美国文学复习资料1

Representatives： Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography
Prose \ essay Thomas Paine: Common Sense
Thomas Jefferson: Declaration ofIndependence
Philip Freneau: poet \ journalist
建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学—就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。
④first applied the terms “positive” and “negative” to electrical charges.
在电子运动中，首次使用了电流中的“正电”和“负电”的专业术语。
⑤As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would letAmericagrow and flourish in association withEngland. He conducted the difficult negotiations withFrancethat brought financial and military support forAmericain the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。
3、The work of two writers,Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
4、The earliest settlers includedDutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.
第二部分 理性和革命时期文学
Economically
Background Colony → state 1770s uprising(争端) in North→ American against→ Britain
→ politics 1776-1783 war of Independence → USA politically
①famous pamphlet “Common Sense” 著名的政治小册子《常识》，it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护“独立宣言”，使分裂活动发展成最后危机。
卡尔文主义 Pessimism 悲观的
悲观的，宿命的 tone(诗歌基调) tragic 关注死亡 Death and immortality(永恒)
5、两个作家的比较 Dickinson Whitman
关注点： inner world of individual 关注个人内心 Society / large 关注社会
②has been called the “Father of American Poetry” 美国诗歌之父
学习指南：
1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.
5、6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet
7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor.
学习指南：.
2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobrietywere the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.
It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin’s shrewd humor, and first
spread his reputation. 机智、幽默、风趣成为最畅销的书籍，弗兰克林的成名作。
3、Realism： Mark Twain local colorist 本土色彩浓厚
H深刻
Naturalism 自然主义 pessimistic 悲观的
Environment 环境
Heredity (lower) 底层的继承
4、Calvinist family Predestination 预知的
Chapter III The Literature of Romanticism Historical Introduction
1. The attitudes ofamerica’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the ramantic traditions ofEurope. A new romanticism had appeared inEnglandin the last years of the wighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came toamericaearly in the nineteenth century.
②“American Crisis”《美国危机》, signed “Common Sense”.署名为“常识”。（P31，第一段看一下）
3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊
①drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言。 ②与清教不一样，主张追求幸福。All Men are createdequal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.人人生而平等，他们都从他们的“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
一、时期综述（关于清教的应该都是重点）
4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton and Roger Williams他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy.
Williams begins the history of religious toleration inAmerica.
形式： free verse free verse
语言： concise、direct、simple 简洁、直接的 ( diction )
By the mid-eighteenth century colonial America was no longer a group of scattered, struggling settlements. It was a series of neighboring, flourishing colonies with rapidly expanding, mixed populations. The growth, particularly the industrial groowth, led to intense strain withEngland. In the seventies of the 18thcentury the English colonies inNorth Americarose in arms against their nother country. The War forIndependencelast for 8 years . the spiritual life in the colonies during that period was to a great degree moulded by the bourgeois Enlightenment.
4、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者。
①perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period.可能是革命战争后期最杰出的作家。
②Found the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas.
建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题。
③establishedAmerica’s first circulating library, founded the college —UniversityofPennsylvania.
United States of America.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国——美利坚合众国。
二、代表作家：
1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林
①代表作：“Poor Richard’s Almanac”穷人理查德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集