近年中考英语读写综合题实战系列集锦
近年中考英语读写综合题实战系列集锦
2016 年北京中考
八、阅读短文，根据短文内容回答问题。（共10 分，每小题2分）
A 108-year-old Message in a Bottle
On November 30, 1906, George Bidder dropped a bottle from a boat into the North Sea. The weighted glass bottle sank almost to the sea floor, and then it move slowly for 108 years and 138 days.
Its journey ended when Marianne Winkler found the bottle in 2015. Winkler was then on vacation on Amrum Island. She picked up the bottle when it was washed up onto the beach. She saw a piece of paper inside, but didn ' t break it open. She could tell that the bottle was old. So she didn ' t want to damage it.
Finally she got the piece of paper out of the bottle. She found that the paper was actually a postcard. On the back of the card there was thi s message: The Marine Biological Association （海洋生物学协会）would pay a shilling （先令）for the bottle. A shilling was a unit of money that was used in Great Britain before the early 1970s.
Winkler filled out the card and posted it. The association was surprised to get a postcard addressed to George Bidder, the president of the association from 1939 to 1945. The workers of the association searched on the Internet to find a shilling. They found one and sent it to Winkler as a reward.
The message in the bottle was the oldest ever re-discovered. For this reason Marianne Winkler got a place in “ Guinness World Records”（吉尼斯世界纪录）. She broke the record for the oldest message in a bottle.
Winkler ' s bottle was not the only one Bidder sent to sea. Between 1904 and 1906, he spent away more than one thousand bottles. He placed postcards inside them. The bottles were part of a research project to map currents （洋流）in the North Sea. This was the best method at that time. But whether the association could get the bottles back depended on the people who found them. The association reported that about 55 percent of the bottles were returned. They added that the experiment was a success as it showed the east-to- west flow of the North Sea ' s currents.
61.How long did the weighted glass bottle move in the sea?
62.Did Marianne Winkler find the bottle in 2015?
63.What was in the bottle?
64.Who was George Bidder?
65.Why did Bidder drop bottles into the sea?
【答案】
61.For 108 years and 138 days.
62.Yes.
63. A piece of paper.
64.The president of the association from 1939 to 1945.
65.Because the bottles were parts of a research project to map currents in the North Sea.
【解析】
62. 根据第二段的Its journey ended when Marianne Winkler found the bottle in 2015.
可知在2015 年，当Marianne Winkler 发现这个瓶子时，它的旅行结束了，可知是在2015 年Marianne Winkler 发现了这个瓶子，故此处用用肯定回答为：Yes.
65. 根据最后一段的The bottles were part of a research project to map currents （洋流）in the North Sea. 可知这些瓶子是一个研究绘制北海洋图项目的组成部分，故此
处为Because the bottles were parts of a research project to map currents in the North Sea.
考点：阅读表达。
书面表达（共15 分）九、文段表达（15 分）
66.从下面两个题目中任选一题，根据中文和英文提示，完成一篇不少于50 词的文段写作
。文中已给出内容不计入总词数。所给提示词进攻选用。请不要写出你的校名和姓名。
题目① 假如你是李华，你们学校将要举办长跑接力赛，你打算邀请你们班交接生Peter 参加。
请用英语写一封电子邮件，告诉他比赛的时间和地点，报名方式，以及需要做什么准备提示词语：sign up （报名）, on the school website, sports shoes 提示问题：·When and where will you have the race?
·How can Peter sign up for the race?
【答案】
One possible version ：
Dear Peter,
How is it going?
I ' m writing to invite you to take part in the long -distance relay race. The race
will be held on the playground of our school next Monday afternoon. If you want to join us, you have to sign up. You can fill up the form on our school website before this Friday. Perhaps you need to wear a pair of sports shoes and bring drinking water with you.
I ' m looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
LI Hua
考点：提纲作文。
题目② 假如你是李华，为了帮助洪灾地区的小朋友渡过难关，你们学校上周组织了以“友爱、互助“为主题的献爱心捐赠活动。请你用英语写一篇短文给某英文网站投稿，谈谈你在这次活动中捐赠了什么，为什么捐赠这些物品，以及你的感受。
提示词语：donate （捐赠）, book, schoolbag, clothes, toy, help, proud 提示问题：·What did you donate?
·Why did you donate the things?
·How do you feel?
At my school, we made donations to children in the flooded areas last week.
【答案】
One possible version ：
At my school, we made donations to children in the flooded areas last week. Almost all my schoolmates and teachers took part in the donation. I donated some used textbooks, a schoolbag, some clothes and many toys. I did this because I wanted to help the children out o f their difficulties, and show my love to them. I ' m very proud of what I have done.
考点：提纲作文。
2017年中考
六、读写综合（本大题分为A、B两部分，共20 分）A.信息归纳（共5 小题，每小题1 分，共5 分）
请阅读Jason 在他的个人主页上写的一篇文章，根据所提供的信息，完成信息卡，把答案写在答题卡指定的位置上。
Our words carry huge weight. They may influence people for years, and even for
【解析】
短文通过两个短故事，揭示了有些话和有些人对人的影响会持续很多年，甚至是一辈
【56 题详解】 题意：长期影响人的事物。 根据短文开头
的文字 They may influence people for years, and even for a
lifetime. 会影响人们多年，甚至一辈子。故填 (our)words 。
【57 题详解】题意：杰森走进餐厅时的心情。根据第二段的叙述 felt lonely 可知，杰森谁都不认识，他感到孤独。故填
lonely
【58 题详解】 题意： 其他孩子嘲笑杰森身体的部位。 根据在餐厅里一个孩子的话“ Man! You have one BIG nose! ”，结合杰森的感受 I felt hurt and didn ' t know what to say. ， 可知同学们在嘲笑杰森的大鼻子。故填 (his/the)nose 。
【59 题详解】题意：杰森在这些影响中成长的年岁。根据第二段结尾的句子 Thankfully, I grew out of this influence finally. But it really took me twenty years ，可知杰森 摆脱这些影响花了 20 年时间。故填 20/twenty(years) 。
【 60 题详解】题意：给予杰森勇气和信心的人。根据短文结尾的句子 What he said gave me
a lot of courage and confidence to go on with my business.
，可知是杰森的爸爸给了
他很大的勇气和信心来继续他的事业。故填 his/Jason ' s dad 。 B.书面表达(本题 15 分)根据要求完成短文写作，请将作文写在答题卡指定位置上。 61. 常言道“良言一句三冬暖，恶语伤人六月寒”。假设你是李雷，你将要参加学校举办的 英语演讲比赛，主题是“语言的力量”，请你写一篇英文演讲稿，内容包括： 你的一次受老师或同学言语激励的经历(事情的经过以及对你的影响) ； 呼吁同学们要注意自身言语对他人的影响。
作文要求：
1. 不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校的真实名称、老师和同学的真实姓名。
2. 语句连贯，字数 80个左右。作文的开头已经给出，不计入总词数。
Ladies and gentlemen,
How will words influence others? Let me tell you one of my experiences.
【答案】例文
Ladies and gentlemen,
How will words influence others? Let me tell you one of my experiences. At the end of Grade 7, I failed in my English exam. I felt sad and cried. At that time, my English teacher said to me smilingly, “Don 't cry! Your spoken En glish is very
Our words carry huge weight. 可知，有些话语可能 I didn ' t know anyone. I
good. You are only a bit weak at spelling. I believe you can do better! ”Since then, I have been working hard at word spelling and I've made great progress in my English.
So encourage others more and try to help them out when they are in difficulty.
【详解】
1. 题干解读：该题目属于演讲稿。本文时态主要是一般现在时和一般过去时。认为阅读材料，认真审题，根据提示要点列出提纲，短文必须包含提示内容，可适当发挥。
2. 例文点评：例文时态使用正确，表达条理清楚连贯，要点全面，语法正确，运用合适的连接词或过渡词。结构连贯，字数符合要求。这是一篇非常优秀的习作。
3.高分亮点：短语和连词的使用：At the end of ，fail in ，At that time ，only a bit weak at spelling ，try to do sth. 等。
句型：（1）Let me tell you one of my experiences. （2）Since then, I have been working hard at word spelling and I've made great progress in my English. （3）So encourage others more and try to help them out when they are in difficulty. 等。
2018年中考
六、读写综合（本大题分为A、B两部分，共20 分）
A. 信息归纳（共5小题，每小题1 分，共5分）
请阅读一张“共享小图”（一种新型社区图书馆）的海报，根据所提供的信息，完成信息
卡。
It's a Mailbox It's a Bird House
No. Wait. It's a Library!
Sunshine Park Has A Little Free Library!
Bryan Lim is excited to be the director of the Little Free Library for our neighbors in Sunshine Park Community!
The way it works is simple ：
◆We bring to the library a number of good books that we hope will interest our neighbors ．
◆You stop by and take whatever catches your eyes ．
◆You return and bring other books for the library whenever you can
◆Books are always a gift . Never for sale!
Join us for our small opening at 9 am on March 25th, 2018
Call 9051 660l or email bryan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/536384995.html, for more information!
Take a book! Leave a book!
More about Little Free Library
The idea was started in 2009in Hudson, Wisconsin, when Todd Bol placed a homemade wooden box in his front yard. The box looked like a one-room schoolhouse. Inside were a dozen or more books free for the taking. It was put there in memory of Todd's mother, a teacher who loved reading. She had died several years earlier ．
His neighbors and friends loved it, so he built several more and gave them away.
Later, more people joined Todd in starting the project called Little Free Library
In 2017, the were more than sixty thousand Little Free Libraries in over eighty countries around the world ．
【考点】阅读填空．
【分析】短文讲了阳光公园有一个免费的图
详细的介绍了图书馆的开业时间，联系方书馆，式，及其开办图书馆的原因．
【解答】
81．Sunshine Park Community．细节理解题．根据第三行句子Sunshine Park Has A Little Free Library! 阳光公园有一个免费的图书馆！可知阳光公园社区．故答案为Sunshine Park Community．
82．March 25th ，2018 ．细节理解题．根据第十行句子Join us for our small opening at
9am on March 25th ，2018.2018 年3 月25 日上午9 点加入我们的小开幕式．可知2018 年3 月25 日，故答案为March 25th ，2018．
83．His front yard ．细节理解题．根据倒数第四行句子when Todd Bol placed a homemade wooden box in his front yard ．托德?波尔在前院放了一个自制的木盒．可知托德?波尔把
他的第一个木箱放在他的前院．故答案为His front yard ．
84．A teacher ．细节理解题．根据倒数第三行句子It was put there in memory of Todd's mother ，a teacher who loved reading ．这是为了纪念托德的母亲，一位热爱阅读的老师．可知托德?波尔母亲是一名教师．故答案为A teacher ．
85．Over eighty ．细节理解题．根据最后一行句子In 2017 ，the were more than sixty thousand Little Free Libraries in over eighty countries around the world ．在2017 年，全世界超过80 个国家有超过6 万个免费小图书馆．可知超过80 个．故答案为Over
eighty ．
【点评】主要是根据前提问题来做出相应的要求内的答案，题型比较灵活但是考查了学生多
方面的知识和技能，要做好这类题，就要注意平时知识的积累，包括单词、词组、句型等．
B、书面表达（本题15 分）根据要求完成短文写作，请将作文写在答题卡指定的位置上．
假设你是上文"共享小图" 海报中的Bryan Lim，经过三个月的运营之后，请你写封电子邮件给Todd Bol ，谈谈你对" 共享小图"的感受．内容包括：1．简单介绍你的身份，并说明写信意图；
2．这种图书馆的好处（两点）；
3．" 共享小图"存在的问题及其原因，并询问建议．
作文要求：
1．不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校的真实名称和学生的真实姓名．2．语句连贯，词数80 个左右．作文的开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数，也不必抄写在答题卡上．
Dear Todd ，
I hope this email finds you well ．
I am looking forward to your reply
Best regards ，
Bryan Lim
考点】提纲作文．
【分析】高分句型一this kind of library is creative and very convenient for people who enjoy reading ．这种图书馆很有创意，对喜欢阅读的人也很方便．这是who enjoy reading 引
导的定语从句，
先行词是people ．
高分句型二it's very hard for us to monitor whether books can be returned on time ．我们很难监控图书能否按时归还．这是it is +形容词+for sb. to do sth ．句型，对于??来说??是??的．
【解答】Dear Todd ，
I hope this email finds you well. I am Bryan Lim, a director of the Little Free Library for our neighbors in Sunshine Park Community. Knowing that you run a little free library as well, so I would like to share my experience with you ．【要点一，
简单介绍，并说明写信意图】On one hand, this kind of library is creative and very convenient for people who enjoy reading 【高分句型一】. Moreover, on the other hand，not only can it be beneficial to our neighbors but also it can be functioned much more easily 【要点二，这种图书馆的好处】．However, everything has its pros and cons ．The library is free, which means it is free for everybody. Therefore ，it's very hard for us to monitor whether books can be returned on time 【高分句型二】. I am not so familiar to deal with the problems. I urgently need your advice. Can you do me the favor ？
I am looking forward to your reply ．【要点三，" 共享小图" 存在的问题及其原因，
并询问建议】
Best regards
Bryan Lim
【点评】本篇写作需注意要求中所提供的要点，不可遗漏．需在平时积累相关的词汇，写作中注意语义通顺，符合逻辑关系．上下文之间可以适当使用连接词，如but, so, then 等．
2019年中考
六、读写综合（本大题分为A、B两部分,共20 分）
A. 信息归纳（共5小题,每小题1分,共5分）
请阅读一篇有关2019 洲文明对话大会之亚美食节广州站（The Asian Cuisine Festival Guangzhou）的短文,根据所提供的信息完成信息卡, 把答案写在答题卡指定的位置上。
Information Card
81.
The purpose of the Asian Cuisine Festival Guangzhou
The number of the top restaurants on the visit 82.
83.
The thing that the hand-painted picture was about
84.
They way to make traditional food in this festival
The things that Guangzhou is well-known for 85.
B. 书面表达（本题15 分）根据要求完成短文写作, 请将作文写在答题卡指定的位置上。假如你是李华, 英国某中学与你所在的学校是姐妹学校。该校校长读到以上这篇短文后,对广东文化产生兴趣, 准备组织学生来你的校进行关于广东传统文化的研学交流。请你写一篇发言稿,在欢迎晚会上向他们介绍研学活动的相关安排。
内容包括: 推荐晚会上的两种广东传统食物。介绍两项广东传统文化活动的安排。
（包括活动的时间、地点和内容）
参考活动: 欣赏粤剧（Cantonese opera）, 体验功夫（kung fu）, 参加广东历史讲座等作文要求:
不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实姓名。
语句连贯,词数80 个左右。作文的开头和结尾已经给出,不计入总词数,也不必抄写在答题卡上。
Good evening,everyone. I am Li Hua, chairman of the Students Union. I am very pleased to welcome you to the party.
I hope you'll enjoy your stay here!
六、读写综合答案
A．信息归纳
81．Encouraging/To encourage communication among Asian countries.
82．24/Twenty-foour.
83.The cuisine choices along the Pearl River.
84.By using modern technology.
85.Rich food and culture
B. 书面表达（本题15 分）
Good evening,everyone. I am Li Hua, chairman of the Students Union. I am very pleased to welcome you to the party.
We' ve prepraed some traditional food for you, such as shrimp dumplings,steamed
prok ribs. I wish you ' ll like them.
As for the schedule of your activities, you' ll watch a Cantonese opera in the
music hall on the first day. I believe you will be attracted by its beauty. And you are sure to get more excited on the second day, as you will learn Kung fu from a master in the gym. From the activieies, I think you will have a better understanding of the culture of Guangdong.
I hope you'll enjoy your stay here!
2019年中考英语阅读理解真题专项训练(热点话题)
2019年中考英语阅读理解真题汇编 (带详细解析过程) (名师精讲解题方法与技巧+实战训练，建议下载练习) 【考点分析】 阅读理解旨在考查学生阅读、理解的能力。近几年来，中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新颖，题材丰富，考查学生综合推断能力、根据语篇猜单词意思的能力 的力度加大，考查学生关注细节的能力占很大部分。所以学生往往要么没能正确 理解语篇中某些句子的意思，在细节题上丢分，要么就是对语篇的整体把握不够，在综合题或者推断题方面丢分。那么到底怎么做好阅读理解这一题型呢？ 一、解题思路 （一）先读问题，弄清考查要点，以便能带着问题看文章，这样会心中有数，有 的放矢。 （二）快速浏览全文，掌握全貌，注意发现与问题有关的信息，如果时间紧，至 少要扫视一下起首段和尾段。再把标题和文章内容结合起来想一想，这样全文大意便清楚了。此时，不要忙于答题。 （三）细读原文，捕捉相关信息词，掌握短文细节内容。这是解题的关键，应特 别注意以下几点： 1．抓住四个"W"和一个"H"，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把What (事件)，When （时间），Where（地点），Why（原因），How（经过）划出来。抓住了四个“W”和一个“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的问题便可解决。 2．抓住连接词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等。因为这些词具有 因果，让步，递进，转折，指代，列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。 这对考生分清文章层次，辨明各种关系，了解人物心理，推断作者意图，进行逻 辑推理等手段来分析难点，都具有举足轻重的作用。 3．注意领会文章的寓意。
4．根据题意，初选答案。这一步须仔细审题，领会测试要求，确定解题方法。 对那些明显的，有把握的题可以断然确定，不必把其余三个答案再作推敲而浪费 时间：有些略难的题，应再查阅短文（不是重读一遍），迅速找出依据，予以排 除。常用的解题方法有如下几种： ①直接解题法。即从原文中直接找出答案。 ②归纳解题法。对于不能从原文中直接找出答案的可在把握全文中心和线 索的前题下进行概括、归纳得出正确答案。 ③综合推理法。读者需统观全文，认真分析，综合推理及至计算，最后归纳出 正确答案。 题干中有"suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably, reason, because, according to“等字眼时，属于推断概括型，考查内容着眼于全篇，考生应具备一 定的分析归纳，推理等逻辑思维能力。 ④捕捉关键词。在阅读时应该注意与问题相关的同义词，近义词，反义词 或同位词等信息词来得出正确答案。 ⑤转换解题法。即原文这么说，而在问题和所给选项中则用另外的词去转 换一种说法，但仍表示同一含义。 ⑥排除法。根据语言，句法结构，信息词和常识，在没有把握的选项中用 排除法得出正确答案。 四、重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案。在解完最后一道题后，如果时间允许，再 将原文读一遍；用全文的主题思想统率各思考题，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系， 目的在于对所做答案进一步审查，推出未解答的题，以便减少失误。
《中考英语》初中英语语法知识—动词时态的真题汇编含答案
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2018北京中考英语真题解析
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2020广东省中考英语专项训练-读写综合12篇(含答案)
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中考英语综合能力训练
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2018年全国各地中考英语真题分类汇编 专题一：名词 1.—What is the______of your excellent spoken English? —Practice makes perfect! 【2018安徽】 A. result B. influence C. duty D. secret 2.—How beautiful Ezhuo is becoming! —Yeah,there’s no______Ezhou will develop into a modern city in the near future. 【2018鄂州市】 A. challenge B. doubt C. purpose D. decision 3. — My dear, you have made ______ in your English this term. Well done! —Thank you, mum. I will keep on working hard.【2018施恩】 A. a progress B. progress C. progresses 4. — I'm thirsty, Mom. I'd like something to drink. — We only have some _______ in the fridge.【2018黄冈市】 A. oranges B. ice-cream C. juice D. cheese 5. In fact, pandas have become so popular that they are now a ______of China. 【2018黄石市】 A. subject B. symbol C. sign D. spirit 6. —Mom. I’m thirteen now, Can I ride a bike to s chool? —Yes, you can. But you must follow the traffic ______on the way.【2018襄阳市】 A. rules B. plans C. safety D. accident 7. —The best _______ to come to Yichang is spring. —I think so. The green water and green mountains are unforgettable. 【2018宜昌】 A. environment B. journey C. temperature D. season 8. National Treasure quickly rose to the top television rating ranks after it was presented on CCTV. It means a growing _____ in traditional culture among China’s youth. 【2018连云港】 A. interest B. direction C. habit D. dream 9. — Do you have this T-shirt in a small_______? —I'm afraid not. It only comes in medium. 【2018南京市】 A. size B. colour C. material D. taste 10. —I don’t know how to use the App Fun Dubbing. —Ask Jimmy for help. He has lots of ______ in doing it. 【2018福建A】 A. experience B. trouble C. courage 11. — How far is it from Chongqing to Guiyang? —It’'s about two_______ride by high-speed train. 【2018重庆B】 A.hour B. hour’s C. hours D. hours’ 12. —Kate, I' m going shopping. Anything to buy for you? —Yes, that will save me a_____.【2018武汉市】 A hand B. trip C. visit D.bill 13. — Which should we start with, Water World or Space World?
中考英语试题及答案解析
义务教育基础课程初中教学资料 广州市2015年初中毕业生学业考试 英语 本试卷分共五大题，12页，满分135分，考试时间120分钟。 注意事项： 1. 答卷前，考生务必在答题卡上用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔填写自己的考生号、姓名、试室号、座位号，再用2B铅笔把对应这两个标号涂黑。 2. 选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡和对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需要改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。不能答在试卷上。 3. 非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域的相应位置上；如需要改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案，改动的答案也不能超出指定的区域；不准使用铅笔、圆珠笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。 4. 考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 一、听力（共两节，满分35分） 第一节听力理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）每段播放两遍。各段后有几个小题，各段播放前每小题有5秒钟的阅读。请根据各段播放内容及其相关小题，在5秒钟内从题中所给的A、B、C项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。听下面一段对话，回答第1～3三个小题。 1. Where does the talk take place? A. At school. B. At Kelly’s house. C. At Jason’s house. 2. What is the talk mainly about? A. Ways to improve the environment. B. The school project they were given. C. The reasons Jason wasn’t at school. 3. What do the speakers finally decide to do? A. To clean up the river. B. To do some tree planting. C. To help the school save water. 听下面一段对话，回答第4～6三个小题。 4. Who is listening to the talk? A. Teachers. B. University students. C. New workers. 5. Why does the speaker think that he is very lucky? A. He works for a large company. B. He has a well-paid job. C. He does something he loves. 6. What kind of person does a boss prefer? A. Someone from a famous university.
中考英语读写综合练习.doc
读写综合（本大题分为A、B两部分，共20分） A、信息归纳（共5小题，每小题1分） 下面是一篇关于如何面对人生挫折与挑战的文章，请阅读下面短文，按信息表中项目要求，填写信息卡。每小题填写不得超过3个词。请将答案填写在相应题目的答题位置上。 You are in a full-time school called “life”. Each day in this school you will have the chance to learn lessons. You may like the lessons or hate them, but they’re part of your life. Each person has a different path. As you travel along your life path, you will be faced with many lessons that you will need to learn in order to realize your goal. These lessons are specific(特定的). As you travel through your lifetime, you may meet challenging lessons that others don’t have to face, while others spend years struggling with（与……作斗争）challenges that you don’t need to deal with. You cannot be sure why you struggle hard for money while your friends enjoy much wealth. You must remember that you will be faced with all the lessons that you specifically（明确地）need to learn, whether you choose to learn them or not. Remember, don’t compare your path with that of the people around you and focus（集中于）on the difference between their lessons and yours. Life is not fair, and you may indeed have a more difficult path than others around you and the only thing you can do is to accept it and then make it better. B. 书面表达（本题15分） 请以“The Happiest Life”为题，根据以下的内容提示和你的实际学校生活，写一篇短文来描述一下你心目中最幸福的生活。 内容包括： 1.你现在生活中的快乐和烦恼是什么？ 2.你追求的最快乐、最幸福的生活是什么样子的？ 3.你会为此作出怎样的努力？ 作文要求：1.语言准确得当，条理清晰。2.词数80个左右。 The Happiest Life _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________