英美文学期末复习资料汇总
英美文学期末考试复习
第一章殖民主义时期的文学1、American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.American Puritanism influences on American literature:a. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义b. Symbolism 象征主义c. Simplicity. 简洁清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
英美文学期末复习
English poetry’s basic elements:Meter(格律), rhyme（韵律）, alliteration（头韵）, stanza（诗节）iambic tetrameter 四步抑扬格anapestic trimester 三步抑抑扬dactylic dimeter 两步扬抑抑Male rhymes（阳韵）单词带有单音节Female rhymes（阴韵）带有多音节forms of English poetry：ballad（歌谣）, sonnet（十四行诗）and blank verse（无韵诗）Italian sonne意大利十四行诗前octave(八行) 韵律abbaabba后sestet(六行) 韵律cdcece or cdecde.English sonnet 也叫Shakespearean abab cdcd efef gg1. Shakespeare 莎士比亚的Sonnet 18（criticized religious persecution（宗教迫害），insatiable lust for money(对金钱的贪求) bourgeois egoism（利己主义），Eulogized youth, love, friendship power of human life, worldly happiness ）In this poet, Shakespeare believes that his beloved beauty is unparalleled(无双的) and everlasting because he is represented in the poetry.在诗的couplet 处的conclusion是：So long as human beings exist in the world, people will appreciate the poet’s beloved’s beauty described in this poem and then his beauty will be everlastingWhat does the poem reveal about beauty?All beautiful and nice things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.The poem reveals Shakespeare’s faith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting power of human art and the creative power of human beings.2 William Wordsworth 华兹华斯的She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways属于ballad，narrative poem（in four-lined stanzas with iambic tetrameter抑扬四音部in odd numbered lines and iambic trimeter抑扬三音部in even numbered lines）在这首诗中，Wordsworth用metaphor暗喻的手法先to compare the young lady to a violet紫罗兰，美得modest and obscure谦逊。
英美文学期末考试(精品文档)_共8页
名词解释1、英国浪漫主义（England Romanticism）A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art inwestern culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as revolt against classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion emotion, and natural beauty. The English Romantic Period is an age of poetry.2. 英雄双行体（Heroic Couplet）Heroic couplet is a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often containing a complete though. There is a fairly heavy at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.3. 超验主义（Transcendentalism）In New England, an intellectual movement known transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set authors based in Concord, Massachusetts, and was led Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. Instead, the transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. The transcendentalists found their chief source of aspiration in nature.4. 迷茫的一代（Lost Generation）The Lost Generation refers to the disillusioned intellectuals and artists of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or cynical hedonism.5. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment Movement）The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement, which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the time. It wasa furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century. Its purposewas to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment Movement.7.无韵体blank verseThis term , which was first brought into England by Surrey , is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry.8.三一律The Three UnitiesThe Three Unities , formulated by Renaissance dramatists, are the unities of time, place and action. A play should have no scenes irrelevant to the action, should not cover more than twenty-four hours, and should not cover more than one locale.6.自由体free verseIt is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventional rules of meter.9.现代主义ModernismModernism was a complex and diverse international, movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facts, such as symbolism surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.10.英国文艺复兴RenaissanceThe term refers to a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. The Renaissance , therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe.英国文学1. Beowulf : a national epic2. The Renaissance(原因)：(1) rediscoveries of ancient Greek and Roman culture.(2) discoveries in geography and astrology.(3)Religious reformation and economic expansion.3. William Shakespeare四大悲剧：《Hamlet》《Othello》《Macbeth》《King Lear》喜剧：《The Merchant of Venice》: It is a comedy dramatic ironic to Christian.17世纪：4. John Milton(约翰弥尔顿)《Paradise Lost》blank verse(无韵体诗)5. John Bunyan(约翰班扬)《The Pilgrim’s Progress》（天路历程）：让人遵守宗教条例并且通过不断与自己薄弱意识和恶势力作斗争来自我拯救。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料English Literary HistoryI. Old and Medieval English Literature (from 450 to 1066, and from 1066 to the second half of the 14th century)1. Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2. Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3. Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. 坎特伯雷故事集II. The Renaissance Period (from the 14th century to mid-17th century)4. Humanism人文主义is the essence of the Renaissance.5. Edmund Spenser is known as “the poets’ poet”. Masterpiece the Faerie Queene仙后is a great poem of its age.6. Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗马洛is the most gifted of the “University Wits”大学才子. His masterpieces are Tamburlaine, Dr. Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II. Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.7. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets. His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人is the most importantplay among the comedies.8. Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist.9. John Donne is the leading figure of the “Metaphysical school.”III. The Neoclassical period (from 1660 to 1789)10. The neoclassical period, that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason. Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism.11. The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form –the modern English novel.12. John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church. His masterpiece is the Pilgrim’s Progress.天路历程(最成功的宗教寓言诗)13. Alexander Pope’s亚历山大·蒲柏best satiric work is The Dunciad (愚人志).14. Daniel Defoe’s works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.15. Jonathan Swift(乔纳森.斯威夫特格列佛游记) was a master satirist. His “A Modest Proposal” is generally taken as a perfect model.16. Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁is regarded as “father of the EnglishNovel”(英国小说之父). He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”(散文讽刺史诗), the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.17. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman – A Dictionary of the English Language.18. Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially the Rivals and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy.19. Thomas Gray’s masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,”(墓园挽歌) establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School.”IV. The Romantic period (from 1789 to 1832)20. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of Wordsworth a nd Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballad s and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.21. William Blake was literarily the first important English Romantic poet. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry. Hismajor works are Songs of Innocence, Songs of experience and Marriage of heaven and Hell.22. William Wordsworth, together with Robert Southey and Coleridge, became known as the “Lake Poets.” (湖畔诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞)He published Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣) in collaboration with Coleridge. The preface to this collection of poems is considered as declarations of romanticism.23. Samual Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the ancient mariner.24.George Gordon Byron’s masterpiece is Don Juan(唐璜), which was called comic epi c and mock epic.25. Percy Bysshe Shelley’s greatest achievement is Prometheus Unbound. His most well-known lyric is “Ode to the West Wind.”西风颂26. John Keats is known for his many great odes. (Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, and Keats are indisputably great English poets.)27. Jane Austen’s first novel is Sense and Sensibility. Her masterpieces are Pride and Prejudice, and Emma.V. The Victorian period (from 1832 to 1901)28. Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.29. Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone.30. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. Dickens is a master of story-telling, andCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works. 31. Bronte Sisters: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. Emily is chiefly famous for her only novel, Wuthering Heights.32. Alfred Tennyson’s 丁尼生masterpiece is In Memoriam.悼念33. George Eliot, as a pioneer to the modern psychoanalytical novel, was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside.”34. Thomas Hardy’s works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical writer, influenced by nature and environment.VI. The Modern Period (1902- )35. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.36. Bernard Shaw萧伯纳is a brilliant dramatist. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, so his plays can be termed as problem plays. His plays have one passion only, that is, Indignation.37. John Galsworthy is a modern novelist. His first trilogy is Forsyte Saga: The man of property, in chancery and to Let.38. William Butler Yeats was awarded Noble Prize for literature in 1923. His well-known poem is “sailing to Byzantium.”39. T. S. Eliot was originally a very famous American poet, verse dramatist and prose writer. His major poems are “the love song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, and “the waste land.” 荒原是二十世纪诗歌的里程碑40. D. H. Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelist of the 20th century and also the greatest from a working-class family. The Rainbow and Women in Love are regarded as his masterpieces.41. James Joyce is the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist. His masterpiece is Ulysses. 尤利西斯是二十世纪小说的里程碑American Literary HistoryI. The Romantic Period (from the end of 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War)42. Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation. His The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent contains the first modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile literature: Rip Van winkle and “the Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.43. Ralph Waldo Emerson,拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生the American toweringfigure of his era, was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England. His Essays includes his best writings such as The American Scholar, Self-reliance, The Over-soul.44. Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑is one of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers in the American literary history. His masterpieces include The Scarlet Letter.45. Walt Whitman惠特曼is a national figure in American literary history. His Leaves of Grass草叶集has always been considered a monumental work, containing “song of myself.”46. Herman Melville’s赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick大白鲸is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces.47. Edgar Alan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡is a famous fictional writer, short story writer.48. James Fenimore Cooper’s詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏lasting fame rests on his frontier stories, including The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, the pathfinder, The Pioneers, and the Prairie.II. The Realistic Period (1856-1914)49. Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clements, is a great literary giant of America and is considered the true father of American literature. He is known as a local colorist. Major works are Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer.50. Henry James is the first American writer to conceive his career in international terms and the founder of steam-of-consciousness. Best works are the Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.51. Emily Dickinson is the only woman in this period.52. Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest America’s literary natura lists. Sister Carrie is his best-known novel and An American Tragedy is his greatest work.53. Stephan Crane is a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition. He is mainly famous for The Red Badge of Courage.III. The Modern Period (1914-)54. Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement,” was one of the most influential American poets of the 20th century.55. Robert Frost is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize.56. Eugene O’Neill is America’s greatest playwright. He was the only dramati st ever to win a Nobel Prize. He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama.” Masterpiece is Long Days Journey Into Night.57. Francis Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative figure of the 1920s. His work, Tales of the Jazz Age, made the 20s called Jazz era. 58. Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular American novelists of 20th century and a spokesman of the “Lost Generation.” Novels include A Farewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea.Quiz1. The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.2. The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment and the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement.3. The Bronte sisters refers to Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.4. Robert Browning is noteworthy for his mastery of the dramatic monologue form.5. Faulkner’s novel the sound and the fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order.6. The poem The Red Wheelbarrow written by William Carlos Williams exemplifies the Imagist-influenced Philosophy of “no ideas but inthings.”7. E. E. Cummings is the most interesting experimentalists in modern American poetry.第二部分：诗歌1.The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Henry Wadsworth LongfellowFootprints in “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls”: The transient nature of human achievement2.“She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways” by William Wordsworth Last stanza creates a kind of perfect pathosThe last line creates a perfect pathos. It shows that Lucy…s death, though, is unnoticed by others and made no difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a great pain and deep grief over her death.Now Lucy is in the grave and her lover is still living lonely on the earth, there will be no chance for him to communicate with her and to feel her beauty, so Lucy‟s death is a great loss to him. In this way, the last line arouses our deep sympathy both for the girl and her lover.3.“Wuthering Heights” by Emily BrontëGod1 Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?Y our soul---CatherineI love my murderer---but yours!My murderer--- CatherineY ours--- Catherine‟s husband: Edgar Catherine‟s brother: Hindley4. A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceWhat does the word “insomnia” imply? Ernest Hemingway A Clean, Well-Lighted Place“insomnia”, a physical disease or mental problem, may be a spiritual wound caused by despair, anxiety, alienation and nihilism.In the course of exploring the deeper meaning of life, Hemingway brings the human neurotic nature into readers’ attention. The here ditary nature of neurosis of Hemingway’s heroes contributes proof to the conviction of naturalists that man is generally a threatened species.It implies that the older waiter unconsciously does not want to confront the chaotic world and shuts him away from reality by sleeping during daytime, or indulging in reverie.第三部分阅读理解1.1. “Sonnet 18” by William ShakespeareShăll I| cǒmpáre| thĕe tó| ă súm|mĕr‟s dáy?Thǒu árt| mǒre lóve|ly ánd| mǒre tém|pĕráte.Róugh wínds| dó sháke| thĕ dár|lǐng búds| ǒf Máy,And súm|mĕr‟s léase| hăth áll| tǒo shórt| ă dáte.Sǒmetímes| tǒo hót| thĕ éye| ǒf héav|ĕn shínes,And óf|ten ís| his góld| cǒmpléx|ǐon dímm‟d;And éve|ry fair| frǒm fáir| sǒmetíme| dĕclínes,By chánce,| ǒr ná|tŭre‟s cháng|ǐng cóurse,| ŭntrímm‟d;Bŭt thy| ĕtér|nál súm|mĕr sháll| nǒt fáde,Nǒr lóse| pǒssés|sǐon óf| thát fáir| thǒu ów‟st;Nǒr sháll| Dĕath brág| thǒu wán|d‟rĕst ín| hǐs sháde,Whĕn ín| ĕtér|nál línes| tǒ tíme| thǒu grów‟st;Sǒ lóng| ás mén| cán bréathe,| ǒr éyes| cán sée,Sǒ lóng| lǐves thís,| ánd thís| gǐves lífe| tǒ thée.What is the rhyme and meter of the poem?Meter: iambic pentameterThe rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.What does the poem reveal?In the poem, the poet shows his profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves and then expounds that all nice and beautiful things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus the poem reveals Shakespeare‟s faith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting powerof human art and the creative power of human beings.2.What is the effectiveness of the use of stream of consciousnesstechnique in the story Eveline3.“Meeting at Night” “Parting at Morning”Theme: Love is absorbing and desirable and makes lovers intent, eager and energetic to meet each other.Love is not the lasting place and a man need to face the actual daily life of worries and hard work.Between romance and reality there is a vast expanse.4.“The Glass Mountain” By Donald BarthelmeWhat modernist devices are used in the story?(1)Repetition(2)Catalogues(3)Collage(4)Parody(5)Displacement(6)Subversion(7)Juxtaposition5.What is the difference between realism and modernism?Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, andadopts a critical tone. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.四．大题1.为什么Robert Frost的诗歌被认为是欺骗性的简单？Robert Frost’s poetry is considered to be deceptively simple, because of the plain language and the common materials. As in this poem, the language is simple, clear and colloquial, and the materials depicted in the poem are everyday incidents, common situations and rural imagery. All these contribute to easy understanding of the poem. But those plain language and common materials are condensed with meaning and wider significance, and contain great lyrical beauty and potent symbolism. Frost implied philosophy of human life in the lines, such as how to deal with choice in our life. Thus there is profound philosophy under the plain lines, which make it simple at the surface. So his poetry is considered to be deceptively simple.2. Give a comparison between Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Sommers from feminist perspective by talking about their family background, troubles,awakening, desire for freedom, pursuit for the self, tragic end and etc.Although both are questing for self and fulfillment of desire, there are many differences between Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Sommers.The first difference lies in their family backgrounds. Mrs. Mallard has a relatively good family background. She doesn’t have to care for material, and she belongs to the middle class or above. To the contrary, Mrs. Sommers’ live is hard and poor and she has to make the most of every penny. She has to care for the bread for the children. Before her marriage, her life seems to be better.Next difference is the troubles they faced. Mrs. Mallard’s pursuit of self and freedom is bound by her husband, or rather, by confinement of social norm. But Mrs. Sommers faces the conflict of her responsibility to her children as opposed to her own fulfillment.Their first awakenings are also different. Mrs. Mallard first has a sensuous awakening to the sounds, scents, color that fills the air, such as “the sparrows’ twittering”, “the delicious breath of rain” and beautiful color in the sky. But Mrs. Sommers firstly awakens to the soothing sense when she touches the stocks.The pursuits of freedom are different. Mrs. Mallard’s idea of freedom is that a person has the right to decide what to think and what to do. She pursues self-assertion. But Mrs. Sommers is pursuing the freedom ofself-fulfillment.The last difference is that their tragic ends are different. Mrs. Mallard dies at last, while Mrs. Sommers has to go back the life as before. All these demonstrate that there lies self-oblivion or self-destruction if only the individual changes and not the world.。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英国文学史期末复习笔记
英美文学史期末复习笔记英国美国1.伊丽莎白时期的文学 1.殖民地时期文学2.17世纪和18世纪的文学 2.浪漫主义文学3.浪漫主义时期 3.现实主义文学4.维多利亚时期 4.自然主义文学5.20世纪的小说与诗歌 5.20世纪20年代的诗歌与小说6.二战后的诗歌 6.二战后的诗歌与小说7.二战后的小说7.美国戏剧梳理8.少数族裔文学1.Definition of epicAn epic is a long narrative poem.2.Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。
乔叟the father of English poetry(literature) 英国文学之父the heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)AA BB CC DD EE代表作:The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）文艺复兴时期The Renaissance(1500-1660)1.the definition of RenaissanceRenaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France and thence to Germany and England and Spain and the other countries.核心：humanism ：admire human beauty and human achievement.文艺复兴三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔2.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)He is actor, playwright;totally 37 playsFour great tragedies:Hamlet (哈姆雷特)Othello(奥赛罗)King Lear(李尔王)Macbeth(麦克白)Four great comedies:The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth night 《第十二夜》Ben Johson dedicated a poem in praise of him:“…Soul of the age.He was not of an age, but for all time”.3.Sonnet(十四行诗）Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic(抑扬格的) pentameters（五步格诗）in English. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearen sonnet after its foremost practitinoner) comprises three quatrains (四行诗)and a final couplet（对句），rhyming ababcdcdefef. An important variant of this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser ), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the turn comes with the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram.4.metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌）The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The name given to a diverse group of 17th-century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious (精致的)use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits(幻想), strange paradoxes, and far-reaching imagery, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. T.S Eliot and others revived their reputation, stressing their quality of wit, in the sense of intellectual strenuousness and flexibility rather than smart humor.Its main features:①the diction is simple②The imagery is drawn from the actual life③The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.5.John Donne(1572-1631)View of poetry: A blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or "wit".The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.Special features: Conceits;wit;imagery;dramatic and conversational style.代表作：the flea《跳蚤》6.Francis Bacon(1561-1626)He is the precursor of materialism英国唯物主义的始祖（马克思和恩格斯语）；also the founder of modern science；the first British essayist.作品：Essays《随笔》(of studies is the most famous one of them)7.John MiltonDefense for the English People为英国人辩护;blank verse 素体诗作品：Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园18世纪的启蒙主义文学1.the definition of enlightenmentA general term applied to the movement of intellectual liberation that develop in Western Europe from the late 17th Century to the late 18th century.(the period is often called the Age of Reason), especially in France and Switzerland.The enlightenment culminated(使达到顶峰) with the writings of Jeans-Jacques Rousseau and the Encyclopedia（百科全书）, the philosophy of Immanuel(以马内利，基督的别称) Kant, and the political ideas of the American and French Revolutions while the forerunners in science and philosophy included Bacon, Descartes, Newton, and Locke. Its central idea was the need and the capacity of human reason to clearaway ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice.Literary features:①Classicism: As a critical term, classicism is a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greek and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. ②Neoclassicism:it emphasized the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.③Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.4 Pre-romanticism: In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism.Gothic novel is its most manifest expression.2.John Locke(1632-1704)one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers ;considered one of the first of the British empiricists经验主义者, following the tradition of Francis Bacon; best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer《荷马史诗》;He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations,after Shakespeare and Tennyson.3.Daniel Defoe(1661-1731)代表作：The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (英国文学史第一部小说)Moll Flanders《摩尔. 佛兰德斯》Robinson Crusoe celebrates the 18th-century Western civilization’s material triumphs and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. Robinson, apparently, is cast as a typical 18th-century middle-class tradesman, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.The hero is practical, diligent, shrewd, courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles. In another sense, Robinson is Everyman struggling to master nature.This novel is the representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.4.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)乔纳森.斯威夫特作品：Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》A Tale of a Tub 《木桶的故事》The Battle of Books 《书战》A Modest Proposal 《一个小小的建议》His writing features : Swift defines a good style as “proper words in proper places”. His language is always precise, simple, clear, vigorous as well as economical and concise.He is also a master satirist.5.Henry Fielding(1707-1754)The father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)代表作：《约瑟夫·安德鲁》Joseph Andrews《汤姆·琼斯》Tom Jones6.Oliver Goldsmith’s(1730-1774)代表作：The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师The Deserted Village 荒村浪漫主义时期English Romanticism(1798-1830)1.the definition of RomanticismIt is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》in the Parliament. English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism.Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they revol t against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc. and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.2.two schools of Romanticism①The lake poets湖畔派诗人（escapist romanticists）：William Wordsworth华兹华斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治and Robert Southey骚塞.They three were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.②The Satanic school撒旦派（active romanticists):Byron, Shelly, and Keats.3.William Blake(1757-1827)十九世纪英国浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家作品：Songs of Experience《经验之歌》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》The Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The Lamb《羊羔》4.Robert Burns（1759-1796）（苏格兰著名农民诗人）作品：“A Red, Red Rose”《红红的玫瑰》5.William Wordsworth(1770-1850)He focused on the nature, children, the poor, common people, in his poem, he aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, so he used ordinary words to express his personal feelings.1843年获得桂冠诗人(Laureate)称号代表作：The Daffodils《水仙花》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割者》6.George Gordon Byron（1788-1824）Influence:(to world)Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms & innovations. He stands with Shakespeare & Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland of Europe.(to china)His revolutionary zeal and democratic ideals, as shown in his stirring lyricThe Isles of Greece and Childe Harold, strongly impressed the Chinese youth who were then waging struggles to overthrow the old feudal system.代表作Don Juan《唐璜》, 1818-1823When we two parted《当我们分手》She walks in beauty《她走在美的光彩中》Byronic hero：a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers,unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(fiery passions unbending will, ideal of freedom, against tyranny(专制统治)and injustice, lonely fighters individualistic ends)7.Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）代表作：Ode To The West Wind《西风颂》Queen Mab 《麦布女王》8.John Keats（1795—1821）代表作：Ode to An Nightingale《夜莺颂》(“美即是真，真即是美”Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.是他的著名诗句。
英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结
一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and ____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.●242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.●Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.●Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.●Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.●the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.●Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.●Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.●Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.●Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____●1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.●Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.●The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.●Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.●prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..●Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.●The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.●Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.●Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.●Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.●Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.●Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.●simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.●Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.●John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.●personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of ______.●Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and _____character of critical realism.●Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.●London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.●Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”●lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.●Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.●Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.●James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.●To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.●Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.●Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.●Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.●Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.●Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.●Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.●Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.●Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.●Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.●An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.●Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.●The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.●The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.●The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.●William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.●F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.●F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature StyleChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体Romance of the Roseschiefly under the influenceof French poetry of theMiddle AgesThe House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》under the spell of the greatliterary geniuses of earlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Produced his works ofmaturity free from anyforeign influence.WilliamLanglandPiers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Humanism人文主义Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as EuphuismThomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特first introduced the sonnet into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵created blank verse Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞The Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blank verseJohn Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》1.Extraordinary frankness,penetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point of view.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blank verse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works such as《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》1.Written in theold-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language is chieflyplain,colloquial,and quitemodern.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satiristJonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者Joseph Addison＆Richard Steele；their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Alexander pope the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel Richardson塞缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)the only important Englishdramatist of the18thcenturyOliver Goldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷Sentimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in a CountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismSongs of Innocence天真之歌Songs ofExperience经验之歌Poetical Sketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of English romanticpoetry2.See this world freshly and naturally.3.Changed the course of English poetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomy egoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into the revolutionPercy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Idealism（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas and revolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politics andconservative valuesJohn Keats济慈Romanticism（浪漫主义）《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂《To a Nightingale》致夜莺Ode on Melancholy（忧郁颂）Isabella（伊莎贝拉）1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name waswritten in water（此地长眠者，声名水上书）2.Early death from tuberculosis at theage of253.He is characterized by sensual imageryWalter Scott沃特.斯科特Famous HistoricalNovelistIvanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well as playwrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge and legaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.奥斯丁Female Novelist《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through the treatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"the mostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯Essayist（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplation andimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world and toescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）Charles Dickens狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记1.expose and criticize the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness2.show a highly consciouse modernartist3.humor and wit seem inexhaustible4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱1.great work of genius in Englishfiction2.focus on the female topic3.lyric writing style4.simple realismEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title wasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说1.rich knowledge of social life andheart,the picture in the novels areaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is caustic and hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morilityGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特《Adam Bede》亚当贝德The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》1.show superb conception andexecution and include much favoralfeminist criticism2.describe various inner world anddepict people’s live with cinematicprecision3.moral teaching and psychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。
(精品)英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
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Chiristopher Marlowe is the most prominent pastoral poet in the Elizabethan age. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love is one of Marlowe's most famous works, which influenced many generations. The narrator expressed his innocent, deep love to his admired girl through musical beauty and magnificent images in the poem and called her to live with him and be his love. Sound and image count a lot in this outstanding poem.When read this poem, we can strong feel the musical beauty. It is in regular iambic tetrameter with rhyme scheme aabb. Out of 24 lines, only 7 lines are not iambic. It makes the whole poem a beautiful folk song, sometime high, sometime low, reflecting the intensive emotion of the shepherd. At the beginning, the narrator called out directly" come live with me and be my love", showing his aspiration. The repetition of the sentence promotes the emotion, and perfects the structure. In the poem, out of 8 vowels, half are long vowels and half are short or diphthongs. They are set in the order of short, long, short,long ,with long vowels stressed and short vowels unstressed.The long vowels that gentle, quietexpress the shepherd's bosoming love to the girl. While the short vowels that are jumping, lively reveals the shepherd's athrill emotion. This juxtaposition of vowels makes the poem smooth but not slow,relaxed but not loose, and finally becomes a delightful, melodious love song.A good song must have good lyrics. The narrator used various beautiful things that to be seen, heard, touched, smelled to fulfill this love song. In the first stanza, the shepherd depicted us a harmonious rustic life picture. The valleys, groves, hills,fields, woods and mountains are typical pastoral images, which construct an fresh atmosphere at the beginning. Then the narrator used rivers, bird -sings, rose bed, ivy bus, etc from different aspects showed his love to the girl. The rustic images are clear and fresh, symboling the innocent love without any dirty purposes. Girls are all found of romance, so rose bed, gown, ivy buds appeared to persuade the girl to be his love. If she agree, all these niceness will be in her hand. What's more, various colours appear to readers' eyes. Green hill, white river, golden, red rose bed are full of passion and romance, which showed that the narrators was enthusiastic and even a little nervous. From it, we can feel he is quite serious and zealous to his affection. Beside, myrtle and ivy bus belongs to Venus who was supposed to be the most beautiful woman in the world. They implicated that the girl was the most beautiful one in his eyes. No woman can't be unmoved by such a passionate, romantic man.At last, the narrator used if to ask whether the girl would accept his love, showing his respect to his admired girl.Immersed in the musical beauty and nice images, readers fully feel the shepherd's passionate, innocent love to his girl. So, it's no wonder that it still be intoned by many people around the world now.论读书Comment on Francis Bacon’s Of StudiesOf Studies is one of famous works written by Francis Bacon’s, an English philosopher, statesman, and essayist of Elizabethan age. Francis Bacon comments forcefully on the value of reading and learning throughout this concise, one-paragraph essay. He strives to persuade us to study, andtells us how to study efficiently.Of Studies is an essay written to inform us of the benefits of studying, which tells us that natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study. It can be divided into three levels. In the first level, the writer tells the purposes or uses of studies: Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. The second level is to tell us the methods of reading books: Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. The last level introduces the effect of studies: Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing and exact man.Bacon applies many figures of speech to this essay, such as parallelism, ellipsis, simile and analogy. Those figures of speech contribute to express the author’s thought and make the essay infectious and persuasive.⑴parallelism and ellipsisParallelism is also called parallel structure. Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound or meaning. It appears throughout the whole essay. For example:① Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.② Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.③ Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.The orders are always from light to heavy, and usually from bottom to climax. This kind of arrangement simplifies the language structure and creates visual beauty of symmetry. From the stylistic functions, it is advantageous for expressing strong feelings, outstanding the emphasized contents, and enhancing the strength of language. In this essay, he uses a large amount of parallelism combined with ellipsis, making the essay more concise and the key information more prominent. Just like the first examples I mentioned above, the author omit “maketh”in the second and third parts to avoid repetition, which makes the sentence brief and concise.⑵Analogy and simile①“They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.”②“Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.”Analogy, a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance, is another important rhetorical device in Of Studies. In first sentence, the author compares the natural abilities to natural plants in order to make the sentence easy to understand. As we all know, if the natural plants are not to be pruned, they will grow out of shape. Thel analogy between the natural plants and natural abilities is vivid and let the readers know that experience can make up the deficiency of abilities. Simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. It is just used once in this essay. It shows in the second sentence. Bacon compares the “distilled books”to common “distilled waters”to criticize those whostudy books mainly depending on the extracts other readers made.Of Studies is an extremely outstanding work because of both its thoughts the writer wants to express and its languang style which affects mang people.“Ozymandias” is a sonnet, a fourteen-line poem metered in iambic pentameter: x / x / x / x / x / I met a traveller from an antique landx / x / x / x / x / Who said: "Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneThe rhyme scheme is ABABACDCEDEFEF.。