英美法概论期末考试复习
外国法制史期末复习整理
一、简述两大法系的概念和差异。
（P8—P9）英美法系，是以英国的普通法、衡平法和制定法为基础，融入罗马法、教会法以及中世纪商法的若干原则而形成的一个世界性的法律体系。
大陆法系，是以罗马法为基础，以1804《法国民法典》和1900年《德国民法典》为代表的一个世界性法律体系。
两大法系之间存在明显差异:（1）主要法律渊源不同，英美法主要是判例法，奉行“遵循先例”原则；大陆法除个别领域外，各部门法领域都建立了比较系统的成文法典。
（2）两者继承罗马法的程度不同，英美法只在个别领域不系统地吸收了罗马法的若干原则和制度；大陆法则是在全面吸收罗马法的基础上发展起来的，罗马成文法典的传统、私法体系、法律的基本制度和原则，乃至概念与术语等，都为大陆法系采纳。
（3）法律体系和法官的作用不同，英美法以判例法为基础，以制定法、习惯法，惯例等为补充，法律体系庞杂，法官在法律的发展中处于中心地位；大陆法系的法律体系比较完整，概念术语比较明确，法官作用不如英美法的，不能擅自创造法律。
（4）司法组织与对程序法的重视程度不同。
英美法系中，行政诉讼与普通诉讼一般不分，法官一般从律师中选拔得较多，强调程序法的重要性，实行对抗制诉讼，当事人主义色彩较浓；大陆法系一般采用普通法院和行政法院分离的双轨制，法官经考试由政府任命，比较注重实体法。
（5）英美法系一般较强调法律的实际效用和经验，大陆法系较注重法律的理论概括，讲究概念的抽象性和明确性。
二、楔形文字法的概念：（P19）指古代西亚两河流域地区各奴隶制国家以楔形文字锲刻而成的法律的总称。
三、汉穆拉比法典的概念：（P21）公元前18世纪，巴比伦的第六代王汉穆拉比完成了两河流域的统一，并制定了《汉穆拉比法典》（又称石柱法），是楔形文字法的集大成，标志着楔形文字法发展到较完备的程度。
四、简述《汉穆拉比法典》的内容及影响。
（P21—P30）内容：（1）君主专制制度。
君权与神权相结合，国王集行政、立法、司法、军事和祭祀大权于一身，握有神权。
英美法复习提纲-0910
第一讲总论1. Functions of law in the society 社会中法律的作用2. Functions of law in the society 社会中法律的作用Law proscribes certain activities 法律禁止特定的行为①malum in se or “wrong in itself”本质上违法(自然法)的行为、自然犯②malum prohibitum法律禁止的行为(本质并未违法)、法定犯③debatable 具有争议的(社会普通人观念是否接受)3. Sources of law in society 美国法律的法哲学渊源（重点）1) Natural law approach 自然法理论–法律应然laws - sown in nature 植根于本性(1)governing relationships among people 规范人们的关系(2) governing the physical universe 规范物质世界(3) eternal & immutable 永恒不变–just as God(4) source of law – eternal(5) moral overtones – higher law – God’s law 道德层面2) Positive law approach 实证法理论- 法律实然- 规范理论，它关心法实际是什么？(1) law reflects the will of the majority 法律反映多数人的意志(2) law becomes whatever a majority wants 法律反映的是多数人所想strip of moral overtones and boils down to the old adage “Might makes right.”(3) Subject to challenge – democracy process 如果要对法律提出异议，必须通过民主程序来推翻–but must accept it as the legitimate reflection of the will of the majority 但必须接受事实4. Kinds of Law 法律的种类1) Substantive law2) Procedural law3) Criminal & Civil law4) Statutory law 制定法，国会和各州立法机构通过的法律Roe v. Wade （重点）Miranda v. Arizona （重点）第二讲宪法1.既是颁发给政府的特许状charter又是政府权力的一种限制restraint。
国际法学期末考试大纲(含答案)
国际法学期末考试复习大纲（附期末复习题）一、判断题（正确的在答题卡上填“A”，错误的填“B”）1. 国际习惯的形成，需要同时具备“物质要素”和“心理要素”。
其中，心理要素在国际法上也被称为“惯例”。
（B）2．国际法在中世纪时就成为了一个独立的法律体系。
（B）3．国际法院由法官15人组成，其中不得有二人为同一国家的国民。
（A）4．任何国家的船舶均可在大陆架上覆水域航行。
（B）5．联合国国际法委员会是联合国负责编篆国际法的主要机构。
（A）6．未经沿海国许可其它国家的飞机可以在其领海上空无害通过。
（B）7．根据国际实践，一国承认新政府是以“有效统治”原则为根据的。
（A）8．外层空间不是“无主地”，任何国家不得通过占领使用或任何其他方式提出主权要求。
（A）9．公海是指不包括在国家的领海或内水或群岛国的群岛水域内的全部海域。
（B）10．联合国会员有义务将条约在联合国秘书处登记，未经登记，条约无效。
（B）11．1969年《条约法公约》制定时，国际法学界存在着三种条约解释方法的主张：“意图说”、“约文说”和“方法说”，公约基本上采用了“意图说”，但也采纳了其他学说中的合理因素。
（A）12．美国将条约分为“自动执行条约”和“非自动执行条约”。
（A）13．个人的基本权利主要包括生存权和发展权。
（A）14．国际法上的赔偿是指对受害国物质和精神损害付给相应的货币或物质。
赔偿的范围限于对国家所遭损害的赔偿，而不包括对受害国国民所遭损害的赔偿。
（B）15．庇护是国家从它的属地优越权引申出来的权利。
（A）16．名誉领事可以从接受国的国民中选任。
（A）17．依据国际法，所有国家都可在平等的基础上自由探索外层空间。
（B）18．区域性国际组织不是联合国的组成部分，只是在维持和平与安全方面同联合国安理会发生联系。
（B）19．国家行使自卫权可以“先发制人”，即无须以遭到外国武力攻击为条件。
（B）20．独立并存的主权国家以及主要由主权国家组成的国际社会，是国际法产生和发展的社会基础。
英美概论考试练习题
- 1 -《英美概况》习题集英国部分Part I GeographyI. Multiple Choice1. The total area of the U.K. is _____.A. 211,440B. 244,110C. 241,410D. 242,5342. England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K.A. northernB. easternC. southern3. The most important part of the U.K. in wealth is _____.A. Northern IrelandB. EnglandC. Scotland5. Wales was effectively united with England in the _____ century.A. 14thB. 15thC. 16th6. By the Act of Union of _____ Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain.A. 1707B. 1921C. 18018. Mt. Ben Nevis stands in _____.A. the Scottish HighlandsB. WalesC. England9.11. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. SevernB. ClydeC. Bann12. London is situated on the River of _____.A. ParretB. ThamesC. Spey13. Edinburgh is the capital of _____.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. Wales19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____.A. 1964B. 1946C. 169420. Britain is basically an importer of _____.A. foodB. raw materialsC. manufacturesD. bothA and B23. The center of the Britain financial system is _____.A. Bank of EnglandB. Bank of BritainC. Bank of U.K.27. The capital city of Northern Ireland is _____.A. CardiffB. BelfastC. Leith37. The second largest city in England is _____.A. GlasgowB. BirminghamC. Manchester40. By the Act of Union in _____, the name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was adopted.43. _____ includes London, the centre of government for the whole nation.A. ScotlandB. Northern IrelandC. WalesD. EnglandII. Fill in the Blanks1. The U.K. is situated in _____ Europe.2. The full title of the U.K. is the United Kingdom of _____ _____ and _____ _____.3. The U.K. consists of England, _____, _____ and Northern Ireland.4. The largest part of U.K. is _____.5. The capital of England and of Great Britain is _____.8. The highest mountain in Britain is _____ _____.9. The “Backbone of England” refers to the _____.16. The Bank of England was founded in _____.17. The population of the U.K. is more than _____million.18. Britain is basically an exporter of _____.27. The British national anthem is _____ _____ _____ _____.28. The U.K. lies to the _____ of France.29. Westminster, the area of central government administration is situated in the _____ End.33. The capital city of Wales is _____.Part II HistoryI. Multiple Choice1. Julius Caesar invaded Britain _____.A. onceB. twiceC. three times2. King Arthur was the king of _____.A. PictsB. CeltsC. ScotsD. Jutes5. In 1653 _____ was made Lord Protector for life.A. Oliver CromwellB. Charles IC. William II7. The head of the church in Anglo-Saxon times was _____.A. the King of Denmark and NorwayB. the king of EnglandC. Julius CaesarD. the Archbishop of Canterbury9. The Vikings who invaded England at the turnof the 8th century came from _____.A. NorwayB. DenmarkC. FranceD. both A and B11. Norman Conquest began in _____.A. 1016B. 1066C. 103516. Charles I was beheaded in _____.A. 1649B. 1648C. 165321. The Glorious Revolution in 1688 was in naturea _____.A. coup d’etatB. racial slaughterC. peasant rising22. The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the _____.A. factory of the worldB. expansion of marketsC. social upheaval25. The Great Charter was signed by _____ in 1215.A. King Henry IIB. King RichardC. King John38. In the Wars of the Roses the Lancastrians wire badges of _____ rose.A. whiteB. redC. pinkD. yellow41. In 1689 the “Bill of Rights” was passed. _____ began in England.A. The Constitutional MonarchyB. All Estates ParliamentC. House of Lancaster45. Under Elizabeth I _____ was restored, and she was declared “governor” of the church.A. the Roman ChurchB. the Catholic ChurchC. the Anglican Church46. In 1337 the hostility between England and _____ resulted in the Hundred Years’ War.A. FranceB. SpainC. Russia47. The religious persecution mainly existed during the reign of _____.A. CromwellB. Charles IC. Henry VIII48. England first became a sea power in the time of _____.A. Henry VIIB. Elizabeth IC. Victoria58. The Victorian Age was over the _____ began.A. Edwardian AgeB. Georgian AgeC. Elizabethan Age60. The Great Charter was essentially a _____.A. Culture MovementB. colonial documentC. feudal documentIII. Explain the Following Terms1. The Norman Conquest2. The Glorious RevolutionIV. Answer the Following Questions1. What, in your opinion, are the main causes for the slow growth of Britain’s economy since the Second World War?3. What importance did King Alfred hold in British history?Part III CultureI. Multiple Choice3. Public schools belong to the category of the _____ schools.A. stateB. independentC. local4. The pupils who had got the highest marks in the “eleven plus” examination would go to _____ school.A. grammarB. technicalC. secondary modern8. The universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh are called the four _____ universities.A. oldB. newC. Scottish13. In Britain education at the age from 5 to 16is _____.A. optionalB. compulsoryC. self-taught48. _____ is the biggest and most well-known church in London.A. WhitehallB. St. Paul’s CathedralC. Westminster Abbey49. _____ is the monarch’s present London home.A. Westminster PalaceB. Buckingham PalaceC. Whitehall PalacePart V Political SystemI. Multiple Choice1. The British Monarchy is _____.A. electiveB. democraticC. hereditary2. The Constitutional Monarchy started at the end of the _____ century.A. 17thB. 16thC. 15th6. The life of Parliament is fixed at _____ years.A. fourB. sixC. five11. The _____ is the core of leadership of the British government.A. CabinetB. Privy CouncilC. Crown15. The president (or head) of the House of Lordsin Britain is _____.A. Lord ChancellorB. SpeakerC. Prime minister17. It is the _____ who organizes the Cabinet and presides over its meetings.A. Prime MinisterB. Lord PresidentC. Speaker21. The following persons except _____ have no right to vote.A. certified lunatics (mentally illed person)B. criminalsC. government employeesD. peers who have seats in the LordsIII. Explain the Following Terms1. The Cabinet2. The SpeakerIV. Answer the Following Questions1. Can you say something about the English Monarchy?2. Which are the major parties in Britain? What are the characteristics of them?美国部分Part II. Multiple Choice3. In the west of the _____ lie the Colorado Plateaus and the Columbia Plateaus.A. Rocky MountainB. Coast RangeC. Cascades MountainsIV. Answer the Following Questions1. Give a brief presentation of the U.S. economy. Part II HistoryI. Multiple Choice1. The history of the U.S. is generally agreed to have begun in _____.A. 1620B. 1607C. 17762. The following states are among the first thirteen colonies except _____.A. MarylandB. South CarolinaC. DelawareD. Colorado6. The First Continental Congress was held in _____ in September, 1774.A. PhiladelphiaB. BostonC. New York7. The American War of Independence started in _____ and ended in _____.A. 1776, 1784B. 1775, 1783C. 1706, 171411. The Constitutional Convention was held in1787 to revise _____.A. The Articles of the ConfederationB. Bill of RightsC. Civil Rights12. The first ten amendments, known as _____, were added to the Constitution in 1791.A. the Bill of RightsB. the ArticlesC. Civil Rights16. The greatest contribution made by President Thomas Jefferson was his _____.A. abolishing the Sedition ActB. reducing taxesC. purchasing Louisiana from France17. The Second Anti-English War broke out in _____ and ended in _____. The U.S. won the war.A. 1812, 1814B. 1813, 1815C. 1814, 181632. In 1918 President _____ issued the “Fourteen Points”.A. Woodrow WilsonB. William H. TaftC. Theodore RooseveltD. Warren G. Harding36. The Ku Klux Klan was the most notorious terrorist society which persecuted the _____.A. blacksB. IndiansC. progressive people III. Define the Following Terms1. The Boston “Tea Party”2. The Westward MovementIV. Answer the Following Questions1. Please say something about the American War of Independence, including its cause, process andsignificance.Part III CultureI. Multiple Choice1. The popular kind of family in America is _____ family.A. nucleusB. looseC. largeD. blend17. American Independence Day fall on _____.A. the 4th of JulyB. October 31stC. March 20th18. Halloween is a _____.A. summer festivalB. night-time festivalC. sweethearts’ holidayD. pilgrims holiday IV. Answer the Following Questions1. What day in the US is the birthday of the nation?2. Who was Martin Luther King?4. What does Easter Sunday celebrate?Part V Political SystemI. Multiple Choice1. The Judicial Branch is headed by _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. CongressC. President2. The general election in America is held every _____ years.A. 5B. 4C. 6D. 3A. The CabinetB. The Supreme CourtC. PresidentD. Congress6. The political system of the US is based on the following except _____.A. federalismB. the constitutional monarchyC. the separation of powersD. respect for the constitutionE. the rule of law7. The US Federal Government is composed of the following except _____.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executiveIV. Answer the Following Questions1. What is the role of the US congress?。
英美法概论总结复习.doc
英美法概论总结复习第四章，第四章，美美国宪国宪法法条条例例一、一、LLegislativepoweregislativepower立法立法权权，，给给予予国会国会，，参议参议院院与众议与众议院共同院共同组组成成二、二、Ecutivepowerxecutivepower行政行政权权，，给给予予总统总统任期四年，有任期四年，有权权提名副提名副总统总统三、三、JJudicialpowerudicialpower司法司法权权，，给给予予联联邦最高法院邦最高法院四、四、statesstates’’powerpower州州权权利利五、五、amendmentsamendments修修订宪订宪法法两两院三分之二以上院三分之二以上议员议员提提议议，或州，或州议会议会三分之二以上提三分之二以上提议议，形成，形成proposalsproposals提案，州提案，州议会议会四分之三以上同意四分之三以上同意或各州制或各州制宪议会宪议会四分之三以上同意才四分之三以上同意才获获得批准得批准六、六、supremacysupremacy宪宪法至高无上的地位法至高无上的地位七、七、ratiratificationfication批准，批准，宪宪法法获获得得认认可，有效可，有效宪宪法的修法的修订订FFreedomofexpression,religionandassemble(reedomofexpression,rel igionandassemble(集集会会))DDueprocessclauseueprocessclause正正当当程序程序条条款，是款，是宪宪法的一法的一条条重要原重要原则则EEqualprotectionqualprotection平等保平等保护护，法律地位，法律地位与与适用法律的平等适用法律的平等宪宪法的基本原法的基本原则则fundamentalprinciplesfundamentalprinciples11FFederalismederalis m联联邦制邦制22NNecessaryandproperecessaryandproper国会为国会为行使上述行使上述权权利，有利，有权权立法立法州州权权利利powerofstatespowerofstates没没有授予有授予给联给联邦的邦的权权力及在州力及在州没没有禁止的有禁止的权权利中由州享有，利中由州享有，为为residualstatepowerresidualstatepower剩余剩余权权力力33SSeparationofpowerseparationofpowers分分权权checksandbalanceschecksandbalances制衡制衡LLegislatureegislature立法机立法机关关属属于于国会国会cutivecutive行政部行政部门门总统总统及行政官及行政官员员，，执执行法律行法律JJudiciaryudiciary司法部司法部门门，最高法院，解，最高法院，解释释法律法律judicialreviewjudicialreview司法司法审查审查通通过过判例法形成判例法形成规规范的一范的一项项制衡措施制衡措施第五章第五章，，刑法刑法一、一、构构成犯罪行成犯罪行为为的要素的要素1,actusreus1,actusreus犯罪行犯罪行为为，包括，包括voluntaryvoluntaryactact有意有意识识作出的行作出的行为为和和omissionomission不作不作为为，存在法律上的，存在法律上的义务义务可是不作可是不作为为而而导导致犯罪的致犯罪的发发生生,,22，，mensreamensrea犯罪意犯罪意图图，也叫犯意，四，也叫犯意，四种种犯意，由高到低分犯意，由高到低分为为，，intentionintentionorpurposelyorpurposely故意，故意，knowledgeknowledgeorknowinglyorknowingly明知，采取放任明知，采取放任态态度度，，recklessnessorrecklesslyrecklessnessorrecklessly轻轻率率鲁鲁莽（莽（极极端端轻轻率有可能入罪），率有可能入罪），negligentlynegligently过过失疏忽（一般失疏忽（一般过过失不失不会会追究刑事追究刑事责责任）任）3,coincidenceconcurrence3,coincidenceconcurrence同同时发时发生在犯罪生在犯罪与与犯意之犯意之间间具有具有同同时时性性44，，causationcausation因果因果关关系系causeinfactcauseinfact事事实实原因（若不是原因（若不是这个这个行行为为就就不不会导会导致致这个结这个结果）果）causeinlawcauseinlaw法律原因法律原因二、二、legaldefenselegaldefense合法合法辩护辩护11，，excuseexcuse可得可得宽宽恕，如未成年，精神失常等恕，如未成年，精神失常等22，，justificationjustification正正当当理由，理由，证证明适明适当当，如正，如正当当防防卫卫，，紧紧急避急避险险等等33，，intoxicationintoxication酗酒，酗酒，voluntaryintoxicationvoluntaryintoxication自愿醉自愿醉态态不可不可辩护辩护，，involuntaryintoxicationinvoluntaryintoxication非自愿醉非自愿醉态态可可辩护辩护44，，mistakemistake错误错误法律法律错误错误和事和事实错误实错误55，，duduressress 胁胁迫，迫，不适用于不适用于murdermurder谋杀谋杀和和treasontreason叛叛国国罪罪66，，consentofthevictimconsentofthevictim受害人同意受害人同意，如安，如安乐乐死死77，，entrapmententrapment警察圈套警察圈套三、三、majorcrimesmajorcrimes主要罪行主要罪行英：（罪行英：（罪行轻轻重）重）treasontreason叛叛国国罪，罪，felonyfelony 重罪，重罪，misdemeanormisdemeanor轻轻罪罪美：（美：（诉讼诉讼程序）程序）summaryoffencesummaryoffence即即决决罪，罪，indictableoffenceindictableoffence可可诉讼诉讼罪，罪，hybridoffencehybridoffence混合程序罪混合程序罪几几种种罪行：罪行：A,A,HHomicideomicide杀杀人罪人罪,,分分为为11，，murdermurder预谋杀预谋杀人，人，传统内传统内涵涵：：maliceaforethoughtmaliceaforethought预谋杀预谋杀人人现现代代类类型：型：IIntenttokillmurderntenttokillmurder预谋杀预谋杀人人IIntenttodoseriousbodilyinjurymurderntenttodoseriousbodilyinjurym urder预谋预谋重重伤伤致死致死RRecklessindifferencetovalueofhumanlifeordepravedheartecklessind ifferencetovalueofhumanlifeordepravedheartmurdermurder极极端端轻轻率率谋杀谋杀FFelonymurderelonymurder重罪重罪谋杀谋杀DDegreeegree：：FFirstdegreemurderirstdegreemurder一一级谋杀级谋杀（一（一级谋杀级谋杀及部分重罪及部分重罪谋杀谋杀）可判死）可判死刑刑SSeconddegreemurdereconddegreemurder二二级谋杀级谋杀（故意重（故意重伤谋杀伤谋杀，，极极端端轻轻率率谋杀谋杀，，部分重罪部分重罪谋杀谋杀）死刑以下，即）死刑以下，即终终身身监监禁及以下禁及以下22，，manslaughtermanslaughter非非预谋杀预谋杀人人voluntarymanslaughtervoluntarymanslaughter非非预谋预谋故意故意杀杀人人involuntarymanslaughterinvoluntarymanslaughter非非预谋过预谋过失失杀杀人人B,physicalinjuryB,physicalinjury伤伤害罪分害罪分为为BBatteryattery殴殴打打AAssaultssault企企图伤图伤害害MMayhemayhem重重伤伤C,burglaryC,burglary夜夜盗盗罪，罪，怀怀着着实实施重罪的意施重罪的意图图在在夜里打夜里打开并进开并进入他人住入他人住宅宅的行的行为为第六章，第六章，proceduralprocedurallawlaw诉讼诉讼法法英美英美诉讼诉讼制度的特点：制度的特点：AAdversarysystemdversarysystem对对抗制抗制PProcedureorientedrocedureoriented追求程序上的正追求程序上的正当当JJurysystemurysystem陪陪审团审团制度制度一、一、民事民事诉讼诉讼civilprocedurecivilprocedure11，，prepre--trialproceduretrialprocedure审审前程序前程序pleadingpleading诉诉答程序答程序plaintiffplaintiff原告原告filesacomplaintfilesacomplaint提交提交诉状诉状courtcourt法院法院向被告（向被告（defendantdefendant））发发出出传传票（票（summonsummon））defendantdefendant被告被告admissionadmission承承认认罪罪状状或或answeranswer答答辩状辩状或者或者councounterclaimterclaim反反诉诉（如果（如果对对原告有原告有诉讼诉讼））22，，discoverydiscovery证证据据开开示程序示程序33，，pretrialconferencepretrialconference审审前前会议会议44，，settlement/ADRsettlement/ADR和解和解与与替代程序替代程序55，，trialtrial审审理理A,juryA,jury（（传统传统上上1212人，人，现现在最少在最少66人）人）trialtrial陪陪审员审审员审判判挑挑选选陪陪审员审员HHearingandinstructionearingandinstruction听听审审DDeliberationandverdicteliberationandverdict议议事事审审判（判（联联邦需一直裁邦需一直裁决决，州不一定），州不一定）B,B,BBenchtrialenchtrial法院法院审审理理OOpeningstatementpeningstatement开开庭庭陈陈述，先原告后述，先原告后被告被告PPresentationresentation举证举证CClosingargumentlosingargument/statement/summation/statement/s ummation结结案呈案呈辞辞C,judgmentC,judgment判判决决MMoneydamageoneydamage金金钱损钱损害害赔偿赔偿EEquitablereliefquitablerelief衡平救衡平救济济（禁令（禁令injunctioninjunction或或实际实际履行履行specificspecificperanceperance））DDeclaratoryreliefeclaratoryrelief宣告式救宣告式救济济AAwardsofcostswardsofcosts诉讼费诉讼费用解用解决决二、二、刑事刑事诉讼诉讼criminalprocedurecriminalprocedure11，，PPretrialproceedingsretrialproceedings审审前程序前程序AArrestrrest逮捕（有逮捕（有证证无无证证逮捕逮捕warrantwarrant或或probablecauseprobablecause可能性根可能性根据）据）BBookingooking登登记记FFilingcomplaintilingcomplaint提起指控确定罪行提起指控确定罪行IInitialappearancenitialappearance初次聆初次聆讯讯，到庭，到庭PPreliminaryhearingreliminaryhearing预审预审听听证证IIndictmentndictment控告控告AArraignmentrraignment传讯传讯，提，提审审33，，pleabargain/negotiation/agreementpleabargain/negotiation/agreemen t变诉变诉交易交易pleadtoalessseriouschargepleadtoalessseriouscharge指控，罪名交易（指控，罪名交易（认认一一个个更更轻轻的罪）的罪）罪罪数数交易交易（（检检察官承察官承诺诺））刑刑罚罚交易（交易（对对所控罪所控罪认认罪，罪，检检察官向法官建察官向法官建议减轻议减轻刑刑罚罚））44，，trialandsentencingtrialandsentencingjuryselectionjuryselectionproofp roof三、三、证证据据evidenceevidence1,1,分分类类：：RRealevidenceealevidence实实物物证证据据DDocumentaryevidenceocumentaryevidence书书面面证证据据TTestimonialevidenceestimonialevidence证证人人证证言言JJudicialnoticeudicialnotice司法司法认认知知2,2,分分类类：：DDirectevidenceirectevidence直接直接证证据据CCircumstantialevidenceircumstantialevidence情形情形证证据据3,3,证证明明责责任任burdenburdenofproofofproof （（burdenofproductionburdenofproduction提出提出证证据据责责任任burdenofpersuasionburdenofpersuasion说说服服证证据据责责任）：任）：民事中，民事中，谁谁主主张谁举证张谁举证，原告，原告刑事中刑事中,,对对于于构构成要件成要件来说来说，公，公诉检诉检察官察官举证举证；被告；被告积极积极抗抗辩时辩时，，被告被告举证举证。
英美法概论复习提纲
英美法概论复习提纲一、重点词汇1.英美法概论General Introduction to Anglo-American Law2.英美法系the Anglo-American Leagal System3.法系legal families= law systems4.罗马法系Romanist Family5.德国法系Germanic Family6.北欧法系Nordic Family7.远东法系fast east law family8.宗教法体系religious legal systems9.比较法学家comparative jurists10.法律渊源legal sources11.正式渊源Formal Sources12.非正式渊源Informal Sources13.书面渊源Literary source14.公法Public law15.私法Private law (civil law)16.合同法Contracts17.侵权法Torts18.物权法Real and personal property19.信托法Trusts20.证据法Evidence law21.刑法Criminal law22.民法Civil law23.商法Commercial law24.公司法Corporation law25.税法Taxation law26.贸易规则Trade regulation27.宪法Constitutional law28.行政法Administrative law29.劳动法Labor law30.法律冲突conflicts of laws31.比较法comparative law30.法理学jurisprudence31.法制史legal history32.家庭法Family law33.继承法The law of succession34.普通法Common law35.衡平法Equity law36.习惯法Case law 37.制定法Statute law/Enacted law38.成文法Written law39.不成文法Unwritten law40.程序法Procedure law41.实体法Substantive law42.习惯法Customary law /Common law43.判例报告law reports44.判案陈述case stated45.中华人民共和国the People’s Republic of China46.民法通则General Principles of the Civil Law47.行政法规Administrative regulations48.地方立法Local legislation49.国际条约International Treaties50.法国民法典the French Civil Code51.法律委员会Law Commission52.全国人民代表大会the National People's Congress（NPC）53.全国人大常委Standing Committee of NPC54.全国人大法工委Law Commission of the National People's Congress55.国务院The state council56.巡回法官circuit judges57.最高法院Supreme Court58.上诉法院Court of Appeal59.高等法院High Court60.王室法院Crown Court61.治安法院Magistrates’Court62.郡法院County Court63.太平绅士Justice of the peace64.司法判决judicial decisions65.司法部门Judicial Branch66.立法部门Legislative Branch67.行政部门Executive Branch68.助教teaching assistants69.讲师lecturers70.助理教授assistant professor71.副教授associate professor72.教授professor二、英汉互译1.中华人民共和国民法通则General principles of civil law of People’s Republic of China2.于1987年1月1日生效To be effective/valid on January 1st , 1987.3.公民之间的财产关系和人身关系Property relationships and personal relationships among citizens.4.平等民事主体之间的关系relationships among civil subjects with equal status/equal civil subjects5.调整当事人之间的民事关系To adjust civil relationships among the parties/clients.6.当事人在民事活动中的地位平等Parties to civil activities shall have equal status.7.在民事活动中的自愿原则，公平原则，等价有偿原则、诚实信用原则The principle of voluntariness, the principle of fairness, the principle of making compensation for equal value, and the principle of honesty and credibility in civil activities.8.民事活动应当遵守这些原则All these principles shall be abided by/observed in civil activities.9.公民、法人的合法民事权益应受到法律保护The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall be protected by laws.10.在中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动，适用中华人民共和国法律the law of the People’s Republic of China shall apply to civil activities within the People’s Republic of China11.本法关于公民的规定适用于在我国领域内的外国人，无国籍人the stipulation of this law with regard to citizens shall apply to foreigners and stateless persons/ persons without nationality within our country.。
英美法律制度期末复习.doc
1. (有效赠与满足的三个条件)three requirements for an effective gifts:(1) delivery :Delivery is obvious in most cases, but some objects cannot be relinquished physically(2) donative intent: Donative intent (the intent to make a gift) is determined from the language of the donor and the surrounding circumstan ces.(3)acceptance by the donee: The final requirement of a valid gift is acceptance by the donee.2. (反向取得的四个条件)adverse possession:(1) Possession must be actual and exclusive, than is ,the possessor must take sole physical occupancy of the property.(2) The possession must be open ,visible and notorious, not secret and clandestine.The possessor must occupy the land for all the world to see.(3) Possession must be continuous and peaceable for the required period of time.(4) Possession must be hostile and adverse3. Battery (非法接触)andAssault(威吓)的异同:(1) Smilarity: Both have intention to make contact (2) Difference: contact : 1 .The first of intentionally inflicted injury is battery.Battery is the intentional, unconsented, harmful or offensive touching of another.2. Assault occurs when the defendants's acts intentionally cause the victim's reasonable apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact. The contact must be seen as imminent. Intention:ln case of the assault there is no physical harm to victim , it is just threat from criminal to victim. While in case of battery ,there must be some physical contact between criminal and victim.4. Conversion(侵占)的概念和特征：概念：Conversion is a special type of trespass.lt isan intentional interference with plaintiff's possession or owners hip of property that is so substantial that D should be required to pay the property's full value. It involves a major interference, more serious interference with the possesssor's rights.特征：(1) Conversion is anIntentional tort(2) Distinguishe d from trespass to chattels5. 地役权(1) An easement is the right of s person to make limited use of another persons' real property without taking anything from the property.(2) An easement, for example,can be the right to walkAcross another's property. Incontrast, profit is the rightto go on to land in possession of another and take away some part of the land itself or some product of the land6. (过失侵权的成立要素)elements of negligence:(1) the duty of care andIts breach (2) the injury(3) causation三.案例1 .火车爆炸案(可预见性foreseeability)1 ssues:1.How is the duty of due care that is owed determined?2. To whom does a party owe the duty of due care?Holding and Rule(Cardozo 一"Zone of Danger" rule)1. A duty that is owed must be determined from the risk that can reasonably be foreseenunder the circumstances.2. A defendant owes a duty of care only to those who are in the reasonably foreseeable zoneof danger.a. "there was nothing in the situation to suggest to the most cautious mind that the parcelwrapped in newspaper would spread wreckage through the station. If the guard had thrown it down knowingly and willfully, he would not have threatened the plaintiff's safety, so far asappearances could warn him."b. Without any perception that one's actions could harm someone, there could be no dutytowards that person, and therefore no negligence for which to impose liability.一个正常的小心谨慎的人所感知的危险的范围决定应承担责任的范围(the orbit Of the danger aSdiSQosed tO the eye Of reasonablevigilance would be the orbit of the duty)2 土地测量误差'Issues: 1.1s tacking of possess!on by subsequent occupants permitted if the land is occup ied under a mistake of fact?2.May a party prevail on aclaim of adverse possessionif physical use of theproperty was limited to summer occupancy?Holding and Rule1. Yes. Tacking of possessionby subsequent occupants ispermitted if the land is occupied under a mistake of fact provided the occupants are in privity.2. Yes. A party may prevail ona claim of adverse possessionif physical use of the property was limited to summer o ecu pa ncy.I ssue: 1. Is a claim of adverse possession defeated because the house was only used as asummer property?2. Can a person who has recorded title to a tract of land adjacent to his, but thinking that hehas correct title to the land which he possesses, tack his adverse possession onto theprevious periods of occu pancy which went before his?Holding: 1.No. T D establish continuity of possession, a person must only occupy the property for periods of time which are consistent with the nature of the property.2. \fes. Where there are several successive bona fide purchases and recordings of a deed toa tract of land adjacent to the tract of land occupied, and the cumulative possessions arelonger than the statute of limitations for actions to recover property, there is sufficient privity to permit tacking and thus establish adverse possession. Reasoning: 1. The court reasoned that the rule of continuity was not one requiring absolute mat he matical continuity, but rather if the land is occupied during the period of the year when it is capable of use, that is sufficient.2. The requirement of "privity" is intended to keep chains of unrelated squatters from voiding the title of the original owner, and clearly those are not the facts in this case. Each possessor was a bona fide purchaser from the previous one. Furthermore, where a person claims more than his deed describes, the question of privity is not defeated, so it should be the same for where the deeddescribes an adjacent parcel of land.I ssues1.1s tacking of possession by subsequent occupants permitted if the land is occupied under amistake of fact?2.May a party prevail on a claim of adverse possession if physical use of the property waslimited to summer occupancy?1 .Under WA property law, may a person who receives record title to tract A under themistaken belief that he has title to tract B (immediately adjacent to tract A) and who subsequently occupies tract B, for the purpose of establishing title to tract B by adverse possession, use the periods of possession of tract B by his immediate predecessors who also had record title to tract A?Holding and Rule1 .Yes. Tacking of possession by subsequent occupants is permitted if the land is occupiedunder a mistake of fact provided the occupants are in privity.2. Yes. A party may prevail on a claim of adverse possession if physical use of the propertywas limited to summer occupancy.3. Yes. When several successive purchasers received record title to tract A, under themistaken belief that they were acquiring tract B, immediately adjacent, and where possession of tract B is transferred and occupied in a continuous manner for more than 10 years bysuccessive occupants, there is sufficient privity of estate to permit tacking and thus establish adverse possession as a matter of law.。
英美法律制度 期末复习 In the reign of Henry II
In the reign of Henry II (1154-1189) the king carried out a series of events that brought about radical changes in system of royal courts and a law common to all of England. The movement started with an implementation of the royal claim to ownership of all the land in England在亨利二世登基的时候(1154-1189国王进行了一系列的事件,彻底改变了系统中的王室法庭和律师共同所有的英格兰。
运动实现了皇家对所有权的要求所有的土地在英格兰Types and numbers of the writs — Register of WritsCouncil determined the types of writs that could be issued◆Functions of writsRemoval of the administration of justice from communal (local) and seignorial courts toward central administration of justice;Chief source were land cases.类型和编号的令状,请即登记的身上理事会的类型,确定可令状发行◆令状的功能切除的司法(局部)从公共和seignorial向中央司法法院;主要来源是土地的病例。
Keeping the division of advocacy and counseling has always been a tradition in England. Barristers: Barristers have the sole right to appear in the higher courts—Crown courts, High Court, Court of Appeal, and House of Lords. Barristers do not deal directly with lay clients, but only with solicitors.Solicitors: Solicitors perform the counselling function and may appear in lesser courts. 保持宣传和咨询的划分一直是一个传统在英格兰。
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一，Remedies precede rights (程序先于救济)：所谓“程序先于权利”，即一项权利能否得到保护，首先要看当事人所选择的程序是否正确，如果程序出现错误，其权利就得不到保护。
即使该权利有实体法上的根据，也无法获得救济。
二，stare decisis （遵循先例）遵循先例原则是判例法的一个基本原则，它是判例法得以形成的基础。
遵循先例原则的基本含义就是，包含在以前判决中的法律原则对以后同类案件有约束力，具体说就是高级法院的判决对下级法院处理同类案件有约束力，同一法院的判决对其以后的同类案件的判决具有约束力。
即指以前判决中的法律原则对以后同类案件具有约束力。
具有使法律更稳定和可预见性及提高司法效率的意义。
Constitution宪法Article1 Legislative Powers本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成Article2 Executive Powers行政权力赋予美利坚合众国总统。
总统任期四年，总统和具有同样任期的副总统，应照下列手续选举Article3 Judicial Powers合众国的司法权属於一个最高法院以及由国会随时下令设立的低级法院。
最高法院和低级法院的法官，如果尽忠职守，应继续任职，并按期接受俸给作为其服务之报酬，在其继续任职期间，该项俸给不得削减宪法修正案amendments公民享有表达宗教集会的自由无正当程序不得剥夺他人生命自由财产……14th正常程序平等保护权Fundamental Principles基本原则Federalism 联邦制Necessary and Proper Clause国会为了行使上述各项权力定一切必要的和适当的法律。
Powers of the states 【10th Amendments】residual state power宪法未授予合众国也为禁止各州形式的权利由各州各自保留或由人民保留Separation of powers, checks and balances 分权制衡Separationchecks and balances国会弹劾行政官员包括总统法官及总统的否决总统：否决权提名权：大使最高法院的法官在参议院同意下任命参议院官员法院：司法审查审查国会立法及总统同意的法律是否违宪Judicial Review司法审查/违宪审查基于制衡原则而由一司法管辖区的法院所行使的司法权，用以判断行政机构和立法机构制定的法律或者规章制度是否符合宪法的机制。
如果违宪则被法院宣判无效。
【三，separation of powers ，checks and balance （分权制衡）】美国宪法规定三权分立原则。
立法权由国会享有。
行政权由总统享有。
司法权由联邦最高法院和各级法院享有。
在总统和国会之间，总统有权否决国会的立法，但是国会两院又能以三分之二多数否定总统的否决。
总统有权提名联邦法官和部长候选人以及缔结条约，但是都必须经过参议院的批准。
国会可以通过弹劾将总统或法官免职，但必须达到三分之二多数。
众议院独操弹劾权，参议院独操审判弹劾案之权。
若总统受审，必须由最高法院首席法官主持审判。
弹劾的结果只是免职，但被定罪的人，仍可依法受起诉、审判、判决和惩罚。
除弹劾案外，总统有权对危害合众国的犯罪行为发布缓刑令和赦免令。
总统任命最高法院法官，但法官上任后只要忠于职守，便可终身任职，这就保证他们不再受到任何权力或私利的牵制，以便作出公正的判决。
最高法院有权对包括宪法在内的一切法律作解释，从而导致了司法复审权的确立。
法院有权宣布国会通过、总统签署的法律为违宪而非法，总统和国会都必须服从法院的判决。
但是最高法院无权否定宪法修正案，国会若要否定最法院对于某项法律的违宪判决，可以通过宪法修正案，这样便与法院无关。
同时，国会有权对玩忽职守或犯罪的法官提出弹劾。
四，elements of crime（犯罪构成）1，犯罪行为。
包括有意的作为和违反法律义务的不作为。
2，犯罪意图，具体包括故意，明知，轻率、鲁莽，严重的过失疏忽。
3，犯罪行为和犯意需同时发生。
4，犯罪行为和结果具有因果关系。
包括具有犯罪结果的产生是由于犯罪行为的发生的事实原因和违反了法律规定或最贴近规定的法律原因。
因果关系因排除不可预见的介入原因。
五，Legal defense（犯罪的辩护理由）1，具有可得到宽恕的理由。
包括（未成年，精神病，胁迫等）A,intoxication 醉酒，自愿状态不能作为辩护理由，非自愿状态可以作为辩护理由。
B，胁迫。
不适用与谋杀和叛国罪。
C，consent of the victim 受害人同意，如强奸和同意约定的伤害。
2，具有正当理由，证明行为适当。
如正当防卫，entrapment 警察圈套【就是警察设下某种圈套，诱人进行犯罪活动，从而取得犯罪证据。
分为两种：一是犯人本身已经具有犯意的：允许二是使之产生犯意禁止】Major Crimes 主要罪名杀人罪一级二级非预谋杀人罪分为involuntary manslaughter（无故意非预谋杀人罪，如：过失杀人，指在履行合法行为或有过错但非犯罪行为中因未尽到应有的注意或疏忽或因缺乏规定的技术等原因导致他人死亡）和voluntary manslaughter（非预谋但故意杀人罪，如：激情杀人“heat of passion”或行为能力减退情况“diminished capacity”下杀人，指一时冲动而故意杀人，也称为intentional manslaughter）。
伤害罪【殴打企图伤害重伤夜盗罪Burglary 怀着实施重罪的意图在夜里打开并进入他人住宅的行为。
其他有关财产的有损公平的六，与大陆法系诉讼制度相比英美诉讼制度的特点（procedural law）：1，对抗制（法官处于消极状态，原告和被告处主导地位）vs纠问制（法官处于积极状态）2，程序导向vs 结果导向3，陪审团制度。
包括大陪审团和小陪审团。
七，civil procedure （民诉程序）1，审前程序（1），诉答程序（pleading）：A,起诉B,答辩，C,反诉，交叉请求，引入诉讼（2），证据开示（discovery）：A,书面质问书B,口头笔录证言、C,要求承认、D,要求提供文件和身体与精神检查。
(3),审前会议（4）和解与替代程序（settlement/ADR）2，审判（trial）（1）陪审团审判（jury trail）：A,陪审员挑选：a，预先审查，包括有因回避和强制回避。
b,人数：传统的为12人，现在至少6人。
B，听取双方辩护及法官指示，寻找事实真相。
C，审议裁定。
a，观点一致的b，观点不一致的，按比例决定。
（2）法官(无陪审团)审讯（bench trail）。
a，开案陈述/陈词b，举证c，结束辩论，总结陈词。
3，裁判：a，金钱损害赔偿b，衡平救济c，宣告式救济d，诉讼费用的判决八criminal procedure （刑事诉讼）1，审前程序（1）逮捕。
需不需要逮捕证（根据合理根据）（2）登记（3）提起指控（4）初次聆讯（5）预审听证（检察官起诉书）or（大陪审团）控告（6）传讯，提审。
（7）判决(超出合理怀疑)九plea bargain/negotitation/agreement(辩诉交易)1，指控/罪名交易2，罪数交易3，刑罚交易辩诉交易（PleaBargaining）是指在法院开庭审理之前，作为控诉方的检察官和代表被告人的辩护律师进行协商，以检察官撤销指控、降格指控或者要求法官从轻判处刑罚为条件，来换取被告人的有罪答辩，进而双方达成均可接受的协议。
通俗的说，辩诉交易就是在检察官与被告人之间进行的一种“认罪讨价还价”行为。
通过这样一种制度，检察官、法官可以用最少的司法资源处理更多的刑事案件提高办案效率同时罪犯也得到了较之原罪行减轻了一定程度的刑事制裁，从而对双方都有利，形成一种双赢的局面。
十．Adverse possession（时效占有）所谓取得时效，亦称时效取得，是指无权占有人以行使所有权或其他物权的意思公然、和平和继续占有他人的物达到一定期间，而取得所占有物的所有权或其他权利的制度。
1，须公开，可见，和平的占有他人之物2，须持续占有一定的时间。
十一，real property（不动产）所谓不动产是指土地本身和建筑物以及树木土壤、矿藏、植物和其他永久附着于土地或建筑物之上或之下的物品。
从法律上看，它指的是一种权利。
包括对土地与建筑物的权利，空间的权利、地下权利、对生物的权利及附着物的权利等六种。
十二，estate（不动产权益）1，现实（即时）权益（present interests ）A，自由占有（freehold）/完全占有权。
b，限制性继承不动产权益/限定继承所有权。
c，终身不动产权益/终身所有权B，非自由占有（non-freehold）：租凭占有2，未来权益（future interests）A，回收权/取回所有权B，继受所有权3，共有权（concurrent estates）A共同共有/联合占有/共同租借权B整体租凭权C共有租借权4，不动产转让与所有权登记（transfer&recording）5，不动产的租凭关系A任意租凭/任意承租权B不定期租凭/定期持续承租权C定期租凭/有终止期限的承租权十三，intentional torts（故意侵权）（1）构成要件（elements）1，具有主观故意，行为故意而非结果2，具有侵权的行为3，侵权行为和发生结果存在因果关系。
(2)major intentional torts）1，殴打2，攻击。
足够引发他人恐惧继位攻击，单纯的言语不构成攻击3，非法拘禁4，精神伤害5，侵犯土地6，侵犯动产7，侵占动产（3）抗辩理由（defense）1，同意。
包括明示和暗示。
2，正当防卫3，其他理由4，保卫财产（要先提出警告，然后只能采取合理的，适当的防卫）5，夺回财产。
（采用合理措施）6，紧急避险7，法律许可8，正当理由(兜底条款)十四，tort of negligence（过失侵权）（不需主观故意，只要产生实际损失）（1），构成要件1，注意义务的存在（以客观标准，即一般人的标准）2，违反义务的行为3，行为和结果存在因果关系（排除介入因素）4，造成实际损害（2），辩护理由1，原告过失，共同过失2，比较过失3，自冒风险4，特殊豁免十五，contract（合同）1，合同的类型：A，双务合同：合同缔约双方相互负担义务，双方的义务与权利相互关联，互为因果的合同。
&单务合同：履行合同的风险全部由承担义务的一方负担。
B，明示合同（口头或书面表示）&默示合同（无明确规定，却能体现出来的）C，有效合同，无效合同，可撤销合同，不可强制执行合同（考虑因素：对价，同意，缔约能力，形式。