计算机科学概论(第9版)Lecture_slide07PPT课件
Slide 7
What is the difference between software engineering and computer science?
Computer Science Softwarecerned with
➢ theory ➢ fundamentals
developer, one user, experimental use only) from “hard” systems (multiple developers, multiple users, products) • Experience with “easy” systems is misleading – One person techniques do not scale up • Analogy with bridge building:
a foundation for practical aspects of software engineering
Slide 8
What is the difference between software engineering and system engineering?
• What is software engineering? • What is the difference
– between software engineering and computer science? – between software engineering and system engineering?
➢ the practicalities of developing ➢ delivering useful software
Computer science theories are currently insufficient to act as a complete underpinning for software engineering, BUT it is
Sommerville + Stevens
• Sommerville I. (2001,2004)
Bundle
Software Engineering 6th or 7th Edition, Addison-Wesley, Harlow, Essex,UK
• Stevens P. with Pooley, R. (2000) Using UML: Software Engineering with Objects and Components, Addison-Wesley, Harlow, Essex, UK
• Introducing Asml (2001) Microsoft corporation
Slide 4
FAQs about software engineering
• What is
– software? – software process? – software engineering? – software process model?
Software Engineering
Chapter 7 (from text book)
Slide 1
Why Software Engineering?
• Software development is hard ! • Important to distinguish “easy” systems (one
• Software products may be
– Generic - developed to be sold to a range of different customers
– Bespoke (custom) - developed for a single customer according to their specification
Slide 6
What is software engineering?
Software engineering is an engineering discipline which is concerned with all aspects of software production
Software engineers should
– adopt a systematic and organised approach to their work – use appropriate tools and techniques depending on
• the problem to be solved, • the development constraints and • the resources available
– UNIX contains 4 million lines of code – Windows 2000 contains 108 lines of code
Software engineering is about managing this complexity.
Slide 3
Recommended Course Textbooks
Slide 5
What is software?
• Computer programs and associated documentation
• Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market
– Over a stream = easy, one person job
– Over River Severn … ? (the techniques do not scale)
Slide 2
Why Software Engineering ?
• The problem is complexity • Many sources, but size is key:
What is the difference between software engineering and computer science?
Computer Science Softwarecerned with
➢ theory ➢ fundamentals
developer, one user, experimental use only) from “hard” systems (multiple developers, multiple users, products) • Experience with “easy” systems is misleading – One person techniques do not scale up • Analogy with bridge building:
a foundation for practical aspects of software engineering
Slide 8
What is the difference between software engineering and system engineering?
• What is software engineering? • What is the difference
– between software engineering and computer science? – between software engineering and system engineering?
➢ the practicalities of developing ➢ delivering useful software
Computer science theories are currently insufficient to act as a complete underpinning for software engineering, BUT it is
Sommerville + Stevens
• Sommerville I. (2001,2004)
Bundle
Software Engineering 6th or 7th Edition, Addison-Wesley, Harlow, Essex,UK
• Stevens P. with Pooley, R. (2000) Using UML: Software Engineering with Objects and Components, Addison-Wesley, Harlow, Essex, UK
• Introducing Asml (2001) Microsoft corporation
Slide 4
FAQs about software engineering
• What is
– software? – software process? – software engineering? – software process model?
Software Engineering
Chapter 7 (from text book)
Slide 1
Why Software Engineering?
• Software development is hard ! • Important to distinguish “easy” systems (one
• Software products may be
– Generic - developed to be sold to a range of different customers
– Bespoke (custom) - developed for a single customer according to their specification
Slide 6
What is software engineering?
Software engineering is an engineering discipline which is concerned with all aspects of software production
Software engineers should
– adopt a systematic and organised approach to their work – use appropriate tools and techniques depending on
• the problem to be solved, • the development constraints and • the resources available
– UNIX contains 4 million lines of code – Windows 2000 contains 108 lines of code
Software engineering is about managing this complexity.
Slide 3
Recommended Course Textbooks
Slide 5
What is software?
• Computer programs and associated documentation
• Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market
– Over a stream = easy, one person job
– Over River Severn … ? (the techniques do not scale)
Slide 2
Why Software Engineering ?
• The problem is complexity • Many sources, but size is key:
合集下载
计算机科学概论(第9版)Lecture_slide07PPT课件
Slide 6
What is software engineering?
Software engineering is an engineering discipline which is concerned with all aspects of software production
Software engineers should
Slide 5
What is software?
• Computer programs and associated documentation
• Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market
– Over a stream = easy, one person job
– Over River Severn … ? (the techniques do not scale)
Slide 2
Why Software Engineering ?
• The problem is complexity • Many sources, but size is key:
• Software products may be
– Generic - developed to be sold to a range of different customers
– Bespoke (custom) - developed for a single customer according to their specification
➢ the practicalities of developing ➢ delivering useful software
What is software engineering?
Software engineering is an engineering discipline which is concerned with all aspects of software production
Software engineers should
Slide 5
What is software?
• Computer programs and associated documentation
• Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market
– Over a stream = easy, one person job
– Over River Severn … ? (the techniques do not scale)
Slide 2
Why Software Engineering ?
• The problem is complexity • Many sources, but size is key:
• Software products may be
– Generic - developed to be sold to a range of different customers
– Bespoke (custom) - developed for a single customer according to their specification
➢ the practicalities of developing ➢ delivering useful software
Lecture 7 DB
CONTAINS
PART
• part number • part description • unit cost
Generalisation
NAME ADDRESS EMPLOYEE NO. EMPLOYEE DATE HIRED
ISA
ISA
ISA
HOURLY EMPLOYEE
SALARIED EMPLOYEE
CONSULTANT
• EMPLOYEE NO •HOURLY RATE
•EMPLOYEE NO •ANNUAL SALARY •STOCK OPTION
•EMPLOYEE NO •CONTACT NO. •DAILY RATE
Data Modelling Exercise
University Student Recreation Centre Database Students can only use the centre if they have paid their recreation fees in full. The centre will also allow a faculty to purchase a membership as well. Members are allowed to check out sports equipment such as basketballs, softball bats and balls, tennis rackets, badminton rackets and table tennis rackets that can be used at the facility. When the members check out equipment, an equipment-issue form is completed listing the membership number and equipment being used. This form must list at least one piece of equipment in order to be retained in the file. Otherwise it is discarded. A member of staff is employed to monitor the checkout and the use of the sporting equipment. Every employee is assigned to one of two departments: maintenance or general staff. The centre has 10 tennis courts. These courts may be reserved up to one week in advance. Reservations can be made via the equipment checkout window. The centre also operates a small accessory shop where some sporting equipment and clothing is sold. The sporting goods include tennis balls, table tennis balls, bandages, etc. Sportswear bearing the university emblem and mascot as well as a limited assortment of some name-brand sportswear are sold. Finally, the centre sponsors a limited number of classes in officiating various sports . A general rule is that instructors often teach in more than one sport but there is never more than one class offered in a particular sport.
计算机科学概论
CREATE TOGETHER
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING
谢谢观看
DOCS
• 自然语言处理：让计算机理解人类语言
• 计算机视觉：让计算机识别和处理图像
人工智能的应用
• 智能助手：如Siri、Google Assistant等
• 自动驾驶：无人驾驶汽车的技术实现
• 机器人技术：工业机器人、服务机器人等
计算机科学与网络安全
网络安全的基本概念
网络安全的应用
• 加密技术：保护数据的安全传输
03
教育公平与资源优化
• 电子课本：数字化教材资源
• 在线教育：缩小城乡教育差距
• 教育资源共享：提高教育资源利用率
计算机科学在娱乐领域的应用
电子游戏与虚拟现实
• 电子游戏产业：游戏设计、开发和发行
• 虚拟现实技术：如Oculus Rift、HTC Vive等
• 增强现实技术：如AR游戏、导航系、微博等
大数据与人工智能的兴起
• 大数据技术：Hadoop、Spark等
• 机器学习算法：监督学习、无监督学习、强化学习等
• 自然语言处理：语音识别、机器翻译等
02
计算机科学的基本概念
计算机硬件的基本概念
输入设备
• 键盘：输入字符和命令
• 电子支付：如支付宝、微信支付等
• 认证与授权：确认用户身份和权限
• 电子商务：如淘宝、京东等在线购物平台
• 防火墙：阻止网络攻击和病毒传播
• 云计算：数据存储和计算的安全保障
04
计算机科学的发展趋势与挑战
计算机科学的发展趋势
人工智能与机器学习
大数据与分布式计算
网络安全与隐私保护
第九版计算机教材课件 第7章
据本系统的特殊业务需要而建造的网络，这种
目录
网络一般不对外提供服务。例如军队、银行、
上一页
电力等系统的网络就属于专用网。
下一页
结束
返回
27
2019/11/21
计算机文化基础
7.2 计算机网络的组成与拓扑结构
计算机网络系统一般可分为网络硬件和网 络软件。
网络硬件由主体设备、连接设备和传输介
质三部分组成。
下一页
结束 返回
5
2019/11/21
计算机文化基础
以数据通讯为主的第一代计算机网络
1954年，美国军方的半自动地面防空系统将远
距离的雷达和测控仪器所探测到的信息，通过通
信线路汇集到某个基地的一台IBM计算机上进行
集中的信息处理，再将处理好的数据通过通信线
路送回到各自的终端设备。
目录
上一页 这种以单个计算机为中心、面向终端设备的
上一页 下一页 结束 返回
25
2019/11/21
计算机文化基础
有线网和无线网
有线网采用双绞线、同轴电缆、光纤或电
话线作传输介质。采用双绞线和同轴电缆连成 的网络经济且安装简便，但传输距离相对较短。 以光纤为介质的网络传输距离远，传输率高， 抗干扰能力强，安全好用，但成本稍高。
目录
无线网主要以无线电波或红外线为传输介质，
上一页
器可以不经主机直接和网络节点相连，当然还
下一页
有一些设备也可以不经主机直接和节点相连，
结束
如打印机和大型存储设备等。
返回
16
2019/11/21
计算机文化基础
7.1.3 计算机网络的功能
1. 数据通信
2. 资源共享
计算机科学概论原第九PPT教案
第10页/共48页
Figure 8.3 Tree terminology
第11页/共48页
Additional Concepts
Static Data Structures: Size and shape of data structure does not change
Dynamic Data Structures: Size and shape of data structure can change
第33页/共48页
Figure 8.19 The letters A through M arranged in an
ordered tree
第34页/共48页
Figure 8.20 The binary search as it would appear if the list were implemented as a
第28页/共48页
Figure 8.16 A tree stored without pointers
第29页/共48页
Figure 8.17 A sparse, unbalanced tree shown in its conceptual form and as it would be stored without pointers
linked binary tree
第35页/共48页
Figure 8.21 The successively smaller trees considered by the procedure in Figure 8.18 when searching for the letter J
第36页/共48页
indicate end of list
Figure 8.3 Tree terminology
第11页/共48页
Additional Concepts
Static Data Structures: Size and shape of data structure does not change
Dynamic Data Structures: Size and shape of data structure can change
第33页/共48页
Figure 8.19 The letters A through M arranged in an
ordered tree
第34页/共48页
Figure 8.20 The binary search as it would appear if the list were implemented as a
第28页/共48页
Figure 8.16 A tree stored without pointers
第29页/共48页
Figure 8.17 A sparse, unbalanced tree shown in its conceptual form and as it would be stored without pointers
linked binary tree
第35页/共48页
Figure 8.21 The successively smaller trees considered by the procedure in Figure 8.18 when searching for the letter J
第36页/共48页
indicate end of list
《计算机科学概论》课件
0-10
Abstraction 抽象
• Abstraction: The distinction between the external properties of an entity and the details of the entity’s internal composition
• 实体的外部特征与其内部构成细节的分离 • Abstract tool: A “component” that can be
• Positions of gears represent numbers • Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage
0-7
Early Data Storage 早期的数据储存
• Punched cards 打孔的卡片
– First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth
• 算法的研究源自数学（所以学好数学很重要） • Early examples of algorithms 算法的例子
– Long division algorithm 长除算法 – Euclidean Algorithm 欧几里得算法
• Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem: Some problems cannot be solved by algorithms.
professionalism – In society: Questions of social behavior
0-14
0-3
0-4
Terminology 有关术语
• Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed
Abstraction 抽象
• Abstraction: The distinction between the external properties of an entity and the details of the entity’s internal composition
• 实体的外部特征与其内部构成细节的分离 • Abstract tool: A “component” that can be
• Positions of gears represent numbers • Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage
0-7
Early Data Storage 早期的数据储存
• Punched cards 打孔的卡片
– First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth
• 算法的研究源自数学（所以学好数学很重要） • Early examples of algorithms 算法的例子
– Long division algorithm 长除算法 – Euclidean Algorithm 欧几里得算法
• Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem: Some problems cannot be solved by algorithms.
professionalism – In society: Questions of social behavior
0-14
0-3
0-4
Terminology 有关术语
• Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed
计算机科学概论(第9版)Lecture_8_DB
Slide 1-13
Types of Databases and Database Applications
files within a school or administrative system. The data can only be "copied and pasted.“ Example: a spread sheet
Relational databases
In relational databases, fields can be used in a number of ways (and can be of variable length), provided that they are linked in tables. It is developed based on a database model that provides for logical connections among files (known as tables) by including identifying data from one table in another table
– Example: Grade level can be entered as a number (8 or 8th or eight). By using a pull-down menu with the correct data format these mistakes can be avoided.
What is information?
– Information is data that have been organized and communicated in a coherent and meaningful manner. – Data is converted into information, and information is converted into knowledge. – Knowledge; information evaluated and organized so that it can be used purposefully.
Types of Databases and Database Applications
files within a school or administrative system. The data can only be "copied and pasted.“ Example: a spread sheet
Relational databases
In relational databases, fields can be used in a number of ways (and can be of variable length), provided that they are linked in tables. It is developed based on a database model that provides for logical connections among files (known as tables) by including identifying data from one table in another table
– Example: Grade level can be entered as a number (8 or 8th or eight). By using a pull-down menu with the correct data format these mistakes can be avoided.
What is information?
– Information is data that have been organized and communicated in a coherent and meaningful manner. – Data is converted into information, and information is converted into knowledge. – Knowledge; information evaluated and organized so that it can be used purposefully.
计算机科学概论原版课件(第九版)-6
0-2
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
Figure 6.1 Generations of programming languages
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-17
Figure 6.9 The flow of control involving a procedure
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-11
Variable Declarations
float int char Length, Width; Price, Total, Tax; Symbol;
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-14
Figure 6.7 Control structures and their representations in C, C++, C#, and Java
Figure 6.8 The for loop structure and its representation in C++, C#, and Java
0-30
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
Figure 6.1 Generations of programming languages
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-17
Figure 6.9 The flow of control involving a procedure
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-11
Variable Declarations
float int char Length, Width; Price, Total, Tax; Symbol;
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
0-14
Figure 6.7 Control structures and their representations in C, C++, C#, and Java
Figure 6.8 The for loop structure and its representation in C++, C#, and Java
0-30
《电脑科技概论》PPT幻灯片PPT
RAM還快
18
1.3系統範例
這個系統有64MB的(快速)同步 動態RAM(SDRAM) . . .
… 並且有二層的cache記憶體，第一層(L1)cache比較 小且(應該)比L2 cache快。請注意這些cache的大小是 以KB來計算的
19
1.3系統範例
比較各種記憶體資料的存取速度
Register >Cache >RAM >ROM >Hard Disk >CD >Floppy
• 在你往後的生活或職業生涯裡， 你會不斷的碰到這些東西
• 一些最重要的標準制定組織有 . . .
40
1.4 標準組織
• 國際電機電子工程學會 (IEEE) – 一個促進共同利益的世界性電機工程社 群 – 建立電腦組件、資料表示、信號協定和 其它林林種種的標準
41
1.4 標準組織
• 國際電信協會 (ITU)
– 雷射波長780nm，聚焦雷射用的物鏡的數值孔徑約為 0.45nm，凹坑與非凹坑長度介於0.833μm到3.054μm 間
– 兩個連續的1變成通道位元時需要插入兩個0-最小游 程(run-length)
– 考慮紀錄信號本身的自同步及其他因素，兩個1之間0 的個數不可超過10個-最大游程
– 214=16384，267滿足游程限制，合併時有10個不合用 ，任意去掉一個
32
CD-R原理
• 原理:藉由高功率的雷射光照射CD-R光碟 片的染料層，使其產生化學變化造成CDR光碟片平面產生不同的凹洞(Pit)進而分 辨0或1的訊號，而0和1即數位世界裡的 基本訊號表示方式
• 依據染料層的不同分為綠片,藍片,金片等
33
CD-RW原理
18
1.3系統範例
這個系統有64MB的(快速)同步 動態RAM(SDRAM) . . .
… 並且有二層的cache記憶體，第一層(L1)cache比較 小且(應該)比L2 cache快。請注意這些cache的大小是 以KB來計算的
19
1.3系統範例
比較各種記憶體資料的存取速度
Register >Cache >RAM >ROM >Hard Disk >CD >Floppy
• 在你往後的生活或職業生涯裡， 你會不斷的碰到這些東西
• 一些最重要的標準制定組織有 . . .
40
1.4 標準組織
• 國際電機電子工程學會 (IEEE) – 一個促進共同利益的世界性電機工程社 群 – 建立電腦組件、資料表示、信號協定和 其它林林種種的標準
41
1.4 標準組織
• 國際電信協會 (ITU)
– 雷射波長780nm，聚焦雷射用的物鏡的數值孔徑約為 0.45nm，凹坑與非凹坑長度介於0.833μm到3.054μm 間
– 兩個連續的1變成通道位元時需要插入兩個0-最小游 程(run-length)
– 考慮紀錄信號本身的自同步及其他因素，兩個1之間0 的個數不可超過10個-最大游程
– 214=16384，267滿足游程限制，合併時有10個不合用 ，任意去掉一個
32
CD-R原理
• 原理:藉由高功率的雷射光照射CD-R光碟 片的染料層，使其產生化學變化造成CDR光碟片平面產生不同的凹洞(Pit)進而分 辨0或1的訊號，而0和1即數位世界裡的 基本訊號表示方式
• 依據染料層的不同分為綠片,藍片,金片等
33
CD-RW原理
计算机概论(共10张PPT)
6-3-10 知識管理 (KM) 全球資訊系統 (GIS)，是因應網路及電信通訊日益發達而出現的分散式資訊系統 6-3 資訊系統的類型 6-3-10 知識管理 (KM) 6-3-9 顧客關係管理 (CRM) 電腦輔助製造 (CAM) 資訊系統 (IS，information system) 泛指提供企業資訊的商業系統，以蒐集、處理、儲存及散佈資訊，協助管理者進行經營決策、問題分析 、重塑工作流程、控制作業、創新產品與服務。 6-3-7 企業資源規劃 (ERP) 6-3-10 知識管理 (KM) 6-1 資訊系統的架構 資訊系統 (IS，information system) 泛指提供企業資訊的商業系統，以蒐集、處理、儲存及散佈資訊，協助管理者進行經營決策、問題分析 、重塑工作流程、控制作業、創新產品與服務。
計算機概論
第 資訊系統
6-1 資訊系統的架構
資訊系統 (IS，information system) 泛指提供企業資訊的商業
6-3 資系訊系統統的，類型以蒐集、處理、儲存及散佈資訊，協助管理者進行經營
6-3-6 6-3
資決全訊球系策資統訊的、系類統型問(G題IS) 分析、重塑工作流程、控制作業、創新產品與服務。
6-3 資訊系統的類型
6-3-5 專家系統 (ES)
專家系統 (ES)，指的是讓電腦從蒐集豐富的資料庫 中擷取資料，進而成為某個領域的專家
6-3-6 全球資訊系統 (GIS)
全球資訊系統 (GIS)，是因應網路及電信通訊日益發 達而出現的分散式資訊系統
6-3-7 企業資源規劃 (ERP)
企業資源規劃 (ERP)，可以重建或整合企業內多個交 易程序。
6-3 資訊系統的類型
6-3-8 供應鏈管理 (SCM)