怎么写英文摘要
怎么写英文摘要
2009-04-22 13:20
英文摘要的修辞
(1) 摘要中的第一句话不要与文题重复,要有所变化，补充一些细节。
如文题为：Expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 则摘要第一句话不要写为To detect the expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 最好改为To detect RACK1 gene over-expressed in primary colon carcinoma by in situ hybridisation.
(2) 可用动词的情况应尽量避免应用动词的名词形式。
如: 应当用Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was measured. 而不用Measurement of Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was made.
(3) 正确使用冠词，包括定冠词the和不定冠词a或 an；区分可数名词和不可数名词是关键。
如expression做（基因）表达用时为不可数名词，不能加“s”. 对可数名词尽可能使用其复数形式。
(4) 应当用预置短语分开或用连字符断开名词词组，避免使用连续多个形容词或名词来修饰名词。
如用sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, 而不用formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections。
(5) 注意平行结构：在表述各相同的并列成分时，不论是词类、词组、从句或分句，每个成分都必须对等。
如The purpose of this study was to analyze the new proposed classification and determining which classification was clinically useful. 其中第二个表语是动名词短语，与第一个表语不定式短语不一致，不符合平行结构原则。
(6) 比较必须在同类的事物之间进行，切忌对不同类型事物进行比较。
例如：The survival of patients with MSI+ phenotype was better than MSI- phenotype. 此句比较对象不对等，应改为The survival of patients with MSI+ phenotype was better than that of patients with MSI- phenotype.
英文摘要的文体
(1) 要客观地叙述方法和结果, 用词要质朴无华, 避免使用带感情色彩或广告式宣传的词语。
不宜写类似下列的句子：A very interesting example is found that …; The staining yields excellent results; The method is very useful for … .
(2) 使用正式文体, 不用口语体和非规范缩写词。
如isn’t, aren’t, hadn’t, hadn’t, haven’t, don’t, can’t, wouldn’t, a lot of, a bit, too(also), thru(through), exam (examination), lab(laboratory)等。
(3) 造句时尽量使动词靠近主语。
如：用Our results are in contradiction with these observations because 53% of our MFH-like PLPs and 10% of epithelioid PLPs were immunoreactive for CD34. 而不用Our results that 53% of MFH-like PLPs and 10% of epithelioid PLPs were immunoreactive for CD34, are in contradiction with these
observations.
(4) 尽量应用重要事实开头，避免短语或从句开头。
如MCMV tended to infect GFAP-positive glial cells in the periventricular area during acute infection in the present study. 而不用In the present study, during acute infection, MCMV tended to infect GFAP-positive glial cells in the periventricular area.
(5) 摘要只限表示新消息、新内容，应减少或取消对过去研究情况的描述，减少或取消不必要的背景信息。
摘要也不应包括作者对未来的计划，如“有关XXX方面的研究有待于进一步开展”等。
(6) 省略。
为避免重复和缩小摘要的篇幅，科技英语多采用省略的写法。
在并列复合句里，后面分句如与前面分句相同的部分，往往可以省略。
常见的是谓语动词省略，在省略处可用或不用逗号分开。
如，Despite vaccination, one patient developed pneumococcal menigitis and another, pneumococcal bacteremia. 此外，用when, while, if, as, though (although)和whether 等连词连接的时间、条件、方式、让步等从句，如其谓语中有be，而且其主语与主句的主语相同或为it时，从句的主语和be也可以省略。
(7) 避免使用“悬垂分词”(hanging participle). 使用没有逻辑主语的分词短语做状语，是一种最常见的修辞错误，例如: Following his advice, the bacteria were stained with thionin. 应写为Following his advice, we stained the bacteria with thionin. 或In accordance with his advice the bacteria were stained with thionin.
(8) 避免是一些含义模糊的形容词或副词。
如: considerable, appreciable, substantial, very, relatively, comparatively, essentially, duly, somewhat, rather, necessarily, inevitably 等。
(9) 删繁就简，应当用合适的短语代替子句，用合适的单词代替短语。
如: 用increased 代替has been found to increase, 用was代替was considered to be, 用seemingly代替it would seem that, 等等。
怎样写英文摘要（5篇）
怎样写英文摘要（5篇）第一篇：怎样写英文摘要摘要的类型与基本内容根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要(1)报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要，其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。
通常,这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。
(2)指示性摘要(indicative abstract)：也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract)，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。
该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。
(3)报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。
传统的摘要多为一段式，在内容上大致包括引言(Introduction)，材料与方法(Materials and Methods)，结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)等主要方面，即IMRAD((Introduction，Methods，Results and Discussion)结构的写作模式。
20世纪80年代中期出现了另一种摘要文体，即“结构式摘要"(structured abstract),该摘要实质上是报道性摘要的结构化表达。
写摘要的注意事项摘要主要讲述本论文的要点。
结论写完以后再写摘要.摘要给人第一口苹果的品尝效果.审稿人一般用15分钟看摘要和引言.如果第一印象不好,他/她会去寻找理由建议主编退稿.5 摘要的读者面比论文全文的读者面大得多。
不要用第一人称。
写摘要的顺序第一句话：讲一下你这篇文章的研究意义（但是有的杂志不需要这句话）第二句话：以 To eluicdatie the mechanism..., To investigate....,或者for the purpose of....开头来讲述你这样研究的目的。
完整英文摘要
完整英文摘要第一篇：完整英文摘要lee's culture is located in the west of Long shan mountain, WeiShui river of the ancient county, is one of the cradles of Chinese ancient civilization, and also the birthplace of The lee.With Dunhuang culture, Tianshui fuxi culture, LaBuLengSi Tibetan Buddhism culture is one of four culture of Gansu province.But at present, the cultural development of West gansu is lagging behind, a lot of development and utilization of resources is difficult to get, it has to do withWest gansu geographical position relatively closed, human resources development has a close relationship.Lee's culture as an important form about culture, also suffered a bottleneck in its development, lee's cultural history and contemporary development not well together, especially in the promotion and development of invested is not enough, lead to lee's culture has been difficult to familiar to the general public.Local economic backward culture is difficult to promote the development process.Fully realize the importance of West gansu lee culture, reasonable and effective development of lee's culture, make its internal value have spread wider, deeper reach to culture to promote economic and cultural development dual goal.Cultural characteristicscountermeasuresThe economicdevelopment第二篇：摘要英文摘要温度是生产过程中常见和重要的物理参数。
论文写作中的英文摘要范例
论文写作中的英文摘要范例英文摘要(Abstract)是论文写作中必不可少的一部分，其作用是概括出论文的主要内容和结论，帮助读者迅速了解论文的核心观点。
本文将提供一篇关于论文写作中英文摘要的范例，以供参考。
AbstractWith the increasing globalization of academic research, it has become essential for scholars to effectively communicate their work to a wider audience. One crucial element in this process is the abstract, which summarizes the main points and findings of a research paper. In this article, we will provide an example of an English abstract for a research paper, demonstrating key elements and tips for writing an effective abstract.IntroductionThe abstract serves as a brief overview of a research paper, allowing readers to quickly grasp the purpose, methodology, and outcomes of the study. It should be concise yet informative, providing enough information to engage the reader while remaining within a specified word limit.Main BodyI. Purpose and BackgroundThe first element of an abstract is a clear statement of the research paper's purpose and its background. It should outline the rationale for the study, highlighting any research gaps or unanswered questions in the field. For example:This research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems, with a focus on marine biodiversity and coral reef health. Given the increasing threats to these ecosystems, understanding the potential impacts of climate change is crucial for effective conservation strategies.II. MethodologyThe abstract should briefly describe the methodology employed in the research. This can include the study design, data collection methods, and analytical approaches. However, detailed technical information should be avoided. For example:A combination of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and statistical analyses were conducted to assess the long-term effects of temperature increase and ocean acidification on coral reefs. Data on species diversity, abundance, and health were collected from various reefs in the Caribbean region.III. ResultsThe abstract should highlight the key findings of the research. It should summarize the outcomes and conclusions derived from the data analysis. However, specific data or numerical results should be avoided, focusing instead on general trends and significant discoveries. For example:Our study revealed a significant decline in coral species diversity and overall health in response to increased water temperatures and ocean acidification. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the abundance of commercially important fish species, indicating potential impacts on local communities dependent on coral reef resources.IV. Implications and ConclusionThe abstract should conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of the research and its significance. It should provide a concise statement summarizing the main contributions of the study to the field and any recommendations for future research or policy implications. For example:These findings highlight the urgent need for immediate actions to mitigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems. Implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and establishing marine protected areas can help safeguard marine biodiversity and protect the livelihoods of communities dependent on coral reef resources.ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is crucial for communicating the key points and contributions of a research paper. By providing a clear purpose, concise methodology, major findings, and broader implications, the abstract serves as a concise summary of the research work, enticing readers to delve deeper into the full paper. By following the guidelines and structure provided in this example abstract, researchers can enhance their chances of effectively conveying their research to a global audience.。
英语摘要范文5篇
1、现代化要求教师角色重新定位。
The Demand of Relocating Teachers’ Role in ModernizationIn the current era of globalization, the role of teacher in education is undergoing great change. Instead of providing knowledge for students once and for all, teachers are expected to show the students how to find, obtain and use knowledge on their own. More importantly, teachers should act as a facilitator and counselor for students’ future development. To achieve this goal, teachers need to respond to students’ abilities and adapt to the changing demand readily. In brief, teaching is all about offering paths to students and keeping them highly motivated on the way.2、博物馆免费开放：亟待公众热情参与。
The Museum is Free：the Enthusiasm of the Public is ExpectedIn March 2008, our government had made a decision that the museum would be opened free for the public. This decision is welcomed and shortens the distance between the public and the museum, which not only ensures the cultural rights of the public but also promotes economic growth though it still has some disadvantages. Specifically speaking, it provides an opportunity for the public participation and can arouse their enthusiasm. Meantime, the system construction of the public participation should be strengthened thereby to improve the utilization of the publiccultural resources. Moreover, various museum exhibitions can sat isfy the pu blic’s spiritual andcultural needs and cultivate their loyalty and enhance the cohesion of a nation. Besides, it also promotes the local economic development based on the development of cultural heritage.3、论科学研究的方法。
英文摘要的写作技巧
英文摘要的写作技巧
一、写作方法
1、确定主题：写英文摘要时，要确定文章的主题，这是写英文摘要
的首要任务，这样才能把握全文的主旨，为摘要写作构思提供依据。
2、确定摘要内容：接下来，要确定摘要内容，一般来说，英文摘要
是对文章的全部内容进行精简总结，要考虑哪些是文章的重点内容，哪些
是支撑性的内容。
3、分析文章结构：然后，要进行文章的结构分析，把握文章的结构，以及每段内容的主要情节，这样才能把握文章的全部内容。
4、梳理摘要结构：接下来，要根据文章的结构确定摘要的结构，一
般来说英文摘要的结构是以“主题+逻辑分论点”的形式来进行总结。
5、撰写英文摘要：最后，要开始撰写英文摘要，写英文摘要时，要
注意字数，一般英文摘要占整篇文章的20%左右，不宜过多或过少，要适
当精炼。
二、写作注意
1、要注意文章的主旨：写英文摘要时，要注意文章的主旨，去掉无
用的信息，强调核心信息，而不是把全文都写了一遍。
2、要注意语言：写英文摘要时，要注意语言的表达，要尽量使用客观、简洁明了的表达，不要冗长繁琐，也不要太过牵强附会。
3、要注意语法：在写英文摘要时，要注意语法。
英语摘要如何写范文
英语摘要如何写范文英文回答：An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or other academic work. It provides a brief overview of the work's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. The abstract is typically the first part of a research paper, and it is often used by readers to decide whether or not to read the full paper.There are many different styles of abstracts, but they all typically include the following information:Purpose: The purpose of the research paper is stated in the abstract. For example, the purpose of the study might be to investigate the effects of a new drug or to test a new theory.Methods: The methods used in the research paper are described in the abstract. For example, the methods mightinclude a survey, an experiment, or a literature review.Results: The results of the research paper are presented in the abstract. For example, the results might show that a new drug is effective or that a new theory is supported.Conclusions: The conclusions of the research paper are stated in the abstract. For example, the conclusion might be that a new drug should be approved for use or that a new theory should be accepted.The abstract is a very important part of a research paper, and it should be written carefully. The abstract should be clear, concise, and informative. It should also be accurate and objective.中文回答：摘要是研究论文、论文或其他学术作品的简短总结。
英文摘要如何写
一、绪论 (1)要的类型与基本内容 (1)三、英文题名 (2)四、作者与作者单位的英译 (2)五、英文摘要 (2)英文摘要如何写一、绪论文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
要的类型与基本内容英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
gb 7713—87规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文）摘要。
原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。
陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题，多半不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
摘要英文作文怎么写好
摘要英文作文怎么写好英文：Writing a good abstract requires a balance between brevity and clarity. The goal is to provide a concise summary of the main points of the article, while also making it clear what the article is about and why it is important. Here are some tips for writing a good abstract:1. Start with a clear statement of the problem or research question that the article addresses.2. Summarize the main findings or conclusions of the article, including any key data or evidence that supports them.3. Provide some context for the article by explaining why the topic is important or relevant.4. Use clear and concise language, avoiding unnecessaryjargon or technical terms.5. Keep the abstract to around 150-250 words, depending on the requirements of the journal or conference.中文：写好摘要需要在简洁和清晰之间取得平衡。
目标是提供文章主要观点的简明总结，同时也要清楚地说明文章的主题和重要性。
英语论文摘要怎么写
英语论文摘要怎么写，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。
英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式中英文摘要对应，内容要基本保持一致;中文在前，英文在后。
字数为300-500字左右。
1.中文摘要①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印摘要二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。
③摘要二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印关键词三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
2.英文摘要①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印英文单词Abstract (Times New Roman 小四号加粗)。
③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，两端对齐)④摘要内容后下空一行打印Key Words ( Times New Roman 小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，Times New Roman小四号)。
除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。
各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。
Self-Knowledge of Emma(空1行)Abstract(空1行)Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion.After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes to know that feelings can not be imagined and that she should not force her own idea on others mind. And this is the very beginning of Emma s self-knowledge.(空1行)Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge范例：A Brief Discussion on Cultural Difference between Chinese and EnglishAbstractWord is the product of society,which is the history of mankind and which is the crystallization of history and culture.It embodied a nation's social consciousness from generation to generation, history, culture, and other areas all the features of human society. The essence of which is dependent because of their different cultural background, language background and traditional factors above. chinese and english are quite different.such as mode of living,values,atandard of behavior,formality,customs. Language is is both the carrier and the product of culture, the cultural enrichment of information is an important part ofculture, Language reflects the culture of development and changes, but also a direct reflection of the cultural differences.As we all know china and english has different cultural atmosphere .china has a long history and rich culture. English in the contemporary world political, economic, cultural and other fields to play with temporary no other language can replace the role of English in a number of countries in addition to the mother tongue but also as a second language or foreign language in common use in many countries. As a symbol system, English is a kind of language, on their use, in today's world there are all sorts of English and English is in fact the name of a simple terms, we can not hope that justice Literal It is a single, homogeneous phenomenon it is all around the world and under different circumstances the use of the many variants of the English pool. However, due to geographical, historical, cultural, and social customs of different factors such as the impact of today's visit to English furniture has evolved into a wider impact on the two variants of the worldwide English, which is British English and American English. With the development of their own language, their own characteristics of the formation, and there are differences between. In American English and British English, is concernedabout the characteristics of the norms word. In this paper, the British and American English in origin and development of a simple introduction, the United Kingdom and the United States in terms of language study and to explore differences in the two English-speaking characteristics and differences, the right to express and enrich the relevant knowledge of English, improve application English ability.Key word: dependent; culture; atmosphere中西方文化差异摘要词是社会的的结晶，是人类历史和文化的结晶。
摘要英文作文怎么写范文
摘要英文作文怎么写范文英文回答：## How to Write an Abstract for an English Essay。
An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or other academic work. It provides a brief overview of the paper's main arguments, findings, and conclusions. Writing an effective abstract is essential for capturing the reader's attention and convincing them to read the full paper.Here are some guidelines for writing an abstract:1. Keep it brief. Abstracts are typically between 150-250 words.2. Start with a strong hook. The first sentence of your abstract should grab the reader's attention and make them want to read more.3. State your thesis statement. Your thesis statement is the main argument of your paper. It should be clear and concise.4. Summarize your main findings. Briefly describe the most important findings of your research.5. Conclude with a call to action. Encourage the reader to read the full paper for more details.中文回答：摘要英文作文的写作技巧。