机械性损伤英文版

②Common type: according to the injury movement direction, speed and human contact,it can be divided into the following kinds: ●Scratches： Sharp and hard objects, such as nails and pins skim over the skin and make skin defect, the general stress area is small, the force along the tangential direction streak the surface of the skin, make the skin displaced or folding along the direction of forces, such as the rape case, scratches often occur in victim's tprivate parts,stock inside,hands and arms . ●Grazes： Object or rough ground rubs with skin surface and lead to the bruise of the skin. Generally the stress area is large and widely demaged. This often can be found in the body parts which is more prominent,and it is sheet or strip, but may be accompanied by subcutaneous bleeding and scab skin formation.
● Friction： The object of Rough surface, such as rope or other braid, oppresses skin ,at the same time rubs the skin surface with a heavy vertical force and horizontal force.Such as: hanged or strangled ; teeth bites. ● Impression： Vulnerant of Small area impacts skin surface with high speed from almost perpendicular direction, resulting Skin abrasions. Such abrasions always cause the injury of deep tissues. As is the case of car front strikes straight on the human body, also the bullet shot into the human body ③Identification：with the normal natural drying with the death of the table
The right facsic significance: ▲Tip for external force ▲Infer the vulnerant ▲Infer the direction of the force ▲ Special parts off the table : such as the neck , inner thighs → infer the damage reason (cased inferences) ▲ Infer the way of injury
2.Tasks and object of dead body's damage forensic identification Tasks： ①To determine the cause of death； ② To determine it's antemortem injury or postmortem injury； ③To judge the injuring objects； ④Injuring time； ⑤personal identification and so on; Object：dead body
The common hard injuring objects include blunt,
sharps and firearms. Blunt:tools with no tips and edge,such as fists and feet... Sharps:tools with tips and edge,such as cutting machine and sting... Firearms:bullet, explosives and other tools. 2.Acting force： Compression and Stretch:acting force apply on the same axis,in same direaction ,called compression, while in opposite direaction called stretch. Shear:to make the cross sections sliding together. torsion ： a pair of equal force apply for a certain object. Bending: acting force apply for skull or ribs fot sag and recovery.
Fourth:the basic form of mechanical injury （6 forms）
1 .Abrasion: i njuring objects apply to human body and
lead to separation between skin and dermis,it's also called epidermal peeling, which is a common blunt injury.
3.human tissue： Different tissues of human body parts and different tissues and organs of the anatomy of the organization structure,so the damage tolerance and resistance is different. Different appearances at different positions of the body shape also affects the shape of damage. Injured area organs or tissues for pathological changes impact on the degree of injury.
Second: Mechanical damage of forensic medicine identification
1.Tasks and object of living damage forensic identification Task： ①Injury severity; ②Injury ways； ③To judge the injuring objects； ④To judge the injuring time； ⑤Injury degree； ⑥Labor capacity； ⑦Old injuring and new injuring； ⑧Compensation; Object：living body
Third:the three elements of damage formation：
1.injuring objects （ murder weapon ） : an object which caused mechanical damage. Features： various injuring objects（solid；liquid；gas） The extent of the damage depends on the quality, shape and size of things, but in some cases there is an exception. The relative motion forms between hunamn body and injuring objects： Moving object and relative static body. Human movement and relatively stationary object. Moving object and moving human .
First:conception
1.Injury: injury or wound caused by effect factors in the body,which lead to the destruction of the organizational structure and dysfunction. 2.Mechanical injury ：effect factors act on human body by machanical movement and lead to the destruction of the organizational structure and dysfunction.
①features：
Parts: can occur in any part of the body, highlight areas are mostly. Scratch can exist alone and often accompanied with other i n j u ri e s ,su c h as b ite m a rk s , sc r a t ch e s , t h e co n j uga t e mark,which can be associated with bruise or contusion. Different sizes, shapes and strips, sheets or strip, sometimes have free flap.these are the evident to judge the direction of the violent action. Color can be light brown, dark brown, light red or dark red.