刘润清《新编语言学教程》Syntax教学课件
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刘润清《新编语言学教程》Syntax教学PPT课件
2. It clearly demonstrates that sentences are not mere left-to-right linear sequences of elements. Instead, elements come into relationships of great complexity and varying kinds.
tence
Subject
Predicate
a referring expression
comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and says something about the subject
Introduction
Lexical item 语项 --labels attached to “words”. “Lexical item”
ultimate constituents poor, John, ran, away
Advantages of IC analysis
1. It helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.
e.g. The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son.
is a term associated with dictionaries or lexicons. It takes an abstract view of words. --a word has more or less consistent meaning, but can differ because of grammatical function. e.g. do/did/done/doing/does are particular
tence
Subject
Predicate
a referring expression
comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and says something about the subject
Introduction
Lexical item 语项 --labels attached to “words”. “Lexical item”
ultimate constituents poor, John, ran, away
Advantages of IC analysis
1. It helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.
e.g. The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son.
is a term associated with dictionaries or lexicons. It takes an abstract view of words. --a word has more or less consistent meaning, but can differ because of grammatical function. e.g. do/did/done/doing/does are particular
语言学 4 Syntax(课堂PPT)
• naughty
boys and girls
naughty boys and girls
•
boys and girls naughty boys
• Practice: Analyze the sentence “ They are flying planes.”
12
IC Analysis
• Practice: Please analyze the following three sentences by means of IC Analysis:
• The hierarchical structure of sentences can be analyzed by means of IC Analysis.
10
• e.g.
IC Analysis
He is from France
•
He is from France
•
is from France
16
•
very /Adv sweet /Adj
Labeled IC Analysis
•
3. His brother stayed at home /S
•
His brother /NP stayed at home / VP
•
His /Det brother /N stayed / V at home /PP
•
very fast
very sweet
•
3. His brother stayed at home
•
His brother stayed at home
•
His brother stayed at home
新编语言学教程课件
语言融合
不同语言之间的接触会导 致语言借用、语言替代等 现象，如汉语中的外来词 。
STEP 03
语言消亡与保护
一些弱势语言可能会逐渐 消亡，因此语言的保护和 传承变得尤为重要。
不同语言的混合使用可能 导致新的语言或方言的形 成，如普通话的形成。
Part
04
语言与社会文化
语言与文化的关系
语言是文化的重要组成部分， 是文化传承和发展的载体。
语法的演变
语法的发展变化与语言的发展变 化密切相关，随着社会的变化和 语言的演变，语法也在不断地演 变。
语义
语义的分类
语义可以分为词汇意义、语法意义和语境意义等，词汇意义是词汇的基本意义，语法意 义是句子结构所表Байду номын сангаас的意义，语境意义则是特定语境中产生的附加意义。
语义的演变
语义的发展变化与语言的发展变化密切相关，随着社会的变化和语言的演变，语义也在 不断地演变。
机器翻译
探讨机器翻译的原理、算法和应用，以及如何提高翻 译的准确性和效率。
人机交互
分析人机交互中语言的作用，如语音助手、智能客服 等，以及如何设计更自然的人机对话界面。
THANKS
感谢您的观看
Part
05
语言学应用
语言教学
语言教学方法
探讨不同语言教学方法的优缺点，如语法翻译法 、直接法、听说法等。
语言教材编写
介绍如何根据教学目标和学生的需求，编写有针 对性的语言教材。
语言技能培养
讨论如何培养学生的听、说、读、写、译等语言 技能，以及如何评估学生的学习成果。
语言规划与政策
语言政策制定
词汇的意义
词汇的意义包括概念意义和语境意义，概念意义是 词汇的基本意义，而语境意义则是在特定语境中产 生的附加意义。
不同语言之间的接触会导 致语言借用、语言替代等 现象，如汉语中的外来词 。
STEP 03
语言消亡与保护
一些弱势语言可能会逐渐 消亡，因此语言的保护和 传承变得尤为重要。
不同语言的混合使用可能 导致新的语言或方言的形 成，如普通话的形成。
Part
04
语言与社会文化
语言与文化的关系
语言是文化的重要组成部分， 是文化传承和发展的载体。
语法的演变
语法的发展变化与语言的发展变 化密切相关，随着社会的变化和 语言的演变，语法也在不断地演 变。
语义
语义的分类
语义可以分为词汇意义、语法意义和语境意义等，词汇意义是词汇的基本意义，语法意 义是句子结构所表Байду номын сангаас的意义，语境意义则是特定语境中产生的附加意义。
语义的演变
语义的发展变化与语言的发展变化密切相关，随着社会的变化和语言的演变，语义也在 不断地演变。
机器翻译
探讨机器翻译的原理、算法和应用，以及如何提高翻 译的准确性和效率。
人机交互
分析人机交互中语言的作用，如语音助手、智能客服 等，以及如何设计更自然的人机对话界面。
THANKS
感谢您的观看
Part
05
语言学应用
语言教学
语言教学方法
探讨不同语言教学方法的优缺点，如语法翻译法 、直接法、听说法等。
语言教材编写
介绍如何根据教学目标和学生的需求，编写有针 对性的语言教材。
语言技能培养
讨论如何培养学生的听、说、读、写、译等语言 技能，以及如何评估学生的学习成果。
语言规划与政策
语言政策制定
词汇的意义
词汇的意义包括概念意义和语境意义，概念意义是 词汇的基本意义，而语境意义则是在特定语境中产 生的附加意义。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(1-6章)【圣才出品】
第1章导言1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2.The definition and the origins of language语言的定义与起源3.The design feature and the function of language语言的特征和功能4.Some major concepts in linguistics语言学中重要的概念本章考点：1.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。
(2)语言学中几组重要概念，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。
(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2.有关语言的常考考点(1)语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、互换性、专门性和文化传递性)；(2)语言的功能(寒暄、指示、信息、疑问、表达、劝说和施为)；(3)语言的起源(叮咚说、唱歌说、哒哒说、汪汪、噗噗、哟嘿吼理论等。
)本章内容索引：I.Definition of linguisticsII.Linguistics vs.traditional grammarIII.Scope of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsIV.Definition of languageV.Origins of language1.Ding-Dong Theory2.Sing-Song Theory3.Pooh-Pooh Theory4.Yo-He-Ho Theory5.Ta-Ta Theory6.Bow-Wow TheoryVI.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Productivity4.Interchangeability5.Displacement6.Specialization7.Cultural transmissionVII.Functions of language1.Phatic function/communion2.Directive functionrmative function4.Interrogative function5.Expressive function6.Evocative function7.Performative functionVIII.Some major concepts in linguistics1.Descriptive and prescriptive grammar2.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsngue and parolepetence and performance5.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations6.Functionalism and formalismI.Definition of linguistics(语言学的定义)【考点：名词解释】The scientific or systemic study of language,which is always guided by the-three canons ofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency and economy.语言学是对语言的科学或系统的研究。
chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学PPT
Sentence types
Binary division in terms of structure:
Simple Non-simple
– Complex – Compound
Extension of sentence
Conjoining (Coordination) 并列句 Embedding (Subordination)嵌入句 Recursiveness (Layers of
Most constructions are exocentric.
Prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
IC analysis 直接成分分析法1
Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分 分析法—a descriptive approach
IC Analysis 4
The word groups in a sentence are called its constituents 成分.
Constituents as parts of a bigger word group are called its immediate constituents (ICs).直接成分
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic Relations 2
The syntagmatic relation is the relation between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.
The father of American structuralism — Leonard Bloomfield.
《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件
Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a
set of (finite or infinite) sentenБайду номын сангаасes, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”
• • • • •
Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
新编语言学教程 Chapter 1 Introduction(课堂PPT)
1.1 What is linguistics? 1.1.1 The aim of linguistics 1.1.2 Linguistics as a science
1.2 Linguistics vs. Traditional grammar 1.3 The differences between linguistics and
• The course is intended to introduce undergraduates the major components of modern linguistics, the main concerns, explorations, and discoveries of this subject, the principles and methods of its different branches, the views and contributions of influential researchers, and important models and disputes between traditions and schools.
18
The scope or major branches of linguistics
• Theoretical linguistics 1. Phonetics 2. Phonology 3. Morphology 4. Syntax 5. Semantics • Use of linguistics 1. Applied linguistics 2. Sociolinguistics 3. Psycholinguistics
6
1.1.2 Linguistics as a science
1.2 Linguistics vs. Traditional grammar 1.3 The differences between linguistics and
• The course is intended to introduce undergraduates the major components of modern linguistics, the main concerns, explorations, and discoveries of this subject, the principles and methods of its different branches, the views and contributions of influential researchers, and important models and disputes between traditions and schools.
18
The scope or major branches of linguistics
• Theoretical linguistics 1. Phonetics 2. Phonology 3. Morphology 4. Syntax 5. Semantics • Use of linguistics 1. Applied linguistics 2. Sociolinguistics 3. Psycholinguistics
6
1.1.2 Linguistics as a science
新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋4 Syntax
Meaning: n. entities, v. action, adj. properties Ex. be aware of know about Inflection: n –s, v. –ed -ing, adj. –er -est Ex. a word belonging to more than one category Distribution: a/an n., be v-ed, be v-ing, Note: The most reliable criterion of determining a word’s category is its distribution.
Criteria on good grammar
Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy Explanatory adequacy The ultimate goal for any theory is to explain. TG differs from traditional grammar in that it not only aims at language description, but also its explanation.
Chapter 4 Syntax
What is syntax?
----a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
Transformational Generative Grammar (TG) Norm. Chomsky, the most influential linguist in 20th century, some important works: (1957) Syntactic Structure; (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax; (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding; (1986) Barriers (1993) A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory; (1995) The Minimalist Program; (1998) The Minimalist Inquiry……
Criteria on good grammar
Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy Explanatory adequacy The ultimate goal for any theory is to explain. TG differs from traditional grammar in that it not only aims at language description, but also its explanation.
Chapter 4 Syntax
What is syntax?
----a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
Transformational Generative Grammar (TG) Norm. Chomsky, the most influential linguist in 20th century, some important works: (1957) Syntactic Structure; (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax; (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding; (1986) Barriers (1993) A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory; (1995) The Minimalist Program; (1998) The Minimalist Inquiry……
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2. Phrase Structure
N V A P word level
NP
VP
AP
PP
phrase level
NP Noun Phrase --Defined as a category that can bear some grammatical function in a sentence, e.g. as subject or direct object.
Recapture
• IC Analysis • Lexical Categorization Criteria
Lexical categories 词汇范畴 Syntactic categories 句法范畴
The name is given to formal objects that are allowed to appear as a node in a tree (phrases are described as trees).
(胡壮麟，P128)
Exercise
Work in pairs to answer the question:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of IC analysis?
Basic components of a sentence
Sentence Subject a referring expression Predicate comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and says something about the subject
Common monadic categories are: 1. S Sentence -The largest category capable of syntactic categorization --I saw the big aeroplane. --How large is the plane? --Rob was flown by the aeroplane which Jane saw.
句法学简介
In generative linguistics, syntax, phonology and semantics are the major constituents of grammar. Syntax consists of various generative syntactical rules: s-rule，phrase rule and transformational rule. Syntactical construction is composed of syntactic classes and syntactic categories. Syntactical analysis is based on lexical items and syntactic relationships.
Lexical categories 词汇范畴
The name given to classes into which lexical items are grouped. --There are traditionally 8 classes: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective…. --Modern linguistic theories have more, ranging from 12-140+! -- They are also known as parts of speech and word classes
Classification of Lexical Items
• How are words classified into classes? --Phonological criteria “To inCREASE the number of students, we need an Increase in funding.”
--Semantic criteria, structural ambiguity “Flying planes can be dangerous” · you live under the flight path. if · if you haven’t got a pilot’s license.
constituent immediate constituents poor John, ran away ultimate constituents poor, John, ran, away
Advantages of IC analysis 1. It helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions. e.g. The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son. 2. It clearly demonstrates that sentences are not mere left-to-right linear sequences of elements. Instead, elements come into relationships of great complexity and varying kinds. (胡壮麟，P125-126)
--Morphological criteria Some words have a similar pattern of inflection as others: word words computer computers people peoples Words that have a similar morphological behavior are grouped. There will be exceptions, but this does not invalidate the general method.
Types of NP NP N NP Pron. NP Det N NP Det Adj N
--Notional criteria Class Denotation Noun entity (car, house, Mr. Bean) Verb action (eat, push, sleep) Adjective state (green, happy, sleepy) Adverb manner in which the action is done (smoothly, quickly) Preposition denotation of position (from the back) Determiner a word which specifies (this lecture)
The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son
=（1）The daughter of Pharaoh’s son 法老儿子的女儿 =（2）The daughter of Pharaoh’s son 法老女儿的儿子
Disadvantages of IC Analysis 1. It results in technical problems due to discontinuous constituents. E.g. Leave + the book+ on the shelf. 2. It results in ambiguity problems. E.g. the love of God, the shooting of the hunters
Introduction
Lexical item 语项 --labels attached to “words”. “Lexical item” is a term associated with dictionaries or lexicons. It takes an abstract view of words. --a word has more or less consistent meaning, but can differ because of grammatical function. e.g. do/did/done/doing/does are particular forms of the lexical item do.
The definition of syntax
A subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, it studies the combination
of words to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
--Distributive criteria Evidence is found by examining the position in which words can occur in a sentence: known as the distribution of words. All words of a similar class should seem naturally intuitive and words that don’t fit can be used to construct other classes. So, Everyone likes bear. Everyone likes cars. Everyone likes Harry Potter. *Everyo
Oop
s!
Colourless green ideas sleep curiously.