操作系统原理绪论(英文课件)
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中南大学_操作系统课件
通道状态： 忙/闲 与控制器相连的通道指针 与通道相连的控制器指针 控制器队列的队首指针 通道队列的队首指针 控制器队列的队尾指针 通道队列的队尾指针
表目1 表目i
一、按传输速率分
1、低速设备：几百字节/秒，键盘、鼠标； 2、中速设备：几千字节/秒，打印机； 3、高速设备：数兆字节/秒，HDD、TYPE；
二、按信息交换单位分
1、块设备：信息存取以块为单位（Block）; 2、字符设备：以字符为单位；
三、按共享属性
1、独占设备； 3、虚拟设备；
2013年7月24日星期三
2013年7月24日星期三
计算机操作系统
6.2.2 中断驱动I/O控制方式
有中断的系统。 工作过程：
1、进程I/O时，CPU发I/O命令给设备控制器DC(Device Controller)，并继续工作； 2、DC接到命令，控制设备I/O； 3、I/O完成，DC向CPU发中断信号； 4、CPU检查I/O中是否有错， 有：处理；
3、数组多路(Block Multiplex Channel )
实现：结合选择通道的高速与字节多路通道分时并行的优点，传 输按成组分时方式进行。
瓶颈问题
2013年7月24日星期三 计算机操作系统
三、瓶颈问题
为降低系统成本，并非每一个I/O设备都 有自己独立的控制器和通道，所以造成多台 I/O设备争用控制器、通道。使通道成为I/O 的主要瓶颈，造成系统吞吐量下降。
2013年7月24日星期三
计算机操作系统
6.2.1 程序I/O方式（Programmed I/O）
早期无中断系统 工作特点： 1、“忙测试”：
(1) CPU向I/O控制器发一条I/O命令，启动I/O设备； (2) 臵设备状态寄存器中busy为1； (3) 循环测试busy，直到busy=0;
Operating System 操作系统课件 英文版
– Text editor – Compiler – Debugger
Operating-System Design and Implementation (1/2)
• Design goals
– User goals
• Convenient to use, easy to learn and to use, reliable, secure, and safe.
– By saving the parameters in registers – By saving the pointers, indicating where the parameters are, in registers – By using stack
System Calls (7/7)
Operating-System Structure (1/5)
• Simple structure: MS-DOS
Notes: 1.Application programs are able to access the I/O devices 2.No kernel and user modes. 3.Single process.
– Example: Win32 API, POSIX API, Java API
System Calls (4/7)
• Example of Standard API
A description of the parameters passed to ReadFile() HANDLE file—the file to be read LPVOID buffer—a buffer where the data will be read into and written from DWORD bytesToRead—the number of bytes to be read into the buffer LPDWORD bytesRead—the number of bytes read during the last read LPOVERLAPPED ovl—indicates if overlapped I/O is being used
Operating-System Design and Implementation (1/2)
• Design goals
– User goals
• Convenient to use, easy to learn and to use, reliable, secure, and safe.
– By saving the parameters in registers – By saving the pointers, indicating where the parameters are, in registers – By using stack
System Calls (7/7)
Operating-System Structure (1/5)
• Simple structure: MS-DOS
Notes: 1.Application programs are able to access the I/O devices 2.No kernel and user modes. 3.Single process.
– Example: Win32 API, POSIX API, Java API
System Calls (4/7)
• Example of Standard API
A description of the parameters passed to ReadFile() HANDLE file—the file to be read LPVOID buffer—a buffer where the data will be read into and written from DWORD bytesToRead—the number of bytes to be read into the buffer LPDWORD bytesRead—the number of bytes read during the last read LPOVERLAPPED ovl—indicates if overlapped I/O is being used
操作系统原理第四章(英文版)课件
1. Many-to-One Model 2. One-to-One Model 3. Many-to-Many Model
<
Operating Systems 4.15 X.J.Lee 2009
1. Many-to-One Model
Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread. Used on systems that do not support kernel threads.
4.1 Overview
Process 资源分配单位 CPU调度单位 CPs
4.3
X.J.Lee 2009
Thread (LWP --lightweight process) a basic unit of CPU utilization a thread ID, a program counter, a register set, and a stack. -----与运行有关 It shares with other threads belonging to the same process code section, data section, and other operating-system resources ( such as open files and signals) LWP），是CPU利用的基本单元。它由 线程，有时叫做轻型进程（LWP 一个线 标识符 一个程序 数器，一个寄存器集合 一个程序计 一个寄存器集合及一个堆 一个线程标识符，一个程序计数器 一个寄存器集合 一个堆 栈组成 共享（进程的）代码段、 栈组成。它与属于同一进程的其它线程共享 共享 数据段及其他操作系统资源（如：打开的文件和信号）
计算机操作系统第三版全部课件
2.4.2 Windows的命令控制界面
Windows的命令控制界面分为 两个部分： 窗口交互：通过键盘和鼠标在 图形上操作。 命令解释器：通过cmd.exe为 用户服务。
2.4.2 Windows的命令控制界面
图2.6相互调用批处理示例
2.5 系统调用
系统调用分为6类： 1 设备管理 2 文件管理 3 进程控制 4 进程通信 5 存储管理 6 线程管理
1.4.2 分时操作系统（On-line）
HAL
Time Sharing OS
终端
终端
…...
终端
界面1：交互式命令语言(eg. shell, command) 界面2：图形用户界面(GUI)
1.4.2 分时操作系统
• 特点：
– 多路性：一个主机与多个终端相连； – 交互性：以对话的方式为用户服务； – 独占性：每个终端用户仿佛拥有一台虚拟机。
1.1.3 操作系统定义
操作系统是位于硬件层(HAL)之 上，所有其它软件层之下的一个系统 软件，是管理和控制系统中各种软硬 件资源，方便用户使用计算机系统的 程序集合。
Operating supervisor monitoring program
1.2 操作系统的历史
• 操作系统的产生
– 手工操作阶段 – 成批处理阶段 – 执行系统阶段
– 提高处理能力; – 扩展应用领域。
Foreground/Background System
• 常见模式:
– 分时(前台)+批处理(后台) – 实时(前台)+批处理(后台)
1.4.5 单用户操作系统
• 同一时刻仅有一个用户使用的系统 • 应用领域：
– 台式机，笔记本，…….
操作系统概念(第七版英文版)ch3精品PPT课件
3.15
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Context Switch
The Context is presented in PCB When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the state of the old process (state save) and load the saved state for the new process (state restore) Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful work while switching Time dependent on hardware support
Textbook uses the terms job and process almost interchangeably Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion A process includes:
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.16
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Process Creation
Parent process create children processes, which, in turn create other processes, forming a tree of processes Resource sharing
操作系统概念(第七版英文版)ch3精品PPT课件
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.7
poinቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱer
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
CPU Switch From Process to Process
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.12
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Schedulers
Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) – selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) – selects which process should be executed next and allocates CPU
Chapter 3: Processes
Chapter 3: Processes
Process Concept Process Scheduling Operations on Processes Cooperating Processes Interprocess Communication Communication in Client-Server Systems
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.10
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
操作系统概念英文——.ppt
7.2.2 Resource-Allocation Graph (cont.)
§7.2 Deadlock Characterization (cont.)
7.2.2 Resource-allocation graph
A system resource allocation graph is a directed graph and consists of a set of vertices V and a set of edges E
V is partitioned into two types
P = {P1, P2, …, Pn}, the set consisting of all the processes in the system
R = {R1, R2, …, Rm}, the set consisting of all resource types in the system.
November 2013
Operating System Concepts - Chapter 7 Deadlocks - 6
§7.1 System Model
System model resource-allocation model
Finite number of resources in systems, resource types R1, R2, . . ., Rm physical resources, e.g., CPU cycles, memory space, I/O devices logical resources, e.g., files, semaphores, monitors
no preemption
操作系统原理PrinciplesofOperatingSystem
②、工作流程（脱机作业）
• 这项工作量大，难度高，易出错需要大量人力 和物力。
手工操作方式的工作流程
工作方式
• 状态：在人工操作下进行，用户一个挨 着一个轮流使用计算机。
• 用户：用户既是程序员，又是操作员； 用户是计算机专业人员
• 编程语言：为机器语言 • 输入输出：纸带或卡片；
计算机的工作特点
• ①、用户独占全机：不出现资源被其他 用户占用，资源利用率低;
1.4 操作系统功能
• 1 处理机管理 • 2 存储管理 • 3 设备管理 • 4 文件管理 • 5 用户接口
操作系统功能
处理机分配 储存器管理 设备管理 文件系统管理
计算机系统
软件ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ硬件
硬件资源管理 软件资源管理
用户接口
1.3 操作系统的发展过程及类型
• 手工操作阶段（无操作系统） • 批处理（联机、脱机批处理） • 执行系统 • 多道批处理系统 • 分时系统 • 实时系统 • 网络操作系统 • 嵌入式操作系统 • 云操作系统
第一章 操作系统概论
• 1.1 操作系统概念 • 1.4 操作系统的功能 • 1.2 操作系统的历史 • 1.3 操作系统的基本类型 • 1.5 计算机硬件简介 • 1.6 算法的描述 • 1.7 研究操作系统的几种观点
1.1 操作系统的定义
下列计算机系统具体工作内容中，哪些是 操作系统的功能： 浏览网页
COBOL、ALGOL等高级语言开发。 • 批处理分为两种方式：联机、脱机
2、作业方式
• 配备专门的计算机操作员，程序员不再直接操 作机器，减少操作机器的错误。
• 操作员把用户提交的作业分类，利用磁带把若 干个作业分类编成作业执行序列，每个批作业 由一个专门的监督程序（Monitor）自动依次 处理。监督程序－最初的操作系统。
操作系统原理绪论(英文课件)
Types of Operating Systems
Batch Processing Operating Systems are designed to handle a group of jobs in a queue and execute them one by one.
Batch Processing Operating Systems are less complex and have fewer resources compared to other types of operating systems.
The OS assigns CPU time to processes, determining which process runs and when.
The OS ensures that processes access shared resources in a coordinated manner to avoid conflicts.
02
These programs include compilers, interpreters, debuggers, and text editors. Nhomakorabea03
They are typically written in a high-level language and run on top of the kernel.
Memory Protection
File Storage
The OS manages the storage of files on secondary storage devices, such as hard disks.
File Access Control
Batch Processing Operating Systems are designed to handle a group of jobs in a queue and execute them one by one.
Batch Processing Operating Systems are less complex and have fewer resources compared to other types of operating systems.
The OS assigns CPU time to processes, determining which process runs and when.
The OS ensures that processes access shared resources in a coordinated manner to avoid conflicts.
02
These programs include compilers, interpreters, debuggers, and text editors. Nhomakorabea03
They are typically written in a high-level language and run on top of the kernel.
Memory Protection
File Storage
The OS manages the storage of files on secondary storage devices, such as hard disks.
File Access Control
操作系统原理Operating System Principles
2014-8-14
《计算机操作系统》- 第11章
9/17
11.2.2 模块化结构形式
将程序模块作为系统结构的基本单位，按照 功能需要把整个系统分解为若干模块，每个 模块可以再带有子模块，每个模块具有一定 的独立功能，模块之间接口明确，自由调用， 可以根据需要约定参数传递或返回结果。
2014-8-14
2014-8-14
11.2.5 虚拟机结构形式
虚拟机结构可以将核心提供的不同系统调用 映射为不同的操作系统系统调用。 允许在单一硬件平台上建立依赖策略的多操 作系统版本。
优点：
保护了系统资源 独立用户环境为操作系统的研究和开发提供了 方便
《计算机操作系统》- 第11章 15/17
2014-8-14
《计算机操作系统》- 第11章
10/17
模块化结构形式
优点：
结构紧密、组合方便，系统可按照需求组合不同模块； 接口简单直接、模块间调用的灵活性使系统效率较高； 各个子模块的设计、编码可以同时进行，研制过程快。
模块之间可以任意相互调用，调用关系复杂，模块的独 立性差，造成系统结构不清晰，可靠性降低； 数据为全局量，各模块均可对其进行存取和修改，造成 模块间关系隐蔽，难于对软件结构进行综合性的理解和 修改，软件的可靠性、易读性、适应性难以保证； 随着系统规模的扩大，系统的复杂性迅速增长。
2014-8-14
《计算机操作系统》- 第11章
3/17
本章目录
11.1 操作系统的性能指标 11.2 操作系统结构 11.3 UNIX和Windows的系统结构
2014-8-14
《计算机操作系统》- 第11章
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成绩评定方法
期末考试成绩占70%，平时成绩占30% 平时成绩包括：作业、实验、课堂、考勤
Textbook & References
Abraham Silberschatz．Applied Operating System Concepts．Higher Education Press, 2001,5
Storage management(9-13)
Mainly deal with: Memory management Virtual memory File systems I/O systems Mass-storage structure
Protection and security(18-19)
Mainly cover: Protection Security
Chapter 1: Introduction
What is an Operating System? History of Operating Systems The Operating System Zoo
What is an Operating System?
Process management(4-8)
Mainly introduce methods for: Process scheduling Interprocess communication Process synchronization Deadlock handling Discussion of threads
Principles of Operating System
操作系统原理
About This Course
课程基本情况
课程类别：学科专业课必修课 学时学分：总学时64学时 实验8学时 4学分 先修课程：数据结构、程序设计语言
课程内容
主要讲授操作系统基本原理，即教材第1章至第13章
There are a lot of definitions. Do you know?
Definition from Wikipedia
An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and applications; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer.
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner(Efficiency).
Definitions of an Operating System
3. Application programs– define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs).
Lectures do not cover everything
Not all questions in homework or exams are from lectures
Students responsibility
Attend lectures Read textbooks Homework, Experiments, Exam Periodically check web page
Operating system purpose:
Provide an environment in which a user can execute programs.
Operating system goals:
Make the computer system convenient to use(Convenience).
Overview(1-3)
Mainly explain: What operating systems are? How operating systems are
designed and constructed? What the common features of an
operating 统． 西安：西北电子科技大学出版社, 1999,5
胡志刚．计算机操作系统． 长沙：中南大学出版社,2005,8
张尧学．计算机操作系统教程（第二版）． 北京：清华大学出版社, 2000,8
Lecture Format
Help you understand important and hard OS concepts
4. Users (people, machines, other computers)
What is an Operating System?
a program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users.
期末考试成绩占70%，平时成绩占30% 平时成绩包括：作业、实验、课堂、考勤
Textbook & References
Abraham Silberschatz．Applied Operating System Concepts．Higher Education Press, 2001,5
Storage management(9-13)
Mainly deal with: Memory management Virtual memory File systems I/O systems Mass-storage structure
Protection and security(18-19)
Mainly cover: Protection Security
Chapter 1: Introduction
What is an Operating System? History of Operating Systems The Operating System Zoo
What is an Operating System?
Process management(4-8)
Mainly introduce methods for: Process scheduling Interprocess communication Process synchronization Deadlock handling Discussion of threads
Principles of Operating System
操作系统原理
About This Course
课程基本情况
课程类别：学科专业课必修课 学时学分：总学时64学时 实验8学时 4学分 先修课程：数据结构、程序设计语言
课程内容
主要讲授操作系统基本原理，即教材第1章至第13章
There are a lot of definitions. Do you know?
Definition from Wikipedia
An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and applications; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer.
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner(Efficiency).
Definitions of an Operating System
3. Application programs– define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs).
Lectures do not cover everything
Not all questions in homework or exams are from lectures
Students responsibility
Attend lectures Read textbooks Homework, Experiments, Exam Periodically check web page
Operating system purpose:
Provide an environment in which a user can execute programs.
Operating system goals:
Make the computer system convenient to use(Convenience).
Overview(1-3)
Mainly explain: What operating systems are? How operating systems are
designed and constructed? What the common features of an
operating 统． 西安：西北电子科技大学出版社, 1999,5
胡志刚．计算机操作系统． 长沙：中南大学出版社,2005,8
张尧学．计算机操作系统教程（第二版）． 北京：清华大学出版社, 2000,8
Lecture Format
Help you understand important and hard OS concepts
4. Users (people, machines, other computers)
What is an Operating System?
a program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users.