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图像处理和计算机视觉中的经典论文

前言：最近由于工作的关系，接触到了很多篇以前都没有听说过的经典文章，在感叹这些文章伟大的同时，也顿感自己视野的狭小。

想在网上找找计算机视觉界的经典文章汇总，一直没有找到。

失望之余，我决定自己总结一篇，希望对 CV领域的童鞋们有所帮助。

由于自
己的视野比较狭窄，肯定也有很多疏漏，权当抛砖引玉了
1990年之前
1990年
1991年
1992年
1993年
1994年
1995年
1996年
1997年
1998年
1998年是图像处理和计算机视觉经典文章井喷的一年。

大概从这一年开始，开始有了新的趋势。

由于竞争的加剧，一些好的算法都先发在会议上了，先占个坑，等过一两年之后再扩展到会议上。

1999年
2000年
世纪之交，各种综述都出来了
2001年
2002年
2003年
2004年
2005年
2006年
2007年
2008年
2009年
2010年
2011年
2012年。

挖掘我真正的潜力英语作文

挖掘我真正的潜力英语作文Unleashing My True Potential。

As a student, I have always been told that I have great potential. My teachers, parents, and friends have all encouraged me to strive for excellence and reach for the stars. However, I have often felt that I am not living up to my full potential. I have doubts about my abilities and wonder if I am capable of achieving my goals. But recently, I have come to realize that the only thing holding me back is myself. If I can overcome my fears and doubts, I can unleash my true potential and achieve anything I set my mind to.The first step in unleashing my true potential is to believe in myself. I need to have confidence in myabilities and trust that I can accomplish my goals. This means taking risks and stepping out of my comfort zone. It means not being afraid to fail, but instead using failure as a learning opportunity. I need to remind myself thatfailure is not the end, but rather a stepping stone to success.Another important factor in unleashing my true potential is setting clear goals. I need to have a clear vision of what I want to achieve and a plan to get there. This means breaking down my goals into smaller, manageable steps and tracking my progress along the way. By setting achievable goals and working towards them consistently, I can build momentum and gain confidence in my abilities.In addition to setting goals, I need to develop a strong work ethic. This means putting in the time and effort necessary to achieve my goals, even when it is difficult or inconvenient. It means staying focused and disciplined, and not giving up when faced with obstacles. By developing a strong work ethic, I can build the skills and knowledge necessary to reach my full potential.Finally, I need to surround myself with positive influences. This means seeking out mentors and role models who can offer guidance and support. It means spending timewith people who inspire me and challenge me to be my best self. By surrounding myself with positive influences, I can stay motivated and focused on my goals.In conclusion, unleashing my true potential requires belief in myself, setting clear goals, developing a strong work ethic, and surrounding myself with positive influences. By taking these steps, I can overcome my doubts and fears, and achieve anything I set my mind to. I am excited to see what the future holds and to discover the full extent of my abilities.。

如何改正坏习惯的英语作文

如何改正坏习惯的英语作文英文回答：As an individual, I believe that it is important to be aware of our bad habits and make an effort to correct them. In this essay, I will discuss some effective strategies to break bad habits and provide examples to support my points.Firstly, self-awareness is crucial when it comes to changing bad habits. It is important to identify the specific habit that needs to be changed and understand the reasons behind it. For instance, if someone has a habit of procrastinating, they need to reflect on why they tend to delay tasks and find ways to overcome this behavior. By understanding the root causes, individuals can take the necessary steps to break the habit.Secondly, replacing bad habits with good ones is a practical approach to breaking them. For example, if someone has a habit of eating unhealthy snacks, they canreplace them with healthier alternatives such as fruits or nuts. By making this conscious choice, individuals can gradually replace the bad habit with a healthier one. It is important to note that this process requires consistencyand determination.Moreover, seeking support from others can be beneficial in breaking bad habits. Friends, family members, or even support groups can provide encouragement and accountability. For instance, if someone wants to quit smoking, joining a support group can provide them with the necessary guidance and motivation to overcome the habit. Having a support system can make the journey of breaking bad habits easier and more effective.Furthermore, setting realistic goals and tracking progress is essential in breaking bad habits. It is important to set achievable milestones and celebrate small victories along the way. For example, if someone wants to reduce their screen time, they can start by setting a goalof decreasing it by 30 minutes each day. By tracking their progress and rewarding themselves for reaching milestones,individuals can stay motivated and committed to breakingthe habit.In conclusion, breaking bad habits requires self-awareness, determination, and support. By understanding the reasons behind the habit, replacing it with a healthier alternative, seeking support from others, and setting realistic goals, individuals can successfully break their bad habits. It is important to remember that breakinghabits takes time and effort, but with the right mindsetand strategies, it is possible to make positive changes in our lives.中文回答：作为一个个体，我认为意识到自己的坏习惯并努力改正它们是很重要的。

我们应该养成哪些好习惯英语作文

我们应该养成哪些好习惯英语作文英文回答：Developing good habits is essential for personal growth and success. Here are some habits that we should cultivate:Firstly, we should develop the habit of reading. Reading not only broadens our knowledge but also improves our language skills. By reading regularly, we can stay updated with the latest information and enhance ourcritical thinking abilities. For example, I make it a habit to read at least one book every month. This habit has greatly improved my vocabulary and helped me become abetter writer.Secondly, we should cultivate the habit of exercising regularly. Engaging in physical activities not only keeps us fit but also boosts our mental well-being. Regular exercise helps to reduce stress and increases our energy levels. Personally, I make it a point to go for a jog or dosome yoga every morning. This habit has not only improvedmy physical health but also enhanced my productivity throughout the day.Another important habit to develop is time management. Effective time management allows us to prioritize tasks, meet deadlines, and achieve our goals. By planning and organizing our time efficiently, we can avoidprocrastination and make the most of each day. For instance, I use a planner to schedule my daily activities and set specific time slots for different tasks. This habit has helped me stay focused and accomplish more in less time.Furthermore, we should cultivate the habit ofpracticing gratitude. Expressing gratitude not onlyimproves our relationships but also enhances our overallwell-being. By acknowledging and appreciating the goodthings in our lives, we can develop a positive mindset and attract more positivity. Personally, I make it a habit to write down three things I am grateful for each day. This habit has allowed me to shift my focus from negativity to positivity and has significantly improved my overallhappiness.In addition, we should develop the habit of setting goals. Setting clear and achievable goals helps us stay motivated and focused. By breaking down our goals into smaller tasks and tracking our progress, we can ensure continuous growth and improvement. For example, I set both short-term and long-term goals for my career and personal life. This habit has provided me with a sense of direction and purpose.Lastly, we should cultivate the habit of continuous learning. Learning should be a lifelong process, and we should strive to acquire new knowledge and skills regularly. By staying curious and open-minded, we can adapt to new situations and stay ahead in our personal and professional lives. Personally, I make it a habit to take online courses and attend workshops to expand my knowledge and skills.This habit has helped me stay relevant in a rapidlychanging world.In conclusion, developing good habits is crucial forpersonal growth and success. By cultivating habits such as reading, exercising, time management, practicing gratitude, setting goals, and continuous learning, we can improve various aspects of our lives and become the best version of ourselves.中文回答：养成良好的习惯对个人的成长和成功至关重要。

CV专业名词中英文对照

Common人工智能Artificial Intelligence认知科学与神经科学Cognitive Science and Neuroscience 图像处理Image Processing计算机图形学Computer graphics模式识别Pattern Recognized图像表示Image Representation立体视觉与三维重建Stereo Vision and 3D Reconstruction 物体（目标）识别Object Recognition运动检测与跟踪Motion Detection and Tracking边缘edge边缘检测detection区域region图像分割segmentation轮廓与剪影contour and silhouette纹理texture纹理特征提取feature extraction颜色color局部特征local features or blob尺度scale摄像机标定Camera Calibration立体匹配stereo matching图像配准Image Registration特征匹配features matching物体识别Object Recognition人工标注Ground-truth自动标注Automatic Annotation运动检测与跟踪Motion Detection and Tracking背景剪除Background Subtraction背景模型与更新background modeling and update运动跟踪Motion Tracking多目标跟踪multi-target tracking颜色空间color space色调Hue色饱和度Saturation明度Value颜色不变性Color Constancy（人类视觉具有颜色不变性）照明illumination反射模型Reflectance Model明暗分析Shading Analysis成像几何学与成像物理学Imaging Geometry and Physics 全像摄像机Omnidirectional Camera激光扫描仪Laser Scanner透视投影Perspective projection正交投影Orthopedic projection表面方向半球Hemisphere of Directions立体角solid angle透视缩小效应foreshortening辐射度radiance辐照度irradiance亮度intensity漫反射表面、Lambertian（朗伯）表面diffuse surface 镜面Specular Surfaces漫反射率diffuse reflectance明暗模型Shading Models环境光照ambient illumination互反射interreflection反射图Reflectance Map纹理分析Texture Analysis元素elements基元primitives纹理分类texture classification从纹理中恢复图像shape from texture纹理合成synthetic图形绘制graph rendering图像压缩image compression统计方法statistical methods结构方法structural methods基于模型的方法model based methods分形fractal自相关性函数autocorrelation function熵entropy能量energy对比度contrast均匀度homogeneity相关性correlation上下文约束contextual constraintsGibbs随机场吉布斯随机场边缘检测、跟踪、连接Detection、Tracking、LinkingLoG边缘检测算法（墨西哥草帽算子）LoG=Laplacian of Gaussian 霍夫变化Hough Transform链码chain codeB-样条B-spline有理B-样条Rational B-spline非均匀有理B-样条Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline控制点control points节点knot points基函数basis function控制点权值weights曲线拟合curve fitting内插interpolation逼近approximation回归Regression主动轮廓Active Contour Model or Snake 图像二值化Image thresholding连通成分connected component数学形态学mathematical morphology 结构元structuring elements膨胀Dilation腐蚀Erosion开运算opening闭运算closing聚类clustering分裂合并方法split-and-merge区域邻接图region adjacency graphs四叉树quad tree区域生长Region Growing过分割over-segmentation分水岭watered金字塔pyramid亚采样sub-sampling尺度空间Scale Space局部特征Local Features背景混淆clutter遮挡occlusion角点corners强纹理区域strongly textured areas 二阶矩阵Second moment matrix 视觉词袋bag-of-visual-words类内差异intra-class variability类间相似性inter-class similarity生成学习Generative learning判别学习discriminative learning 人脸检测Face detection弱分类器weak learners集成分类器ensemble classifier被动测距传感passive sensing多视点Multiple Views稠密深度图dense depth稀疏深度图sparse depth视差disparity外极epipolar外极几何Epipolor Geometry校正Rectification归一化相关NCC Normalized Cross Correlation平方差的和SSD Sum of Squared Differences绝对值差的和SAD Sum of Absolute Difference俯仰角pitch偏航角yaw扭转角twist高斯混合模型Gaussian Mixture Model运动场motion field光流optical flow贝叶斯跟踪Bayesian tracking粒子滤波Particle Filters颜色直方图color histogram尺度不变特征转换SIFT scale invariant feature transform 孔径问题Aperture problemAAberration 像差Accessory 附件Accessory Shoes 附件插座、热靴Achromatic 消色差的Active 主动的、有源的Acutance 锐度Acute-matte 磨砂毛玻璃Adapter 适配器Advance system 输片系统AE Lock(AEL) 自动曝光锁定AF(Autofocus) 自动聚焦AF Illuminator AF照明器AF spotbeam projector AF照明器Alkaline 碱性Ambient light 环境光Amplification factor 放大倍率Angle finder 弯角取景器Angle of view 视角Anti-Red-eye 防红眼Aperture 光圈Aperture priority 光圈优先APO(APOchromat) 复消色差APZ(Advanced Program zoom) 高级程序变焦Arc 弧形ASA(American Standards Association) 美国标准协会Astigmatism 像散Auto bracket 自动包围Auto composition 自动构图Auto exposure 自动曝光Auto exposure bracketing 自动包围曝光Auto film advance 自动进片Auto flash 自动闪光Auto loading 自动装片Auto multi-program 自动多程序Auto rewind 自动退片Auto wind 自动卷片Auto zoom 自动变焦Automatic exposure(AE) 自动曝光Automation 自动化Auxiliary 辅助BBack 机背Back light 逆光、背光Back light compensation 逆光补偿Background 背景Balance contrast 反差平衡Bar code system 条形码系统Barrel distortion 桶形畸变BAse-Stored Image Sensor (BASIS) 基存储影像传感器Battery check 电池检测Battery holder 电池手柄Bayonet 卡口Bellows 皮腔Blue filter 蓝色滤光镜Body-integral 机身一体化Bridge camera 桥梁相机Brightness control 亮度控制Built in 内置Bulb B 门Button 按钮CCable release 快门线Camera 照相机Camera shake 相机抖动Cap 盖子Caption 贺辞、祝辞、字幕Card 卡Cartridges 暗盒Case 机套CCD(Charge Coupled Device) 电荷耦合器件CdS cell 硫化镉元件Center spot 中空滤光镜Center weighted averaging 中央重点加权平均Chromatic Aberration 色差Circle of confusion 弥散圆Close-up 近摄Coated 镀膜Compact camera 袖珍相机Composition 构图Compound lens 复合透镜Computer 计算机Contact 触点Continuous advance 连续进片Continuous autofocus 连续自动聚焦Contrast 反差、对比Convetor 转换器Coreless 无线圈Correction 校正Coupler 耦合器Coverage 覆盖范围CPU(Central Processing Unit) 中央处理器Creative expansion card 艺术创作软件卡Cross 交叉Curtain 帘幕Customized function 用户自选功能DData back 数据机背Data panel 数据面板Dedicated flash 专用闪光灯Definition 清晰度Delay 延迟、延时Depth of field 景深Depth of field preview 景深预测Detection 检测Diaphragm 光阑Diffuse 柔光Diffusers 柔光镜DIN (Deutsche Industrische Normen) 德国工业标准Diopter 屈光度Dispersion 色散Display 显示Distortion 畸变Double exposure 双重曝光Double ring zoom 双环式变焦镜头Dreams filter 梦幻滤光镜Drive mode 驱动方式Duration of flash 闪光持续时间DX-code DX编码EED(Extra low Dispersion) 超低色散Electro selective pattern(ESP) 电子选择模式EOS(Electronic Optical System) 电子光学系统Ergonomic 人体工程学EV(Exposure value) 曝光值Evaluative metering 综合评价测光Expert 专家、专业Exposure 曝光Exposure adjustment 曝光调整Exposure compensation 曝光补偿Exposure memory 曝光记忆Exposure mode 曝光方式Exposure value(EV) 曝光值Extension tube 近摄接圈Extension ring 近摄接圈External metering 外测光Extra wide angle lens 超广角镜头Eye-level fixed 眼平固定Eye-start 眼启动Eyepiece 目镜Eyesight correction lenses 视力校正镜FField curvature 像场弯曲Fill in 填充(式)Film 胶卷(片)Film speed 胶卷感光度Film transport 输片、过片Filter 滤光镜Finder 取景器First curtain 前帘、第一帘幕Fish eye lens 鱼眼镜头Flare 耀斑、眩光Flash 闪光灯、闪光Flash range 闪光范围Flash ready 闪光灯充电完毕Flexible program 柔性程序Focal length 焦距Focal plane 焦点平面Focus 焦点Focus area 聚焦区域Focus hold 焦点锁定Focus lock 焦点锁定Focus prediction 焦点预测Focus priority 焦点优先Focus screen 聚焦屏Focus tracking 焦点跟踪Focusing 聚焦、对焦、调焦Focusing stages 聚焦级数Fog filter 雾化滤光镜Foreground 前景Frame 张数、帧Freeze 冻结、凝固Fresnel lens 菲涅尔透镜、环状透镜Frontground 前景Fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑GGlare 眩光GN(Guide Number) 闪光指数GPD(Gallium Photo Diode) 稼光电二极管Graduated 渐变HHalf frame 半幅Halfway 半程Hand grip 手柄High eye point 远视点、高眼点High key 高调Highlight 高光、高亮Highlight control 高光控制High speed 高速Honeycomb metering 蜂巢式测光Horizontal 水平Hot shoe 热靴、附件插座Hybrid camera 混合相机Hyper manual 超手动Hyper program 超程序Hyperfocal 超焦距IIC(Integrated Circuit) 集成电路Illumination angle 照明角度Illuminator 照明器Image control 影像控制Image size lock 影像放大倍率锁定Infinity 无限远、无穷远Infra-red(IR) 红外线Instant return 瞬回式Integrated 集成Intelligence 智能化Intelligent power zoom 智能化电动变焦Interactive function 交互式功能Interchangeable 可更换Internal focusing 内调焦Interval shooting 间隔拍摄ISO(International Standard Association) 国际标准化组织JJIS(Japanese Industrial Standards)日本工业标准LLandscape 风景Latitude 宽容度LCD data panel LCD数据面板LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 液晶显示LED(Light Emitting Diode) 发光二极管Lens 镜头、透镜Lens cap 镜头盖Lens hood 镜头遮光罩Lens release 镜头释放钮Lithium battery 锂电池Lock 闭锁、锁定Low key 低调Low light 低亮度、低光LSI(Large Scale Integrated) 大规模集成MMacro 微距、巨像Magnification 放大倍率Main switch 主开关Manual 手动Manual exposure 手动曝光Manual focusing 手动聚焦Matrix metering 矩阵式测光Maximum 最大Metered manual 测光手动Metering 测光Micro prism 微棱Minimum 最小Mirage 倒影镜Mirror 反光镜Mirror box 反光镜箱Mirror lens 折反射镜头Module 模块Monitor 监视、监视器Monopod 独脚架Motor 电动机、马达Mount 卡口MTF (Modulation Transfer Function 调制传递函数Multi beam 多束Multi control 多重控制Multi-dimensional 多维Multi-exposure 多重曝光Multi-image 多重影Multi-mode 多模式Multi-pattern 多区、多分区、多模式Multi-program 多程序Multi sensor 多传感器、多感光元件Multi spot metering 多点测光Multi task 多任务NNegative 负片Neutral 中性Neutral density filter 中灰密度滤光镜Ni-Cd battery 镍铬(可充电)电池OOff camera 离机Off center 偏离中心OTF(Off The Film) 偏离胶卷平面One ring zoom 单环式变焦镜头One touch 单环式Orange filter 橙色滤光镜Over exposure 曝光过度PPanning 摇拍Panorama 全景Parallel 平行Parallax 平行视差Partial metering 局部测光Passive 被动的、无源的Pastels filter 水粉滤光镜PC(Perspective Control) 透视控制Pentaprism 五棱镜Perspective 透视的Phase detection 相位检测Photography 摄影Pincushion distortion 枕形畸变Plane of focus 焦点平面Point of view 视点Polarizing 偏振、偏光Polarizer 偏振镜Portrait 人像、肖像Power 电源、功率、电动Power focus 电动聚焦Power zoom 电动变焦Predictive 预测Predictive focus control 预测焦点控制Preflash 预闪Professional 专业的Program 程序Program back 程序机背Program flash 程序闪光Program reset 程序复位Program shift 程序偏移Programmed Image Control (PIC) 程序化影像控制QQuartz data back 石英数据机背RRainbows filter 彩虹滤光镜Range finder 测距取景器Release priority 释放优先Rear curtain 后帘Reciprocity failure 倒易律失效Reciprocity Law 倒易律Recompose 重新构图Red eye 红眼Red eye reduction 红眼减少Reflector 反射器、反光板Reflex 反光Remote control terminal 快门线插孔Remote cord 遥控线、快门线Resolution 分辨率Reversal films 反转胶片Rewind 退卷Ring flash 环形闪光灯ROM(Read Only Memory) 只读存储器Rotating zoom 旋转式变焦镜头RTF(Retractable TTL Flash) 可收缩TTL闪光灯SSecond curtain 后帘、第二帘幕Secondary Imaged Registration(SIR) 辅助影像重合Segment 段、区Selection 选择Self-timer 自拍机Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensitivity range 灵敏度范围Sensor 传感器Separator lens 分离镜片Sepia filter 褐色滤光镜Sequence zoom shooting 顺序变焦拍摄Sequential shoot 顺序拍摄Servo autofocus 伺服自动聚焦Setting 设置Shadow 阴影、暗位Shadow control 阴影控制Sharpness 清晰度Shift 偏移、移动Shutter 快门Shutter curtain 快门帘幕Shutter priority 快门优先Shutter release 快门释放Shutter speed 快门速度Shutter speed priority 快门速度优先Silhouette 剪影Single frame advance 单张进片Single shot autofocus 单次自动聚焦Skylight filter 天光滤光镜Slide film 幻灯胶片Slow speed synchronization 慢速同步SLD(Super Lower Dispersion) 超低色散SLR(Single Lens Reflex) 单镜头反光照相机SMC(Super Multi Coated) 超级多层镀膜Soft focus 柔焦、柔光SP(Super Performance) 超级性能SPC(Silicon Photo Cell) 硅光电池SPD(Silicon Photo Dioxide) 硅光电二极管Speedlight 闪光灯、闪光管Split image 裂像Sport 体育、运动Spot metering 点测光Standard 标准Standard lens 标准镜头Starburst 星光镜Stop 档Synchronization 同步TTele converter 增距镜、望远变换器Telephoto lens 长焦距镜头Trailing-shutter curtain 后帘同步Trap focus 陷阱聚焦Tripod 三脚架TS(Tilt and Shift) 倾斜及偏移TTL flash TTL闪光TTL flash metering TTL闪光测光TTL(Through The Lens) 通过镜头、镜后Two touch 双环UUD(Ultra-low Dispersion) 超低色散Ultra wide 超阔、超广Ultrasonic 超声波UV(Ultra-Violet) 紫外线Under exposure 曝光不足VVari-colour 变色Var-program 变程序Variable speed 变速Vertical 垂直Vertical traverse 纵走式View finder 取景器WWarm tone 暖色调Wide angle lens 广角镜头Wide view 广角预视、宽区预视Wildlife 野生动物Wireless remote 无线遥控World time 世界时间XX-sync X-同步ZZoom 变焦Zoom lens 变焦镜头Zoom clip 变焦剪裁Zoom effect 变焦效果OtherTTL 镜后测光NTTL 非镜后测光UM 无机内测光，手动测光MM 机内测光，但需手动设定AP 光圈优先SP 快门优先PR 程序暴光ANCILLARY DEVICES 辅助产品BACKPLANES 底板CABLES AND CONNECTORS 连线及连接器ENCLOSURES 围圈FACTORY AUTOMATION 工厂自动化POWER SUPPLIES 电源APPLICATION-SPECIFIC SOFTWARE 应用软件INDUSTRIAL-INSPECTION SOFTWARE 工业检测软件MEDICAL-IMAGING SOFTWARE 医药图象软件SCIENTIFIC-ANALYSIS SOFTWARE 科学分析软件SEMICONDUCTOR-INSPECTION SOFTWARE 半导体检测软件CAMERAS 相机AREA-ARRAY CAMERAS 面阵相机CAMERA LINK CAMERAS CAMERA-LINK相机CCD CAMERAS-COLOR ccd彩色相机CCD CAMERAS COOLED ccoled型ccd相机CHARGE-INJECTION-DEVICE CAMERAS 充电相机CMOS CAMERAS cmos相机DIGITAL-OUTPUT CAMERAS 数码相机FIREWIRE(1394) CAMERAS 1394接口相机HIGH-SPEED VIDEO CAMERAS 高速摄象机INFRARED CAMERAS 红外相机LINESCAN CAMERAS 行扫描相机LOW-LIGHT-LEVEL CAMERAS 暗光相机MULTISPECTRAL CAMERAS 多光谱相机SMART CAMERAS 微型相机TIME-DELAY-AND-INTEGRATION CAMERAS 时间延迟集成相机USB CAMERAS usb接口相机VIDEO CAMERAS 摄象机DIGITIZERS 数字转换器MEASUREMENT DIGITIZERS 数字测量器MOTION-CAPTURE DIGITIZERS 数字运动捕捉器DISPLAYS 显示器CATHODE-RAY TUBES(CRTs) 阴极摄像管INDUSTRIAL DISPLAYS 工业用型显示器LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAYS 液晶显示器ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS 光源系统BACKLIGHTING DEVICES 背光源FIBEROPTIC ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS 光纤照明系统FLUORESCENT ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS荧光照明系统INFRARED LIGHTING 红外照明LED LIGHTING led照明STRUCTURED LIGHTING 结构化照明ULTRAVIOLET ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS 紫外照明系统WHITE-LIGHT ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS 白光照明系统XENON ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS 氙气照明系统IMAGE-PROCESSING SYSTEMS 图象处理系统AUTOMATION/ROBOTICS 自动化/机器人技术DIGITAL IMAGING SYSTEMS 数字图象系统DOCUMENT-IMAGING SYSTEMS 数据图象系统GUIDANCE/TRACKING SYSTEMS 制导/跟踪系统INFRARED IMAGING SYSTEMS 红外图象系统INSPECTION/NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING SYSTEMS 检测/非破坏性测试系统INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS 测试设备系统INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 智能交通系统MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEMS 医疗诊断系统METROLOGY/MEASUREMENT/GAUGING SYSTEMS 测绘系统MICROSCOPY SYSTEMS 微观系统MOTION-ANALYSIS SYSTEMS 运动分析系统OPTICAL-CHARACTER-RECOGNITION/OPTICAL-CHARACTER-VERIFICATION SYSTEMS 光学文字识别系统PROCESS-CONTROL SYSTEMS 处理控制系统QUALITY-ASSURANCE SYSTEMS 高保真系统REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS 遥感系统WEB-SCANNING SYSTEMS 网状扫描系统IMAGE-PROCESSING TOOLKITS 图象处理工具包COMPILERS 编译器DATA-ACQUISITION TOOLKITS 数据采集工具套件DEVELOPMENT TOOLS 开发工具DIGITAL-SIGNAL-PROCESSOR(DSP) DEVELOPMENT TOOLKITS 数字信号处理开发工具套件REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS(RTOSs) 实时操作系统WINDOWS 窗口IMAGE SOURCES 图象资源FLASHLAMPS 闪光灯FLUORESCENT SOURCES 荧光源LASERS 激光器LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES(LEDs) 发光二极管STROBE ILLUMINATION 闪光照明TUNGSTEN LAMPS 钨灯ULTRAVIOLET LAMPS 紫外灯WHITE-LIGHT SOURCES 白光灯XENON LAMPS 氙气灯X-RAY SOURCES x射线源IMAGE-STORAGE DEVICES 图象存储器HARD DRIVES 硬盘设备OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES 光存储设备RAID STORAGE DEVICES RAID存储设备（廉价磁盘冗余阵列设备）INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 综合电路ASICS 专用集成电路ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS 模数转换器COMMUNICATIONS CONTROLLERS 通信控制器DIGITAL-SIGNAL PROCESSORS 数字信号处理器DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTERS 数模转换器DISPLAY CONROLLERS 显示器控制器FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE 现场可编程门阵列ARRAYS 阵列GRAPHICS-DISPLAY CONTROLLERS 图形显示控制器IMAGE-PROCESSING ICs 图象处理芯片MIXED-SIGNAL ICs 混合信号芯片VIDEO-PROCESSING ICs 视频处理芯片LENSES 镜头CAMERA LENSES 相机镜头ENLARGING LENSES 放大镜HIGH-RESOLUTION LENSES 高分辨率镜头IMAGE-SCANNING LENSES 图象扫描镜头PROJECTION LENSES 聚光透镜TELECENTRIC LENSES 望远镜VIDEO LENSES 摄象机镜头MONITORS 显示器CATHODE-RAY-TUBE(CRT) MONITORS, COLOR crt彩色监视器CATHODE-RAY-TUBE(CRT) MONITORS, MONOCHROME 单色crt监视器LIQUID-CRYSTAL-DISPLAY(LED) MONITORS lcd监视器。

自动驾驶最全简称和英文缩写

L3
人车交互驾驶,车自动控制驾驶,人参与指挥车辆驾驶,车自动驾驶为主,人驾驶为辅助
Ｌ4
全自动驾驶,人不做任何指挥或控制车辆驾驶,由车辆全自助驾驶
L5
完全自动驾驶
Blｉnd Sｐot Mｏｎitoring
盲点检测(并线辅助)
RCTＡ
Reaｒ-Ｃross Trafｆic Alerｔ
后排路口交通警报
ＤDＤ
DrivｅＤrowsiｎｅｓs Dｅtectiｏｎ
驾驶员疲劳探测
HDＣ
Hｉll Desｃent contｒol
下坡控制系统
ElecｔrｉｃＶehｉcle warninｇ sｏｕnds
坡道起步辅助
AＶH
Ａuto ｖeｈicle Ｈｏlｄ
车辆自动驻车
ＦBS
Fadｉｎg braｋe supｐｏrt
制动衰退补偿
ＴＶBB
Ｔｏrque Vectｏriｎg ｂｙ Brａｋe
制动力矩矢量控制
SＴＯ
Steeriｎｇ Torque Oｖerｌａｙ
转向力矩干预
HMI
Hｕmａn Maｃｈｉnｅ Interfacｅ
Aｕtonｏmous vehiｃles
自动驾驶汽车
Sｅlf—piloｔiｎg aｕｔomｏbiｌｅ
自动驾驶汽车
Ｌ0
ADAＳ
Advａｎceｄ drivｅr Assiｓtant Systｅｍ
辅助驾驶系统,提醒与警示作用,不干涉驾驶员得驾驶
LDＷ
Ｌanｅ Depａrｔuｒe Ｗａｒnｉｎg
车道偏离预警
FCW
同时定位与建图
核心技术:定位技术(localizatioｎ),建图(Maｐpinｇ),导航(Ｎavigation)—路径规划(patｈＰlanning)与跟踪技术(traｃking),控制执行技术(Coｎｔrｏllｉｎg)

培养良好学习习惯的重要性英语四级作文

培养良好学习习惯的重要性英语四级作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Importance of Cultivating Good Study HabitsIntroductionGood study habits are essential for academic success and personal development. Developing these habits early on can lead to improved learning outcomes, increased motivation, and overall better performance. In this essay, we will explore the importance of cultivating good study habits and how they can positively impact our lives.Benefits of Good Study Habits1. Improved Academic PerformanceOne of the most obvious benefits of good study habits is improved academic performance. By establishing a routine and dedicating time to studying each day, students can better retain information, understand concepts, and excel in their exams. Good study habits also help students stay organized andmanage their time effectively, leading to better grades and a deeper understanding of the material.2. Increased MotivationWhen students develop good study habits, they are more likely to feel motivated and engaged in their learning. By setting goals, breaking tasks into manageable chunks, and tracking their progress, students can stay focused and remain invested in their studies. This sense of accomplishment can boost self-esteem and confidence, leading to a positive cycle of motivation and success.3. Better Time ManagementEffective study habits also help students learn how to manage their time efficiently. By prioritizing tasks, setting deadlines, and avoiding procrastination, students can make the most of their study time and avoid last-minute cramming. This not only leads to better academic performance but also helps students develop valuable time management skills that will benefit them in all areas of their lives.4. Enhanced Memory and RetentionRegular study habits, such as reviewing material regularly and practicing active recall, can improve memory retention and information recall. By engaging in activities like note-taking,summarizing key points, and discussing concepts with peers, students can reinforce their learning and make connections between different pieces of information. This leads to a deeper understanding of the material and better long-term retention.5. Preparation for Future SuccessDeveloping good study habits early on can set students up for future success in their academic and professional careers. By mastering time management, critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills, students can build a strong foundation for lifelong learning and personal growth. These skills are essential for success in any field and will benefit students in all aspects of their lives.ConclusionIn conclusion, cultivating good study habits is essential for academic success, personal development, and future achievement. By dedicating time to studying, staying organized, and engaging in effective learning strategies, students can reap the benefits of improved performance, increased motivation, better time management, enhanced memory retention, and preparation for future success. Encouraging and supporting students in developing these habits is key to helping them reach their full potential and achieve their goals.篇2The Importance of Cultivating Good Study HabitsAs students, it is crucial to cultivate good study habits in order to achieve academic success. Developing effective study habits not only helps us learn and retain information better, but also improves our time management and organizational skills. In this article, we will explore the importance of cultivating good study habits and provide some tips for success.First and foremost, having good study habits is essential for academic success. When we develop effective study habits, we are able to focus better, retain information longer, and perform better on exams. By establishing a routine and dedicating a specific time each day to study, we are more likely to stay on track and be prepared for class. Additionally, good study habits help us to stay motivated and avoid procrastination, leading to better academic performance overall.In addition to improving academic performance, cultivating good study habits also helps us develop important life skills such as time management and organization. By setting goals and creating a study schedule, we learn how to manage our time effectively and prioritize tasks. This not only benefits us in ouracademic pursuits, but also translates to success in our professional and personal lives. Being organized and disciplined in our approach to studying can help us become more productive and achieve our goals.Furthermore, developing good study habits can have a positive impact on our mental and emotional well-being. When we establish a routine and stick to it, we create a sense of stability and control in our lives. This can reduce stress and anxiety, allowing us to focus on our studies and perform at our best. By taking care of ourselves and maintaining a healthy balance between studying and other activities, we can prevent burnout and improve our overall well-being.To cultivate good study habits, it is important to establish a routine and create a conducive study environment. Choose a quiet and comfortable place to study, free from distractions, and set specific goals for each study session. Break down large tasks into smaller, manageable chunks, and use study techniques such as note-taking, summarizing, and reviewing to reinforce your learning. Additionally, seek support from classmates, teachers, or tutors if you need help understanding a topic or assignment.In conclusion, cultivating good study habits is essential for academic success and personal growth. By developing effectivestudy habits, we can improve our learning outcomes, develop important life skills, and enhance our mental and emotional well-being. By setting goals, creating a study schedule, and using effective study techniques, we can achieve our academic goals and become successful students. Remember, it is never too late to start cultivating good study habits – the benefits are well worth the effort.篇3The Importance of Cultivating Good Study HabitsGood study habits are essential for academic success. Whether in high school, college, or beyond, having disciplined study habits can make a significant difference in one's ability to learn, retain information, and perform well on exams. In this essay, we will explore the importance of cultivating good study habits and how they can benefit students in the long run.First and foremost, good study habits help students stay organized and focused. By establishing a routine for studying, such as setting aside a specific time each day to review notes or complete homework assignments, students can avoid procrastination and ensure that they are consistently working towards their academic goals. This level of consistency can helpstudents manage their time more effectively and reduce the risk of last-minute cramming before exams.Additionally, developing good study habits can improve memory retention and learning outcomes. When students engage in active studying techniques, such as summarizing material, creating flashcards, or teaching concepts to others, they are more likely to retain information for the long term. By regularly reviewing and reinforcing what they have learned, students can strengthen their understanding of the material and increase their chances of success in their courses.Moreover, good study habits can enhance critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities. When students engage in deeper levels of learning, such as analyzing and synthesizing information, they are better equipped to apply their knowledge in real-world situations. By developing a habit of thinking critically about course material and seeking to understand the underlying concepts, students can improve their ability to think creatively and solve complex problems.Furthermore, cultivating good study habits can help students develop self-discipline and resilience. The ability to persevere through challenging assignments or difficult concepts is essential for academic success. By establishing a habit of facingobstacles head-on and seeking out resources for help when needed, students can build the resilience needed to overcome academic challenges and ultimately achieve their goals.In conclusion, cultivating good study habits is essential for academic success. By staying organized, focusing on active learning techniques, developing critical thinking skills, and building resilience, students can improve their academic performance and set themselves up for success in the long run. It is never too late to start developing good study habits, and the benefits of doing so will be well worth the effort in the end.。

网络信息检索课程ppt Lecture 16 news filtering

What is TDT?
• Automatic organization of news by events
– Wire services and broadcast news – Organization on the fly--as news arrives – No knowledge of events that have not happened
(Xinhua)
NPR El Mundo ABC AP
So TDT means going from this...
NBC
(Xinhua)
NPR El Mundo ABC AP
…to this
NBC
(Xinhua)
NPR El Mundo ABC AP
What TDT is, summary
• Five technology evaluation tasks
Outline
• • • • • • What is TDT Data Approaches to tracking Evaluation of TDT Score normalization issues Native language comparisons
The Tracking Task
IDF is incremental or retrospective
Vector Space approach to Tracking
• Compare vectors by cosine of angle between the story and the topic.
– Story segmentation – find story boundaries in broadcast news – Topic tracking – given sample stories, find rest on same topic – First story detection – detect onset of new event in the news – Cluster detection – group stories into events (unsupervised) – Story link detection – decide if two stories discuss same event • Tracking and detection on event-based topics – Though most approaches are the same as those used for subject-based tasks • All tasks are on-line (not batch) evaluations – Cluster detection task has a “retrospective” (回顾性的) variation

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Breaking News Detection and Tracking in TwitterSwit Phuvipadawat,Tsuyoshi MurataDepartment of Computer Science,Graduate School of Information Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology,Japanswit.p@ai.cs.titech.ac.jp,murata@cs.titech.ac.jpAbstract—Twitter has been used as one of the communi-cation channels for spreading breaking news.We propose a method to collect,group,rank and track breaking news in Twitter.Since short length messages make similarity compar-ison difﬁcult,we boost scores on proper nouns to improve the grouping results.Each group is ranked based on popularity and reliability factors.Current detection method is limited to facts part of messages.We developed an application called “Hotstream”based on the proposed ers can discover breaking news from the Twitter timeline.Each story is provided with the information of message originator,story development and activity chart.This provides a convenient way for people to follow breaking news and stay informed with real-time updates.Keywords-Twitter,Topic Detection and Tracking,Real-time text-mining,Information RetrievalI.I NTRODUCTIONTwitter is a social networking service that allows users to share information,which is described by Twitter as“What’s happening?”in a form of short texts(140characters). Main characters of Twitter are:brevity—contents are in short length and simultaneousness—contents are updated frequently.Twitter has transformed the way people convey information especially in the areas of news.In June2009,Twitter has played an important role in delivering user-generated contents from the Iranian citizen in the Iran election.We see that people with technology played a role of journalists in the situation where news reporting in a conventional way has been made difﬁcult[1].Anyone who is not associated to the media industry can also deliver news. Thus,Twitter presents a highly effective way to discover what is happening around the world.Breaking news is deﬁned by Wiktionary[2]as“news that has either just happened or is currently happening.Breaking news may contain incomplete information,factual error or poor editing because of rush.”With this deﬁnition Twitter canﬁt the needs of breaking news delivery.However,news posted in Twitter requires an effort to discover it.Firstly,users often have problems of deciding which users to follow.That is,toﬁnd users with interesting tweets[3].Secondly,users need to read through status updates and follow links to obtain further information.To ease these problems and to deliver breaking news effectively, we propose a method to collect,group,rank and track breaking news in Twitter.This work is a contribution to the area of Topic Detection and Tracking(TDT)[4].The tasks we focus areﬁrst story detection,cluster detection, and tracking.II.C HARACTERISTICS OF BREAKING NEWS IN T WITTER As a preparatory experiment for analyzing characteristics of breaking news,we collected messages from Twitter using the Twitter API.The data contains121,000messages from public statuses and33,000messages from a selected group of250users who contribute to breaking news postings in Twitter.We selected users who use a breaking news hash tag(#breakingnews)in their messages.Table IC HARACTERISTICS OF MESSAGES IN T WITTER BASED ON154,000MESSAGE SAMPLESCharacteristic No.of occurrences PercentageTag a user79,46951.6%Embed a link50,40432.7%Retweet29,93519.4%Use a hash tag20,34813.2%Table I shows characteristics of messages and the number of occurrences.In contribution to breaking news detection, these characteristics help usﬁnd more facts about a message. From user tags,we can identify conversations between users. From embedded links,we can follow them toﬁnd more in-formation.Retweet means to repost another user’s message. From a number of retweets,we can determine popularity or importance of a message.And from hash tags,we can group together related messages.A retweeted message often contains the information of message originator and previous message.There are two aspects to consider when detecting the breaking news in Twitter:Single message aspect and Timeline aspect.The two aspects are described in details as follows.A.Single message aspectThere are two important elements in a message:emotions and facts.The inclusion of emotions in the message makes news delivered in Twitter,different from news delivered by professional journalists.Although there are cases where emotions are conveyed in conventional news,expression of emotions occurs much more often in Twitter messages. Emotions are expressed through the use of symbols (mainly2010 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent TechnologyFigure1.Emotions and facts in a messagethe use of exclamation mark‘!’),the use of sensational adjectives and phrases:crazy,amazing,great,terrible,won-derful,shocking,oh my god,etc.Facts are provided in text-based,hypertext-based,and through location and source information of the message originator.Text-based information is highly signiﬁcant as it helps interrogate the details of the news in terms of‘what’,‘where’,‘when’,‘how’,etc.We can identify keywords from facts that contribute to news story.These keywords are identiﬁed as signiﬁcant nouns and verbs.Signiﬁcant nouns include keywords found in conventional news,names of famous places,people and events such as Japan,US president,emergency and airplane.Signiﬁcant verbs are, for examples,ﬁre,crash,bomb,survive,rescue,win,etc. Users often tag their message with a hash symbol(#) followed by keywords for examples,#breakingnews,#haiti, etc.as a mean to group together messages related to the keywords.Hypertext-based facts provide related information from external sources.To cope with the limitation of the message length,users often use a link shortening services like TinyURL1and bit.ly2.In addition to texts,users often include maps and pictures.Maps are provided by online services like Google Maps3and Yahoo Maps4.Pictures are hosted on services like TwitPic5,yfrog6,etc.B.Timeline aspectFrom the timeline aspect shown inﬁgure2,we can observe the burst in keywords and the number of retweeted messages through the passage of time.Interesting or impor-tant messages tend to be retweeted more than the others. For the case of breaking news we can see the development 12http://bit.ly3456Figure2.Burst in Keywords and Re-tweet messagesof news story through the series of messages.We will use these facts to determine the ranking of messages.III.M ETHODOLOGYIn this paper,we present a method to collect,group,rank and track breaking news.Tasks are divided into two stages: storyﬁnding and story development.In this paper,we focus on facts part of messages.Emotions are left for our future works.The overview of the process is shown inﬁgure3.Figure3.Two stages:storyﬁnding and story developmentA.Storyﬁnding stageIn this stage,the tasks are presented in three steps: sampling,indexing and grouping.1)Sampling:In this experiment,messages are fetchedthrough the Twitter streaming API[5]using pre-deﬁned search queries to get near real-time public statuses.Pre-deﬁned search queries are,for example, hash tags users often use to annotate breaking newse.g.#breakingnews and“breaking news”keyword.2)Indexing:To accommodate the process of groupingsimilar messages,an index based on the content ofmessages is constructed.In this experiment,we use Apache Lucene [6].3)Grouping :Messages that are similar to each other are grouped together to form a news story.Similarity between messages is compared using TF-IDF [7],[8].The similarity between two messages is deﬁned as:sim (m 1,m 2)=t ∈m 1[tf (t,m 2)×id f (t )×boost (t )](1)tf (t,m )=count (t in m )size (m )(2)id f (t )=1+logNcount (m has t )(3)boost (t )is raised for proper noun terms e.g.China,Eng-land,Eurostar,Haiti and Twitters artifacts like hash tags and usernames to improve the score on identiﬁable keywords.We use the Stanford Named Entity Recognizer (NER)[9]for the classiﬁcation of proper nouns.NER provides a general implementation of linear chain Conditional Random Field (CRF)sequence models,coupled with well-engineered feature extractors for Named Entity Recognition.The algorithm for a message-group assignment is shown below.Algorithm 1Assign message m into a group in G for g in G doScore [g ]←Sim (m,g.ﬁrstDoc ,g.topTerms )end forif Max (Score )>MergeT hreashold then Assign (m,Max (Score ).groupId )elsegroupId ←Group.create ()Assign (m,groupId )end if return GTo ensure that messages in the groups are related to the ﬁrst story and to allow further messages to develop upon previous messages we will compare a message with the ﬁrst message in a group and the top k terms in that group.In this experiment we set k to 10.We then assign a message to a group if the score exceeds a pre-deﬁned threshold called MergeT hreshold .The results to this point are groups of messages or news stories.The score for each group is computed as follows:S =w 1u ∈g iNo.F ollower (u i )+w 2No.Retweet (g i )(4)Score (g i )=1l n =1Sn (5)∆n =t current −t n(6)A raw group score S in (4)is based on reliability and popularity factors.Reliability is determined from the num-bers of followers from all the users who posted messages in the group.Popularity is determined from the numbers of retweet within the group.The ﬁnal group score in (5),is adjusted based on the freshness of messages.To this effect a group that has newer messages receives a higher score than a group with older messages.The computation is done on l last messages in a group.∆n in (6)is the difference between the current time and the time where a message is created.Z is the normalizing factor.B.Story development stageIn the subsequent stage,each news story is adjusted with appropriate ranking through a period of time.In addition new ﬁndings from external source (outside of Twitter)such as news articles of reliable news source or media like photos and video footages can be aggregated to existing news stories.IV.E XPERIMENTWe show the result when similar news containing mes-sages are grouped together.The sample messages have been collected in February 2010.Each message is given with number and group label.For the purpose of demonstration,we selected 10messages M 0(label )−M 9(label )and give 5labels as follows:(1)for Toyotas brake problems.(2)for Michael Jacksons Doctor.(3)for Heavy snow storm in the U.S.(4)for itary base issues in Okinawa,Japan.(5)for escaped prisoners in Haiti.In this experiment,we show that raising the importance of proper nouns can improve the grouping result.We employ the grouping method described in section III.Table II shows results from 4conﬁgurations:No boost for proper nouns,with boost for proper nouns by raising the term score to the power of 1.5,1.7and 2respectively.Table IIG ROUPING RESULTS BASED ON PROPER NOUN BOOST VALUES (a)No boostG0M 3(2)M 4(2)M 5(2)G1M 7(4)M 8(4)G2M 0(1)M 1(1)G3M 2(2)G4M 6(3)G5M 9(5)(b)boost (t )=1.5G0M 2(2)M 3(2)M 4(2)M 5(2)G1M 7(4)M 8(4)G2M 0(1)M 1(1)G3M 6(3)G4M 9(5)(c)boost (t )=1.7G0M 0(1)M 1(1)M 7(4)M 8(4)G1M 2(2)M 3(2)M 4(2)M 5(2)G2M 6(3)G3M 9(5)(d)boost (t )=2G0M 2(2)M 3(2)M 4(2)M 5(2)M 9(5)G1M 0(1)M 1(1)M 7(4)M 8(4)G2M 6(3)It is necessary to raise an importance of proper nouns because the length of messages in Twitter is short,and maynot have enough information for comparison.For example a web page usually contains a larger set of terms when compared with Twitter messages.The average term size after the removal of stop words for messages in Twitter according to our data set is 7.If we do not place the importance on particular terms then we cannot ﬁnd related messages that have weak similarity based on a traditional TF-IDF scheme.One such example is shown in table II(a).M 2does not have a similarity score high enough to be grouped with M 3,M 4and M 5.However if we raise the score for proper nouns,grouping results can be adjusted.By raising boost (t )to 1.5,we can achieve the correct grouping.It is important to choose the appropriate value for boost (t ),as it deﬁnes how sensitive the grouping is.Table II(c)and (d)show results when grouping based on proper nouns is too sensitive.We prototyped a web application based on the method described in section III called Hotstream.The purpose is to construct a real-time news portal featuring breaking news and popular stories from Twitter.Figure 4(a)shows the front page of Hotstream accessed on February 5th,2010.The page contains the list of top stories within 24hours.Figure 4.Hotstream,“Live breaking news from Twitter”,application screenshots.Top (a)front page showing top stories,bottom (b)story details.Users can click on each story to ﬁnd more details.Figure4(b)shows a timeline of a story.We show the number of messages along with the ﬁrst message in the story.The top message is the latest message in the story.In addition,the activity graph based on the number of messages in the story with respect to time is displayed.V.C ONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKSIn this work,we discussed the characteristics of breaking news in Twitter and presented a method to collect,group,rank and track breaking news from Twitter.To improve the similarity comparison for short-length messages,we put an emphasis on proper nouns.There are several factors to rank the news story.In this experiment we use reliability,popularity and freshness for the ranking factors.An application based on the proposed method called Hot-stream is developed.This application shows a high potential for an intelligent news portal based on Twitter.We believe that such application can present user generated contents to the mass audience efﬁciently.For future works,we will explore ways to utilize emotion information from messages and consider the network struc-ture of retweet messages.With these counterparts,we can understand the users perception to news stories,impacts to the mass audience and the pattern in which the information spreads.R EFERENCES[1] E.Morozov.Iran Elections:A twitter Revo-lution?The Washington Post ,June 17,2009./wp-dyn/content/discussion/2009/06/17/DI2009061702232.html.[2]Wiktionary./wiki/breaking news.Ac-cessed February 1,2010.[3]R.Mateosian.Micro Review:Twitter.Micro,IEEE ,29,Issue4:87–88,July-August 2009.[4]J.Allen.Topic Detection and Tracking ,pages 17–30.KluwerAcademic,Norwell,Massachusetts,2002.[5]Twitter Streaming API./Streaming-API-Documentation.Accessed February 1,2010.[6]Apache Lucene..Accessed February1,2010.[7] C.D.Manning,P.Raghavan,and H.Sch¨u tze.Introdution toInformation Retrieval ,pages 108–115.Cambridge University Press,New York,2008.[8]Similarity (Lucene 3.0.0API)./java/300/api/all/org/apache/lucene/search/Similarity.html.Accessed February 1,2010.[9]J.R.Finkel,T.Grenager,and C.Manning.IncorporatingNon-local Information into Information Extraction Systems by Gibbs Sampling.Proceedings of the 43nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2005),pages 363–370,2005.。