terraphoto使用手册

TerraPhoto ViewerUser’s GuideTerrasolid Ltd20.10.2002Page 2TrademarksMicroStation®, MDL® and MicroStation stylized "M" are registered trademarks of BentleySystems, Incorporated. MicroStation PowerDraft and MicroStation GeoOutlook are trademarksof Bentley Systems, Incorporated.TerraBore, TerraLink, TerraMatch, TerraModeler, TerraPark, TerraPhoto, TerraPipe, TerraScan,TerraStreet and TerraSurvey are trademarks of Terrasolid Limited.Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.OSGM91 is a registered trademark and OSTN97 is a trademark of Ordnance Survey, the nationalmapping agency of Great Britain.Copyright© 2000-2002 Arttu Soininen, Terrasolid. All rights reserved.Getting Started1 Documentation 1DocumentationAbout the documentationThis User's Guide is divided into three parts:•Getting Started - contains general information about TerraPhoto Viewer and instructions on how to install and run the application.•Viewing Images - contains a quick introduction on how to view raster images in the background.•Tool Reference - contains detailed descriptions of all the tools in TerraPhoto Viewer.Accessing documentation on-lineThe documentation is accessible as an Acrobat Reader document which serves the role of on-linehelp. Accessing the electronic format of the documentation has the following unique advantages:•You can conduct automated searches for keywords in topic names or body text.•You can click hypertext to "jump" to related topics.Document conventionsThe following conventions and symbols appear in this guide:•Keyboard keys are enclosed with angle brackets - for example, <Return>.•Alternate procedures are separated by "OR".•Alternate steps in a procedure are separated by "or".•"Key in" means to type a character string and then press <Return> (or <Tab> in dialogs).•The following icons are used to specify special information:Icon:Appears next to:"Notes9Hints and shortcuts¾Procedures•When no distinction between MicroStation SE, MicroStation J, MicroStation V8 and MicroStation GeoOutlook is necessary, this document refers to the CAD environment simplyas "MicroStation".MicroStation documentationThis document has been written assuming that the reader knows how to use basic MicroStationfeatures. You should refer to MicroStation printed documentation or on-line help whenever youneed information on using the CAD environment.2Introduction to TerraPhoto ViewerIntroductionTerraPhoto Viewer is a tool for viewing georeferenced raster images in the background in theMicroStation environment. The supported file formats include ECW, GeoTIFF, TIFF, BMP, CIT,COT, RLE, PIC, PCX, GIF, JPG and PNG raster files.Enhanced caching logic makes it possible to view very large raster datasets. TerraPhoto Viewerwill read the required image parts into its memory cache and display the parts visible in open toplike MicroStation views.View windows can be rotated so that the north direction is not necessarily upwards on the screen.The application will display raster references correctly in rotated top like views.TerraPhoto Viewer fully supports true color raster images and will display images with the fullcolor depth of the display device.TerraPhoto Viewer is fully integrated with MicroStation. This CAD environment provides a hugenumber of useful tools and capabilities in the areas of view manipulation, visualization, vectorplacement, labeling and plotting.TerraPhoto Viewer is functionally a subset of a more capable application called TerraPhoto forMicroStation. This full version has all the same functionality as TerraPhoto Viewer and itprovides additional capabilities. The full version is primarily used in production of orthorectifiedimages from raw images taken during an airborne laser survey.Terra application familyTerraPhoto Viewer is just one in a full family of civil engineering applications. All of Terraapplications are tightly integrated with MicroStation presenting an easy-to-use graphical interfaceto the user.TerraBore is a solution for reading in, editing, storing and displaying bore hole data. You cantriangulate soil layers with the help of TerraModeler.TerraMatch fixes mismatches between laser points from different flightlines automatically. Itcan be used for calibration of an airborne laser scanner or for fixing project data.TerraModeler creates terrain surface models by triangulation. You can create models of ground,soil layers or design surfaces. Models can be created based on survey data, graphical elements orXYZ text files.TerraPark is an easy-to-use package for park design and landscaping. It has all the necessarytools for designing roads, regions, plants and utilities inside the park.TerraPhoto rectifies digital photographs taken during laser scanning survey flights and producesorthorectified images.TerraPipe is used for designing underground pipes. It gives you powerful tools for designingnetworks of drainage, sewer, potable water or irrigation pipes.TerraScan processes laser scanning data. It reads in laser points from text files and lets you viewthe points three dimensionally, classify the points and create vectors based on the points.TerraStreet is an application for street design. It includes all the terrain modeling capabilities ofTerraModeler. Street design process starts with the creation of horizontal and vertical geometriesfor street alignments.TerraSurvey reads in survey data and creates a three dimensional survey drawing. Theapplication recognizes a number of survey data formats automatically.All of these applications are available for MicroStation SE, J or V8 under Windows NT, Windows2000 or Windows XP.3InstallationHardware and software requirementsTerraPhoto Viewer is built on top of MicroStation. You must have a computer system capable ofrunning this CAD environment.To run TerraPhoto Viewer, you must have the following:•Pentium or higher processor•Windows 95, 98, Millennium, NT 4.0, 2000 or XP•mouse•1024*768 resolution display or better•128MB RAM•MicroStation SE, MicroStation J, MicroStation V8 or MicroStation GeoOutlook installedInstallation of TerraPhoto Viewer requires about 2 MB of free hard disk space. Installation mediaTerraPhoto Viewer software may be delivered on a CD or as a zip file.Terra Installation CD may include versions for multiple environments. You should locate thedirectory which corresponds to your operating system:Directory on CD For operating system For MicroStation\windows\eng Windows for Intel / AMD SE, J, V8or GeoOutlookInstallation from zip file¾To install TerraPhoto Viewer from a zip file:1.Open the TPHOTOVW.ZIP file in WinZip.2.Click on Install icon in the Winzip tool bar.This opens the Install dialog confirming the execution of SETUP.EXE3.Click OK.The installation program will need to know where MicroStation has been installed. It willautomatically search all local hard disks to find the MicroStation directory.The installation dialog box opens:4.The installation program prompts you to enter the directory where to install TerraPhotoViewer. The default path is C:\TERRA. You can set this to another location if you prefer.The specified directory will be automatically created, if it does not exist.5.At this stage you should check the directory where MicroStation was found. Replace thepath if the correct location was not found.6.Press <Return> to continue.When the installation is finished, a message is displayed and you are prompted to press anykey to continue.See chapters Installation Directories on page 28 and Configuration Variables on page 29 formore information.Installation from CD¾To install TerraPhoto Viewer from CD:1.Insert Terra Installation CD into your CD-ROM drive.2.Locate the correct directory which corresponds to your computer configuration.3.Start SETUP.EXE from that directory.The installation program will try to determine where MicroStation has been installed and willthen open the Terra Setup dialog box:4.The installation program prompts you to enter the directory where to install theapplications. The default path is C:\TERRA. You can set this to another location if youprefer. The specified directory will be automatically created, if it does not exist.5.Check the directory where MicroStation was found. Replace the path if the correct locationwas not found.Alternatively, you can use the Scan button to automatically search the hard disk forMicroStation installation or you can use the Browse button to locate the MicroStationexecutable yourself.6.Check the MicroStation version information in the Version field. Select the correct versionif it was not detected correctly.The installation program will want to know what applications you want to install. The TerraSetup dialog opens:7.Check TerraPhoto Viewer item in the dialog.8.Click OK.A message is display when the installation is finished. See chapters Installation Directorieson page 28 and Configuration Variables on page 29 for more information.4 Starting TerraPhoto Viewer 4Starting TerraPhoto ViewerStarting TerraPhoto ViewerTerraPhoto Viewer is an MDL application that runs within MicroStation.¾To start TerraPhoto Viewer:1.From the Utilities menu, choose MDL Applications.The MDL settings box opens:2.In the Available Applications list box, select TPHOTO.3.Click the Load button.OR1.Key in MDL LOAD TPHOTO.When the application has been loaded, it will open its Main tool box and add an Applicationsmenu to MicroStation’s menu bar.Available Applications list box shows all the MDL applications that MicroStation is able tolocate. MicroStation searches for MDL applications in the directories listed in MS_MDLAPPSconfiguration variable. If MicroStation can not find TPHOTO.MA, you should check the valueassigned to this configuration variable. Make sure the directory path of TPHOTO.MA file isincluded in this variable. To view configuration variables, choose Configuration command fromthe Workspace menu. See Installation Directories on page 28 and Configuration Variables onpage 29 for more information.Page 114 Starting TerraPhoto ViewerUnloading TerraPhoto ViewerTerraPhoto Viewer will unload automatically when you exit MicroStation. Sometimes you maywant to unload TerraPhoto Viewer while continuing to work with MicroStation. This will free upmemory reserved by the application.¾To unload TerraPhoto Viewer:1.From the Utilities menu, choose MDL Applications.The MDL settings box opens:2.In the Loaded Applications list box, select TPHOTO.3.Click the Unload button.OR1.Key in MDL UNLOAD TPHOTO.This will unload the application and free the memory allocated for it.Viewing Images5Viewing ImagesThis chapter serves as an introduction to the concepts you have to know in order to view rasterimages in the background.The basic requirements for viewing raster references are listed below. You must:•Have raster files with known geographical position. Some raster file formats contain the georeferencing information (for example GeoTIFF and ECW).•Have a design file open with the appropriate coordinate system.•Have top like views open.•Have TerraPhoto loaded.•Open the Manage Raster References window.•Attach raster reference files.•Fit a view to show the correct location.Only some of the items above require that you actually complete an operation. Many of the aboveitems are simply conditions which must exist and which are often fullfilled without any specificaction on your part.Georeferenced raster filesTerraPhoto Viewer can read in georeferenced raster files in multiple formats. The two mostcommonly used formats are GeoTIFF or ECW.If your raster files do not have georeferencing information, you may still attach those files andassign position interactively.Design file coordinate systemMicroStation design files use a coordinate system which can incorporate only a limited coordinaterange. You should make sure that the raster image coordinates will fit inside your design filecoordinate system.If you regularly work in the same geographical area and use the same coordinate system, your seedfiles are probably configured correctly.As an alternative, you may want to create a new design file using a seed file that came withTerraPhoto Viewer installation. This SEED3DCM.DGN seed file has working units defined asfollows:Master units:mSub Units:cm100cm Per m1Pos Units Per cmThe advantage of this seed file is that it can incorporate coordinate values between -21 474 836and +21 474 836.¾To create a suitable empty design file:1.From MicroStation's File menu, choose New.The Create Design File dialog box opens:2.Assign a name for the file to be created by typing MYTEST.DGN in the Files text control.3.Click Select to select the seed file to be used.The Select Seed File dialog box opens.4.Locate SEED3DCM.DGN seed file by browsing your computer's directory structure. If youinstalled TerraPhoto Viewer in the default directory C:\TERRA, you can find this file inpath C:\TERRA\SEED\SEED3DCM.DGN. When you have located this file, select in theFiles list box.Alternatively, you can type in the full path of the example file in the Files text control.5.Click OK to accept the seed file.6.Click OK to accept the creation of a new design file.This creates a new design file MYTEST.DGN and opens it. You should now be in an emptydesign file which has two top views open.Top like viewsTerraPhoto Viewer displays raster images only in ‘top like’ or ‘plan view’ windows.A top view is an orthonormal view where the north axis is upwards on the screen.A ‘top like’ view is a top view or a view which has been derived from a top view by rotatingaround the z axis. This is the same as rotating a paper drawing so that the north axis points in adesired direction.If you created your design file from SEED3DCM.DGN, you already have two top views open andyou do not have to take any action.¾To rotate a view to top rotation:1.Select the Rotate View tool from the lower left corner of a view window.2.Select Top option in the Method field.3.Click inside the view window.This changes the view to top rotation.You can use the same tool to rotate the direction of the north axis. The method described below isespecially handy when you have a long alignment which you would like to run horizontally acrossthe screen.¾To rotate a view around the z axis:1.Select the Rotate View tool from the lower left corner of a top or a top like view window.2.Select 3 Points option in the Method field.3.Click inside the view window to define the start point for a direction line.4.Click inside the view window to define the end point for a direction line. This direction linedefines what will be the horizontal direction at the end of the operation.5.Click inside the view window to define the up direction on the screen at the end of theoperation.This rotates the view so that the given direction line runs from left to right on the screen.Loading TerraPhoto ViewerSee chapter Starting TerraPhoto Viewer on page 10 for instructions on how to load TerraPhotoViewer.Opening the Manage Raster References windowManage Raster References tool opens a window for managing raster references. This Manage Raster References window displays a list of currently open raster images and lets you open new ones, close currently opened ones or change the visibility of the images.¾To open the window for managing raster references:1.Select the Manage Raster References tool.This opens the Manage Raster References window:Attaching raster reference filesThe File pulldown menu in the Manage Raster References window contains three commands for attaching raster images. Each of these commands offers a different method for selecting what raster files to attach:In most cases you would use Attach files when you open raster images for the first time.¾To attach individual raster files:1.Select Attach files command from File pulldown menu.This opens a dialog box which allows you to select one or several files to open.2.Add the desired raster file(s) to the list of files to process and click Done .TerraPhoto inspects the selected files and opens the Reference Visibility dialog. This dialog allows you to change the visibility of the images in MicroStation views 1 - 8.3.Do not change the view visibility.4.Click OK.The selected raster images have now been attached. If those overlap the area covered by top like view windows, the application will redraw the view contents.To:Select:Select individual files to attachAttach files Attach all georeferenced raster files in a directory Attach directoryAttach a previously saved list of images Attach listList of imagesView visibility of images Open or close raster images Move to image locationFitting a view to show the correct locationEven though you have just successfully attached raster references, you do not necessarily see anyof those in open view windows. In order to see the raster images you may have to move viewwindows to show the right geographical location.You will primarily use MicroStation tools for manipulating view windows. However, TerraPhotoViewer offers a few tools which are handy in locating the raster images. One possibility is to fit aview so that it will display the area of all the attached raster images.¾To fit a view to show all images:1.Select Fit All command from View pulldown menu in the Manage Raster Referenceswindow.2.Click inside a top like view.This fits the view so that it will cover the area of all of the raster images.You can now use MicroStation’s Zoom in tool to move closer to some of the images.Tool Reference6ToolsTerraPhoto Viewer tool boxThe tools in the TerraPhoto Viewer tool box are used to define user settings, to manage rasterreferences, to convert files from one raster format to another and to access on-line help.To:Use:Modify user settings SettingsOpen a window for managing raster references Manage Raster ReferencesSet raster reference visibility by view contents Set References By ViewToggle visibility of a single raster reference Set ReferenceConvert files from one raster format to another Convert Raster FilesView information about TerraPhoto Viewer About TerraPhotoView on-line help Help On TerraPhotoSettingsSettings tool lets you change a number of settings controling the way TerraPhoto Viewer works. Selecting this tool opens the TerraPhoto settings window.Settings are grouped into logical categories. Selecting a category in the list causes the appropriate controls to be displayed to the right of the category list.Memory usage categoryMemory usage category defines how much memory the application can use for caching images.The combined size of reference images is often much larger than the amount of available memory. TerraPhoto Viewer keeps recently used raster images in memory and can therefore display those images very rapidly. The application needs to read an image from the hard disk only if it is not in the cache already when it needs to be drawn on the screen.You should set the image cache size to be 10% to 50% of your computer’s physical memory if you are viewing GeoTIFF images. A larger cache size will give better performance.ECW images are separately cached by the ECW libray routines. If you are viewing ECW images only, set the image cache size to a relatively small value (8 - 32 MB). The image cache will be used to keep copies uncompressed raster fragments.Raster plotting categoryRaster plotting category defines how image brightness and contrast will be adjusted in plotting and whether plotting is carried out in bands.Setting:Effect:SizeImage cache size in megabytes. Normally between 32 and 256 MB.Maximum Maximum number of ECW files kept open at the same time. Defaultvalue is 200.Setting:Effect:Adjust RGB brightness If on, image brightness will be adjusted for plotting.Adjust contrastIf on, image contrast will be adjusted for plotting.Plot in bands If on, the application will divide the plot into smaller parts and ploteach part separately. This helps minimize how much memory plottingrequires from the computer.Raster references categoryRaster references category defines the ratios of lower resolution versions of raster references andhow references will be displayed when zoomed out very far.A full resolution version of an image is required only when you have zoomed in close to the pixeldetail level. When viewing images from further away, the application can use smaller versions ofthe images and thus fit more of those images in the image cache.Lower resolution versions are not used with ECW images.Setting:Effect:Medium ratio Subsampling ratio of medium resolution versions. Default is 2.Low ratio Subsampling ratio of low resolution versions. Default is 4.Thumbnail ratio Subsampling ratio of thumbnail versions. Default is 8.Beyond factor Zoom out factor beyong which the raster images will not be drawn.Default is 1000 which is a reasonable setting for ECW images.Draw rectangle If on, the application will draw a rectangle in the given color for eachraster image when zoomed out.Fill rectangle If on, the application will fill a rectangle with the given color for eachraster image when zoomed out.Transformations categoryTransformations category contains a list of coordinate transformations which can be used toconvert the position of images from one coordinate system to another.TerraPhoto supports three types of coordinate transformations:•Linear - you can assign a coefficient and a constant offset for each coordinate axis. Computesa design file coordinate by multiplying the survey file coordinate with the given coefficientand by adding a given constant value.•Equation - you can enter mathematical equations for calculating the coordinates.•Known points - you can specify the coordinates of two known points in the survey coordinate system and their respective coordinates in the design file.Linear transformationSetting:Effect:Multiply by - X Coefficient for multiplying easting.Multiply by - Y Coefficient for multiplying northing.Multiply by - Z Coefficient for multiplying elevation.Add constant - X Value to add to easting.Add constant - Y Value to add to northing.Add constant - Z Value to add to elevation.Equation transformationSetting:Effect:X Equation for calculating X coordinate. The mathematicalequation may contain:•Sx - survey file X coordinate.•Sy - survey file Y coordinate.•Sz - survey file Z coordinate.•Mathematical functions such as sin(a), cos(a), tan(a),exp(a), log(a), log10(a), pow(a,b), sqrt(a), ceil(a), fabs(a)and floor(a) where a and b are floating point values.Y Equation for calculating Y coordinate.Z Equation for calculating Z coordinate.Known points transformationSetting:Effect:Survey X, Y, Z First known point in the survey coordinate system.X, Y, Z Second known point in the survey coordinate system.Design X, Y, Z First known point in the design file coordinate system.X, Y, Z Second known point in the design file coordinate system.Manage Raster ReferencesManage Raster References tool opens a window for managing raster references. This ManageRaster References window displays a list of currently open raster images and lets you open newones, close currently opened ones or change the visibility of the images.¾To open the window for managing raster references:1.Select the Manage Raster References tool.This opens the Manage Raster References window:See chapter Commands for Raster References on page 27 for information about various menucommands available.Set References By ViewSet References By View tool lets you quickly switch on the visibility of all raster references whichoverlap the view contents and switch off all others which are completely outside the view area.You may use this tool in case you intend to work in one geographical area for a period of time andyou want to optimize the performance for displaying only a limited number raster files.You must have raster references attached before you use this tool. When you attach rasterreferences initially, you may select the visibility of all of those to be off in all views.¾To switch on all raster references within view contents:1.Select the Set References By View tool.2.Select a top like view.This sets the visibility of raster references in that view. Overlapping raster images are set onand other raster images are set off.Set ReferenceSet Reference tool lets you toggle the visibility of a single raster reference in a view.You may use this tool in case you intend to work in one geographical area for a period of time andyou want to optimize the performance for displaying only a limited number raster files.You must have raster references attached before you use this tool. When you attach rasterreferences initially, you may select the visibility of all of those to be off in all views.¾To toggle the visibility of a single raster reference:1.Select the Set Reference tool.2.Click inside the rectangular area covered by a raster reference.This toggles the visibility of that raster reference.Convert Raster FilesConvert Raster Files tool converts files from one raster format to another. This tool can also beused to adjust brightness of images or to transform the georeferencing position of images.¾To convert raster files:1.Select the Convert Raster Files tool.This opens a dialog for selecting one or several source raster files.2.Add the desired file(s) to the list of files to process and click Done.This opens the Convert Raster Files dialog:3.Enter settings values and click OK.This processes the selected files and creates converted image files.Setting:Effect:Write as Format of output files. Supported file formats include ECW,GeoTIFF, Raw RGB and TIFF.Create TFW files This setting is available only when converting to GeoTIFF orTIFF format. If on, generates a TFW georeferencing file foreach output raster image.Output directory Directory into which to output converted images.Delete original files If on, deletes each original file after conversion.Overall to average of images If on, the application will compute the average brightness of allsource images and adjust each converted image to that averagebrightness.RGB brightness If on, modify image brightness by adjusting red, green and bluecolor components separately using given values.Contrast If on, modify the contrast of the image by the given percentage.。