonVIII. A new wave1. The realism2. The naturalism3. Important writersIX. Rebellious spirit1. The writers2. The similarityX. The Modernists an d the “Lost Generation”1. Ezra Pound2. T.S. Eliot3. The “Lost Generation”4. William FaulknerXI. Harlem Renaissance1. The development2. The poets3. Zora Neale HurstonXII. New Drama1. Eugene O’Neil2. The major playsXIII. Depression,1. John Steinbeck2. Richard WrightXI V. Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1. African American writers2. American Jews3. In the theater4. The “Beat Generation”XV. New American voices1. Black women writers2. Chinese-American writersI. American literature—the story of a quest（美国文学——关于探索的故事）From the beginning of American history to the present day, American literature, in one sense, is the continuous narrative of American people’s “pursuit of happiness”从美国历史最初到今天，从某种意义上来说，美国文学是对美国人民寻求幸福的过程的叙述。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 美国的政治制度)【
4.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.Who influenced the Founding Fathers by his theory of division of powers?（北二外2005研）A.John LockeB.MontesquieuC.Benjamin FranklinD.George Washington【答案】B【解析】Montesquieu，18世纪法国思想家、法学家，他提出的三权分立思想对美国宪法制定者产生了深刻影响。
Benjamin Franklin，18世纪美国科学家、政治家。
John Locke，英国哲学家,他对宪政民主思想的阐述对美国的开国元勋有很大影响。
George Washington，美国首任总统，被尊为美国国父。
2.Which of the following was NOT one of the authors of the Constitution?（首都师范大学2008研）A.Thomas JeffersonB.George WashingtonC.Benjamin FranklinD.James Madison【答案】A【解析】Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰斐逊，起草了美国《独立宣言》；George Washington 乔治·华盛顿为制宪会议主席；Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，政治家，参加起草了《独立宣言》和美国宪法；James Madison詹姆士·麦迪逊，美国第四任总统，是制宪会议的著名人物。
3.How many seats does the Senate of the Congress of the Unites States have?（首都师范大学2009研）A.100B.345C.435D.534【答案】A【解析】国会是美国立法机构，由众议院和参议院组成；其中众议院共有435个席位，而参议院共有100个席位。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 从种族主义到多元文化主义)【圣
20.1复习笔记I.Immigration in history1.The19th century2.White Australia Policy19013.Post World WarⅡperiod4.Multiculturalism from19735.Migration todayⅡ.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The1946Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurindji people in the1960s6.Freedom Rides in the1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality today10.Aboriginal culture todayⅢ.History Wars,Sorry Speech and Close the Gap programmes1.History Wars2.The Sorry Speech3.Close the Gap programmesI.Immigration in history（澳大利亚移民史）Since the1788European settlement,migration has accounted for up to50%of Australia’s population increase.自1788年第一批欧洲移民来到澳大利亚时起，澳大利亚的人口增长有一半来自移民。
1.The19th century（19世纪移民）(1)The gold rush（淘金热）The gold rush in the1850s attracted many free migrants,especially from China and Germany.19世纪50年代的澳大利亚淘金热吸引了大量自由移民者，其中以中国和德国人居多。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 美国经济)【圣才出
5.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.In the United States,_____is a leading commercial crop in the South.A.cottonB.tobaccoC.peanutD.apple【答案】A【解析】棉花是美国南方主要的经济作物。
2._____is the largest sector of the American economy，accounting for about one quarter of GDP.A.AgricultureB.ManufacturingC.Service tradesD.Industry【答案】B【解析】制造业在美国经济中占有最大比重，占其GDP的四分之一。
3.In American economy,the basic role of the federal government is_____.A.to levy taxes on any businessB.to issue money for economyC.to set up banking and control money supplyD.to improve markets and protect each economic element from abuse【答案】D【解析】联邦政府的基本作用是改善市场和保护每一种经济元素。
4._____has been known as the automobile capital of the world.A.New YorkB.AtlantaC.PhiladelphiaD.Detroit【答案】D【解析】底特律有世界“汽车之城”的美称。
Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks.1.Before1900,the prevailing economic dogma had been laisser-faire,which meansthat_____.（四川大学2007研）【答案】the government should only preserve order and protect property and should interfere with commerce as little as possible【解析】20世纪之前，美国经济实行的是放任主义，政府尽可能少地干涉商业的发展。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册(美国)-第3~6章【圣才出品】
美国第3章美国的起始3.1 复习笔记I. What is an American?1. A new race2. Current situationII. Two immigration movements1. From Asia2. From Europe and AfricaIII. The Forces that led to the modern development of Europe (Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries)1. The growth of capitalism2. The Renaissance3. The Religious ReformationIV. The colonial Patterns1. The settlement in Virginia2. Puritanism3. Catholic Maryland4. Quaker PennsylvaniaV. The American Revolution (The War of Independence)1. The causes2. The eve3. The process4. The major leaders (The Founding Fathers)5. The significanceI. What is an American? （美国民族性）1. A new race（新的民族）(1)In 1782, the French farmer J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, who settled in Pennsylvania, first asked this question in Letters from An American Farmer. (2)He thought the American was a new man who had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants, and who left behind him his ancient prejudices and manners and received new ones. Individuals were melted into a new race who acted upon new principles, entertained new ideas and form new opinions. The idea that America is a melting pot originated from his words.(1)赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫克尔于1782年著成《美国农人简史》，首次提出了美国民族性这一问题。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题】（美国的体育运动与风景名胜）
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》配套题库【课后习题】（美国的体育运动与风景名胜）第15章美国的体育运动与风景名胜Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. Super Bowl will decide the champion baseball team of the year in the United States. _____【答案】F【解析】超级杯赛是美国职业橄榄球队的决赛，决定年度橄榄球冠军。
它不是棒球⽐赛。
2. Spectators of American professional sports competitions are interested in eating and entertainment as much as in the game itself. _____【答案】T【解析】观众对吃喝与对⽐赛本⾝同样感兴趣。
3. Viewers go to stadiums to watch the matches because they can have a clearer view of what is happening. _____【答案】F【解析】观众通常以更为放松和懒散的⽅式观看棒球⽐赛，所以他们可能会在家⾥看电视直播。
4. A football team scores 3 points for a touchdown. _____【答案】F【解析】美国橄榄球⽐赛中，触地得分（touchdown）可得6分。
5. The most exciting moment in baseball game is a homerun. _____【答案】T【解析】棒球⽐赛中最激动⼈⼼的时刻是本垒打（homerun）。
6. John Steinbeck’s stories were set in the New England area of the United States. _____【答案】F【解析】约翰·斯坦贝克的作品是以美国加利福尼亚州为背景创作的。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 美国的妇女解放运动
12.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.In the late______the refusal of Republican Party leaders to include provisions explicitly protecting women in the Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution led to the founding of an independent women’s suffrage organization.A.1860sB.1870sC.1880sD.1890s【答案】A【解析】在19世纪60年代末，共和党领导人拒绝在重建时期的宪法修正案中明确规定保护妇女导致了一个独立的妇女投票权组织的建立。
2.In America,by1999about______of women are reported as employed;today(in 2010)the figure is almost______.A.30%;60%B.40%;60%C.50%;75%D.60%;75%【答案】D【解析】到1999年，据报道已经有60%的妇女在工作，到2010年则有75%的妇女在工作。
Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks.1.The first pressure to change the status of women arose from a small meetingcalled to consider the“social,civil,and religious condition and rights of women”which assembled at the______Chapel in Seneca Falls in upstate New York in1848.The only advertised speaker at the meeting was______.【答案】Wesleyan,Lucretia Mott【解析】改变妇女地位起因于一个被称为考虑“妇女的社会、公民和宗教条件及妇女权益”的小会议,1848年聚集在位于纽约上州塞尼卡瀑布城的卫斯理教堂。