高中笔记参考图片
高中历史必修课第五分册备课笔记15课 从“战时共产主义”到新经济政策
第15课从“战时共产主义”到新经济政策一、教学目标（一）知识与技能知道战时共产主义政策的背景、内容和作用；知道新经济政策的背景、内容和作用；知道苏联的成立理解将新经济政策取代“战时共产主义”的原因（二）过程与方法学会全面、客观、多角度分析历史事件的方法。
（三）情感态度价值观使学生认识苏联社会主义建设道路的曲折性、艰巨性和开创性，认真总结苏联社会主义建设的经验教训，既有历史意义又有现实意义。
二、重难点1、重点：理解将新经济政策取代“战时共产主义”的原因2、难点：认识苏联社会主义建设道路的曲折性、艰巨性和开创性三、教学过程导入：1、俄国二月革命的性质是什么？有何影响？2、十月革命的性质是什么？有何影响？第15课从“战时共产主义”到新经济政策一、国内战争与战时共产主义政策（1918年）1、战时共产主义政策实施的背景：国内战争的爆发（1）、苏俄与德国签订《布列斯特和约》，A、依据：《和平法令》的精神B、内容：退出“一战”（2）、国内战争（1918—1921年初）A、协约国集团武装干涉苏俄B、协约国支持苏俄国内反革命武装叛乱2、战时共产主义政策实施目的和方式（1）、目的：“一切为了前线，一切为了胜利”，巩固新生的苏维埃政权（2）、方式：按军事方式改组国民经济，实行战时经济体制3、战时共产主义政策的内容（1）、实行余粮征集制（2）、加速工业国有化（3）、推行劳动义务制（4）、实行实物配给制4、战时共产主义政策的作用（1）、实质：是苏俄在战争的特殊环境下所采取的一系列非常政策和临时措施（2）、历史功绩：使新生的苏维埃政权战胜困难，赢得了国内战争的胜利（3）、不足：脱离俄国当时实际，急切地用共产主义的原则去调整国家的生产和分配，违背了社会经济发展的规律。
二、新经济政策的推行（1921年）1、推行的背景：内战胜利后的形势依然严峻（1）、战争使工业生产受到严重破坏（2）、战时共产主义政策压抑了广大农民的生产积极性（3）、社会对政府的不满情绪蔓延，影响政治稳定2、推行的标志：1921年3月，俄共（布）十大的召开3、推行的内容（1）以粮食税代替余粮收集制（2）以租让制和租赁制活跃经济，发展生产（3）恢复商品货币关系，允许自由贸易（4）、实行以技术和效率为标准的报酬级差制4、推行的作用（1）、新经济政策是列宁和布尔什维克党在探索社会主义道路中的一个重要阶段，是建设社会主义经济体制的一次重要探索（2）、它从俄国的实际出发，以发展经济、巩固工农联盟为主要目标，通过利用市场经济机制和商品货币关系较快地恢复了国民经济，稳定了政治形势三、苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟成立1、条件（1）、俄罗斯帝国解体，境内大部分非俄民族地区独立，出现多个苏维埃政权（2）、苏俄与各苏维埃共和国结成的军事、政治联盟为形成新的联盟国家创造了条件2、时间、标志1922年12月，俄罗斯联邦、外高加索联邦、乌克兰和白俄罗斯4个加盟共和国联合组成“苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟”，简称苏联，此后，又有其他共和国陆续加入联盟。
高中物理笔记：必修一---第一章运动的描述
第一章运动的描述第一节：质点参考系（1、机械运动）（2、质点）（3、参考系）（4、坐标系）第二节：时间与位移（1、时刻与时间间隔）（2、位移）（3、标量与矢量）（专题、位移时间图像）第三节：位置变化快慢的描述--速度（1、位置与位置变化量）（2、速度）（3、四种速度的比较）（4、两个关于速度结论）（专题1、练习使用打点计时器）（专题2、求解速度的不同方法）第四节：速度变化快慢的描述--加速度（1、速度变化量）（2、速度变化率--加速度）（3、加速度对运动的影响）（专题1、速度时间图像）（专题2、纸带测加速度的方法）第一节质点参考系一、机械运动1、定义：物体的空间位置随时间的变化。
2、运动形式分类：平动、转动、振动。
3、说明：一个物体通常会参与几种形式的运动。
二、质点1、定义：忽略物体的大小和形状，突出“物体具有质量”这个要素，把它简化为一个有质量的物质点。
2、物体能否看作质点的条件：物体的大小、形状对所研究的问题是否能够忽略。
3、注意：①物体自身的体积、质量和运动速度与能否看作质点无关。
②即使是同一个物体，当研究问题不同时，有些情况可看作质点、有些情况不能看作质点。
③质点是不存在的，是一种理想化模型，它突出物体质量这一主要因素、忽略其它次要因素。
④有些情况大的物体能看作质点、小的物体反而不能看作质点，取决于所研究的问题。
⑤一般情况下，平动的物体可以看做质点，转动的物体不能看做质点。
三、参考系1、定义：在描述物体的运动时，被选定做参考、假定为不动的其他物体。
2、选取原则：①任意性：参考系的选取是任意的，任何物体都可以作为参考系（除去研究对象自身）。
②简便性：（描述行星运动时，太阳比地球更简便）。
③统一性：比较不同物体的运动应选择同一个参考系。
④差异性：选择不同的参考系观察同一个物体的运动，观察结果会有所不同。
⑤一般性：无特殊说明一般以地面为参考系。
3、分类：①惯性参考系（惯性系）②非惯性参考系4、注意：①描述运动时必须选取参考系才有意义。
高中物理必修一笔记
第一章运动的描述第一节质点参考系和坐标系机械运动：物体在空间中所处位置发生变化，这样的运动叫做机械运动。
运动的特性：普遍性，永恒性，多样性质点1.在研究物体运动的过程中，如果物体的大小和形状在所研究问题中可以忽略，把物体简化为一个点，认为物体的质量都集中在这个点上，这个点称为质点。
2.质点条件：1）物体中各点的运动情况完全相同（物体做平动）2）物体的大小（线度）＜＜它通过的距离3.质点具有相对性，而不具有绝对性。
举例：质点（地球公转长途运行的火车，长跑运动员）；非质点（自转的物体上的点，火车过桥，体操运动员）4.理想化模型：根据所研究问题的性质和需要，抓住问题中的主要因素，忽略其次要因素，建立一种理想化的模型，使复杂的问题得到简化。
（为便于研究而建立的一种高度抽象的理想客体，实际上不存在）参考系1.任何运动都是相对于某个参照物而言的，这个参照物称为参考系。
2.参考系的选取是自由的。
1）比较两个物体的运动必须选用同一参考系。
2）参照物不一定静止，但被认为是静止的。
坐标系为了定量地描述物体的位置及位置的变化，需要在参考系上建立适当的坐标系。
三要素：原点、正方向、单位长度。
第二节时间位移时间与时刻1.钟表指示的一个读数对应着某一个瞬间，就是时刻，时刻在时间轴上对应某一点。
两个时刻之间的间隔称为时间，时间在时间轴上对应一段。
△t=t2—t12.时间和时刻的单位都是秒，符号为s，常见单位还有min，h。
3.通常以问题中的初始时刻为零点。
路程和位移1.路程表示物体运动轨迹的长度，但不能完全确定物体位置的变化，是标量。
2.从物体运动的起点指向运动的终点的有向线段称为位移，是矢量。
3.物理学中，只有大小的物理量称为标量；既有大小又有方向的物理量称为矢量。
4.只有在质点做单向直线运动是，位移的大小等于路程。
两者运算法则不同。
典型题：一质点绕半径为R 的圆周运动了一圈，则其位移大小为 ，路程是 。
若质点运动了 1.75 周，则其位移大小为 ，路程是 ，运动过程中最大位移是第三节 运动运动的描述——速度 1.直线运动的位置和位移：坐标的正负表示位置在原点的哪一侧，坐标的数值表示位置到原点的距离 用位置坐标的变化量表示物体位移 ，用正、负表示运动物体位移的方向△X=X 2—X 1 2.物体通过的位移与所用的时间之比叫做速度。
高中英语必修一、二笔记
⾼中英语必修⼀、⼆笔记B1 M21、His amusing joke amused every one present. (在场的)2、support ⽀撑3、energetic (n.)energy4、intelligent = wise = clever5、nervously (adv.) nervousness(n.) cover up 掩饰6、organized organize(v.) organization(n.) WHO世界卫⽣组织7、patience 耐⼼be patient with sb. in sth. be strict with sb. in sth.8、avoid doing9、incorrectly correct(adj.) 正确的convenient ⽅便的10、completely = totally 完全地complete(v/adj.) 完成/ 完整的、⼗⾜的I feel completely relaxed now, for the meeting is a complete success.11、admit 承认，允许⼊内admission(n.) admission tickets⼊场券I dream of being admitted to an ideal university12、revise- revision13、similar- similarly- similarity(n.) 相似之处14、respect respectable正派的，体⾯的respectively分别地15、play jokes on sb. 开某⼈玩笑tell jokes 开玩笑16、summarize(v.) 摘要，总结17、spiritual comfort ⼼灵安慰above all ⾸要的是wave to sb.向某⼈招⼿18、keep off the topic 避开话题keep to the point 点明主旨19、be on vacation20、keep good discipline 保持好纪律have problems with discipline 纪律有问题21、In our school, the relationship between teachers and students is quite relaxed.relaxing relaxationrelaxed atmosphere22、hope to/ I’m glad to/ decide to/ plan to/ He orders me not to/ want toI used to. You don’t have to. I ought to.23、He dare not go out at night.He doesn’t dare to go out at night. dare是半个情态动词（同need）24、make up one’s mind to do 下定决⼼做某事25、后加doing的动词：delay推迟，延迟deny否认risk，keep, escape, mind, avoid, practice, admit, enjoy, advise, consider, miss错过permit允许excuse, stand, appreciate, suggest 后加to do的动词：manage, decide, plan, hope, fail, afford, promise承诺2627、make sure that +从句（⼀般现在时）make sure of the time/ make sure of the place28、It is said that everyone lives by selling something. Teachers live by selling knowledge. Similarly, priests live by selling spiritual comfort.29、My opinion on the matter is similar to yours.30、Surprisingly, there are some similarities between the two designs.31、a complete fool a complete stranger You are completely mistaken.Please complete the task by October.32、Huaxia amusement park received a letter but they didn’t take it seriously.33、She has an advantage over other teachers.34、Above all, I prefer teachers who are amusing and energetic. However, being intelligent is also an important quality of a good teacher.prefer to do A rather than do B. = Rather than do B, sb. prefer to do A.would rather do than do.＝would do rather than do.I decided to write rather than telephone.35、leave sb. alone.把某⼈单独留下36、such a beautiful girl= so beautiful a girlcatch one’s eye 吸引某⼈的⽬光（这⾥的eye通常不⽤复数）come into view/ sight.进⼊视线37、enter for 报名参加win the Nobel Prize 得诺贝尔奖stand on one’s head 倒⽴lie on one’s chest.趴着睡lie on one’s back/ side 仰/侧躺着睡in return for作为……的报答call at sp.拜访某地call on sb.拜访某⼈call sb.打电话strike eight敲响8点strike击中，敲击，袭击A big earthquake struck Sichuan.gather集合damage破坏（可修复）destroy破坏（不可修复）do/ cause much damage to 对……造成破坏B1 M31、scenery（⾃然、综合）美景（un.）view视野（从⾼往下）have a good view of 观点in one’s viewsight单⼀景象，⼈⽂景观（+s）The water fall is a beautiful sight.short sighted近视眼At first sight, I lost my heart to her.第⼀眼看到她，我就爱上了她At the sight of the blood, she fainted.⼀看到⾎，她就晕倒了scene 场景（⼈+物），幕（戏剧的）I can see the scene of children playing in the garden.Scene I 第⼀幕be on the scene 上场，在现场2、Where do you think he lives?你认为他住在哪？Who do you believe/suppose the teacher is praising? 你认为⽼师在表扬谁？3、refer to 1）指，针对2）提及，提到3）查阅，参考be referred to as被称作(n.)reference查阅，参考reference book参考书4、mathematics数学5、be short for ……的简写be short of缺少＝lack(vt.)Our company is short of money.(n.)shortage短缺in short简⾔之= in a word take shortcuts⾛捷径6、out of date过期，过时up to date最新的out of work失业out of breath⽓喘吁吁out of control失控out of order出故障out of reach够不到means of transport交通⼯具7、He waited until it was dark.He didn’t get off the bus until 8:00. 他直到8点才下车=Not until 8:00 did he get off the bus.8、I didn’t recognize him until he removed his glasses.=Not until he removed his glasses did I recognize him.9、The picture looks better at a distance.隔开⼀段距离in the distance在远⽅distant(adj.)远处的，冷淡的keep sb. at a distance与某⼈保持距离10、abandoned (v.)abandon抛弃11、desert (v.)抛弃dessert甜点12、be an expert in在……是专家expert(adj.)内⾏的be expert in在……内⾏He is expert in repairing cars.13、shoot shoot him dead射死他shoot at对……瞄准14、journey(长) Wish you a good journey祝你旅途愉快15、train trainer训练者16、frighten= scare= terrifyI was frightened to death by the frightening/terrifying tiger.17、interview interview sb.给某⼈⾯试，采访某⼈cover sth.采访某事18、event sports event运动赛事19、exhausted = tired out exhausting令⼈筋疲⼒尽的exhaustion(n.)After climbing Mount Tai, I was exhausted/ tired out.20、downtown downtown Weihai.威海市中⼼21、ceremony attend the opening ceremony.参加开幕式Attend the wedding ceremony.参加婚礼22、track道，路径，声道，踪迹，跑道keep track of跟踪fox 狐狸23、smoked fish熏鱼give a lecture做报告24、I only interview the trained people.He found the stolen car at last/ eventually.Where is the repaired car? Where is the car repaired yesterday?a sunken ship⼀艘沉船25、pay a visit to = visit参观take/make a trip to sp.be totally lost in……流连忘返be fascinated by为……着迷26、be located in gorgeous美丽的paradise天堂a state-level scenic spot.⼀个国家级旅游景点hesitate犹豫Lijiang Ancient City丽江古城at home and abroad国内外a place of historical interest历史⽂化古迹27、not...any more 动作不再重复not…any longer 状态不再延续28、tips for/ on sth.（最好⽤on）1、approach (vi./vt.)靠近（n.）1）靠近，临近2）⽅法3）道路With winter approaching = With the approach of winteran increasing number of越来越多的out of work = unemployed失业He adopted a new approach to treating patients.他发现⼀种治疗病⼈的新⽅法2、occupy (vt.)占领，占⽤（时间，空间）＝take up occupation职业The north China was occupied by the Japanese for a long time.Playing football occupies most of my leisure time.（业余时间）Please state(陈述) your name, address and occupation.be busy with sth./ in doing sth.= be occupied with sth./in doing3、survive+灾难（不⽤介词）（vi./vt.）survivor幸存者survival(n.)air crash空难survival of the fittest适者⽣存survivors of 911.4、contact(vi./vt.)与……联络（n.）接触，联系D on’t hesitate to contact me if you are in trouble.avoid eye contact避免⽬光接触keep in contact/ touch保持联络make contact with sb.与某⼈取得联系5、exchange(v.)1）交换2）兑换exchange views/ ideas交换意见，交流想法exchange gifts in exchange for⽤于交换… exchange A for B（⽤A换B）I gave him a camera in exchange for his watch.⽤照相机换⼿表6、survey make/carry out a survey on sth.7、suburban 郊区的（adj.）live in the suburb of Weihai.8、attract-attraction9、fortune 1)命运fortune-teller算命者2)⼤笔钱财make a fortune发财10、sound The music sounds beautiful. smell/ taste/ look/ feel +adj.11、tourist attract tourists from home and abroad.tourism= the tourist industry旅游业12、bother bother to do⿇烦做某事，费事做某事He didn’t bother to say Thank you.他连谢谢都没说bother sb. with/about sth. financial problems.财政问题13、rent the rent for the apartment is high.14、starve挨饿starve to death饿得要死15、be caught in the traffic jams.被困在交通堵塞中16、unemployed the unemployed失业者employ雇⽤，使⽤employment(n.) employed (adj.) unemployment17、profession(n.) I’m a te acher by profession.我是专业⽼师18、Which do you prefer, manual labor(体⼒劳动) or mental labor(脑⼒劳动)?19、fascinating (v.)fascinate I’m fascinated by the fascinating country music.20、afford to do He can’t afford to send his children to school.We can’t afford a holiday.我们休不起假21、summer resort避暑胜地22、形容词：美⼤形幼新颜国材23、a large number of + cn. a great many + cn. a great deal of + un.a large amount of + un.1、exist We can’t exist without water.没有⽔我们就不能⽣存Water exists as solid, liquid and gas.2、expand Metals expand when (they’re) heated and contract when cooled. expand business扩⼤⽣意expand its wings展开翅膀3、mixtureSteel is a mixture of iron and other substances.钢是铁和其它物质的混合物a woman of substance富裕的⼥⼈(v.)mix (adj.)mixed mix A with B(把A和B混在⼀起)have mixed feelings about sth.对某事感到悲喜交加a mixed school男⼥混合学校4、stage舞台，阶段The experiment is divided into 3 stages.5、conclusion (v.)conclude得出结论We can conclude that…= We can draw a conclusion that…=We can come to a conclusion that…= reach a conclusion that…= arrive at a conclusion that…In conclusion = to conclude6、I want to express my gratitude(感谢) to you.7、aim (n.)⽬标aimless漫⽆⽬的的achieve one’s goal = achieve one’s aimMy aim is to serve the people while his aim is to make money.We aim to complete the project by Friday.be aimed at 针对The new scheme(计划) is aimed at reducing unemployment.8、The anti-smoking campaign禁烟运动anti:反对9、A reacts with B to form C.(A与B反应⽣成C) partial reaction局部反应her reaction to the news她对消息的反应How did she react to the news?10、a piece of equipment(vt.)equip装备，配备equip our classroom with computers.We should equip ourselves with knowledge. be equipped with…配备有…Our school is equipped with the latest teaching facilities./sports facilities.11、boiling water沸腾的⽔boiled water开⽔boiled egg熟鸡蛋12、ordinary普通的，平常的ordinary people/ food. ordinary-looking相貌平平common1）公共的，共同的common interests共同利益2）常见的common sense/ knowledge常识It’s common practice to do做某事是惯例The flu is common among students in winter.usual通常的，平常的He sits in his usual place.I will meet you at the usual time.normal正常的normal blood pressure正常⾎压13、add add oil to the water add some salt to the soupThe rain added to our difficulties.增加His year income adds up to $18000 add up to共计= come to = totaladd the figures up把数字加起来14、keep the air out of water.别让空⽓进⼊⽔Keep him out of the office because his name is at the bottom of the list.15、I was about to go out when it began to rain.我正要出去，就开始下⾬了16、build up增强，增加build up one’s confidence.bring up带⼤，养⼤，吐，提出（问题）make up编造，构成，化妆，讲和，补上去17、at the cost of以…为代价18、Suppose/ Supposing +句⼦＝If +句⼦19、⽐较级汇总You are taller than me = I’m less tall than you.not as…as… =not so…as…The harder you work, the more progress you will get.The fewer mistakes you make, the more rewards you will receive.He is more an artist than a teacher.与其说他是⽼师，不如说他是艺术家It’s more than a newspaper它不仅仅是报纸This is more than I can tell you.我不能告诉你这件事I’m more than glad/ happy/ willing/ ready to do sth. ⾮常愿意做某事no more than = only He’s no more than a worker他只是个⼯⼈You’re no taller than me.(我们俩都不⾼)Are you feeling any better today?你今天好点了吗？20、float float in the air在空中飘浮float on the water在⽔上漂浮21、dissolve Salt dissolves easily in water盐在⽔中易溶22、balance (n.)平衡，天平（vt.）把…平衡lose one’s balance失去平衡keep the balance of nature保持⽣态平衡a balanced diet均衡的饮⾷keep/ strike a balance between work and relaxation.保持平衡23、go on a diet节⾷fat-free food不含脂肪的⾷物duty-free shop免税店salt-free⽆盐24、put/ keep sth. in order25、make sure that + ⼀般现在时make sure of the time/ place.26、I will walk you home.我将步⾏送你回家27、Sth. is around the corner. …就要来临了28、When introduced to a foreigner, he went red. weigh sb.称某⼈体重29、I prefer that…(现在时) prefer sb. to do sth.30、leave+宾语+宾语补⾜语（adj./adv./doing/done/n.）leave the motor on让马达开着（+adv.）leave the door unlocked leave me aloneHis parents died, leaving him an orphan(孤⼉).31、倒装句Here comes the bus. Now comes your turn.⼩品词：in, out, up, down, on, off, away, overOut came a boy. Up flew the bird. Down came the plane.介词短语：On the wall are two horses. Before me stood a policeman.B1 M61、resource资源China is rich in natural resources.中国富含⾃然资源2、be accessible to sb. through a computer/ by computer.document⽂件the access to通道，通路have access toPeople have no access to safe drinking water in Africa.access information from website3、The club consists of 20 members.俱乐部由200⼈组成Life consists of not only smiles but also tears.Our group consists of 4 people.4、develop films冲洗照⽚develop cancer患癌症develop a new drug发明⼀种新药develop new software开发新软件5、I got this position through his help. live through the warHe fell ill through eating too much. read through the letter6、make it possible for sb. to do7、the teacher’s concern for me⽼师对我的关⼼8、contain1）含有（成分）2）抑制3）容纳=hold 4）装有Tomatoes contain plenty of VC.The bag contains nothing but books.include (vt.) 1）包括2）列⼊Please include me in the list.Does the price include the tax(税)? The price includes breakfast, doesn’t it?Everyone laughed, me included = including me.Her bag contains many books including an English one.9、crash (n.)撞击(vi.)崩溃an air crash a car crash10、key word password11、Our car has a breakdown half way. = Our car breaks down.1)失败The peace talk broke down. 2)He broke down at the news.12、source look into the source of virus(病毒).13、defend (vt.) defence(n.) Attack is the best form of defence.14、create-creation-creative-creativity创造⼒create favorable(有利的) conditions15、via go to Taiwan via Hong Kong = by way of16、percentage 前不可加数字40 percent of the students are in favor of the view.The percentage is going down/ going up.A large percentage of the students hold the opposite view.17、invention-invent-inventor invent an excuse = make up an excuse18、permission (n.)许可without permissionask for permission permit(v.) permitted过去式permit/ allow sb. to do 19、concentrate concentrate on = concentrate one’s attention on = focus onWe are supposed to concentrate on our study rather than abandon ourselves to playing computer games.20、definite Definitely肯定地I want a definite answer.21、fantastic in my view/ for my part/ personally/ as for me在我看来The Internet is fantastic because it provides us with whatever information we require.22、independent(adj.)独⽴的She is independent of her parents.depend on = be dependent on think independently独⽴思考23、Advantages outweigh disadvantages.24、average平均的on average平均地He’s an average student.25、statistics统计数字according to the latest statistics.26、shorten widen deepen sharpenWe can broaden one’s horizons by surfing the Internet.27、be known to sb.被某⼈知道well-known, better-know, best-known28、the aged⽼⼈the living活着的⼈29、hit sb. in the face(软) hit sb. on the nose(硬)30、There is a Mr. Wang waiting you.31、a good knowledge of sth.某⽅⾯有丰富的知识receive a good education32、He was made chairman.(⽆冠词) make him managerthe balance of nature people from all walks of life各⾏各业的⼈33、He’s a most excellent student他是个极好的学⽣faithful忠诚的the Alps阿尔卑斯⼭in the 1820s read one’s mind/ thoughts读懂某⼈的⼼lay a solid foundation for…为…打下牢固基础be harmful toget cheated被欺骗abandon yourself to…沉溺于…be beneficial to= be good for on the contrary恰恰相反34、compare the girl to…把⼥孩⽐作…rush sb to…急匆匆把某⼈送去…produce a gun from the pocket.从⼝袋⾥拿出⼀把枪35、You can’t be too careful = You can’t be careful enough你再认真也不为过36、Sth. doesn’t agree with sb.(天⽓、⾷物等，⽤于否定句)37、come across a new word遇到新单词be favorable for对…有利break through突围，突破1、Every year many people die of illness related to smoking.2、People are likely to become addicted to nicotine(尼古丁). Therefore, smoking affects(不好的影响) your health. Furthermore(此外), it’s against the law to smoke on public transport because smoking does damage to(损害) passive smokers as well. For the sake of your health, I believe it will be wonderful if you can give up smoking.3、distraction (un.)分⼼(cn.)分⼼物I have to study in the library because there are too many distractions at home. distract You can develop new interests to distract your attention from smoking = distract you from smoking.Playing games will distract you from your study.4、recognize recognition(n.) I didn’t recognize your voice.Taiwan has no right to recognize Kosov o’s independence.台湾⽆权承认科索沃独⽴5、He is a danger to society.他对社会是个危险分⼦6、He is interested in what belongs to others.7、since既然= now that (众所周知的) for因为(前有逗号，补充说明)8、倒装：only +状语Only in Beijing can you see the Great Wall.Only by working hard can you succeed. only +⼈不倒装9、Once you start smoking, you’re likely to become addicted to it.10、Taking drugs has become a serious social problem.11、take part in/ participate in/ join in a discussion/ social activities.join +组织12、have an effect on= have an influence on home surroundings家庭环境13、He’s recognized as a first-class writer.14、Where is the book belonging to me?15、injection(n.) reduction(n.) burglar抢劫犯burglary抢劫案16、criminal (adj.)犯罪的(n.)罪犯17、illegal不合法的legally illegally participation(n.)参加，参与18、It’s said that he was a farmer.= He is said to have been a farmer.Bill is considered to have invented the phone.19、suggest doing advise sb to do.20、commit crime犯罪take drugs吸毒21、agree to接受（计划、建议）agree with同意agree on就…达成共识22、However cold it is = No matter how cold it is23、be determined to do = make up one’s mind to do下定决⼼做某事1、keep…up保持…⾼keep up your spirits使情绪⾼涨2、I came here running all the way.我⼀路跑着来的3、I have a talent/ gift for singing.我有唱歌天赋talented= gifted4、I’m a born singer我⽣来是歌⼿5、go deaf/ mad/ bad/ wrong/ blind6、The rest of the money has been spent so far.7、Washing the dishes, I hurt my hand.当我洗盘⼦时，我弄伤了我的⼿Having washed the dishes, I put them away.洗完盘⼦后，我把它们收起来8、take notes =make notes9、influence sb. to do sth. under one’s influence在某⼈影响下influential(adj.)有影响的Having taught in Weihai for 10 years, the musician went to Beijing, where he became an influential figure.Not having heard from her, I wrote her another letter.Having been told again and again, he made the same mistake.10、The clock struck 13 o’clock, which made everyone laugh.He likes to live where he can enjoy sunshine. I’ll go where I’m needed.11、take up开始从事Under his father’s influence, he took up painting.It was under his father’s influence that he took up painting.12、keep a record of = keep/make a note of对…记录13、expense花费14、divide把整体分成部分separate A from B（把A与B分开）原混在⼀起的两个/多个整体It is the Taiwan Strait that separates Taiwan from the mainland.What is it that separates Taiwan from the mainland?It was in the hotel where he stayed that I saw him.It was in the lab where she did the experiment that she made a great discovery. Where was it that he was born in 1980? When was it that he was born in Shanghai? Not until his first album came out did he become famous.=It was not until his first album came out that he became famous.15、split up分裂，分开keep a record of16、have one’s first hit⾸次造成轰动become a hit轰动⼀时be a great success⼤获得成功17、There was an audience of 2000. 有2000个观众18、life (cn.)⽣命(cn./un.)⽣活We should make good use of time.employ = take on雇⽤side effect副作⽤19、The meeting lasted for 2 hours.=lasted 2 hours.20、be faced with⾯临He turns out(to be) honest.他原来很诚实啊！despite +n.尽管21、Success lies in hard work.(=consists in)成功位于⾟勤的劳动中The outbreak of the SARS⾮典的爆发22、one at a time⼀次⼀个fishery渔业23、the moment =the minute =as soon as ⼀…就…24、The first time I saw him= When I saw him for the first time25、Why does she always drive to work when(既然) she could easily take train? Why do you want a new job when you have already got a good one?26、have a talent for对…有天赋27、This is what is called ‘pencil’.表语从句I believe what you said.宾语从句What you said is right主语从句28、search for =look for reach for伸⼿够某物（通常⾝⼦不动）29、recognize承认cancel= call off30、after you您先请every other year每隔⼀年talent =gift talented =gifted31、release释放，发⾏other than除了departure离开stable稳定的appeal to吸引optimism（n.）乐观stick to his dream坚持梦想start a band = form a band turn up= appearto our regret让我们遗憾的是reunite重聚best-seller畅销书32、Not only am I interested in English but also I learn it well.one’s love for life33、had planned/ intended/ meant/ wanted/ wished/ hoped 本打算但没做成I had intended to go to Mexico but my father wouldn’t let me go.34、Sell the cars while it still runs.趁这车还跑把它卖了吧35、It was three hours before firemen put out the fire.(before才，就)He had hung up before I could answer.我还没来得及接他就挂断了36、Sb. be in charge of负责Sth be in the charge of…由…负责37、catch sight of看见，看到abnormal不正常的lift a ban on解除禁令38、I seated the baby on the sofa.I seated myself.(坐的动作) I was seated.(坐的状态)I found him seated there.= I found him sitting there.B2 M41、be considered as/ to be…被认为是… He’s considered (as) a good president. consider doing2、show ordinary city life3、such as +词for example+句⼦(有时候可以加词)4、in the traditional Chinese style⽤传统中国⽅式5、aim to do=aim at doing旨在…6、be fed up with = be sick of = be bored with= be tired of厌倦7、show reality表现真实的东西realistic现实的8、prepare sb. for sth.使某⼈为某事做好准备be well/ fully prepared for…为…做好充分的准备9、develop an interest in10、tell by…通过…判断accent⼝⾳I can tell by the accent that he isn’t a native of Weihai.tell right from wrong辨别是⾮11、observe observe nature观察⼤⾃然observe public order遵守公共秩序Do you observe Christmas?你们庆祝圣诞节吗？observe sb. do/ doing看到某⼈做某事I observed him enter the bank.= He was observed to enter the bank.see/ watch/ notice/ hear/ look at/ listen to/ feel + do/doing/doneI observed him driving at a speed of 90 miles per hour.=He was observed driving at a speed of 90 miles per hour.He saw his brother murdered by terrorists. I hear my name called.observation (n.) be under observation正在被观察observer观察员12、put off the meeting to/ till/ until next month. delay doing推迟做某事13、put out 1)⽣产put out 50 cars 2)使我不⾼兴put me out 3）扑灭put out a fire put away收拾好put aside money 1)把钱拿到⼀边2）把钱存起来put forward提出put forward a suggestion put down 1)放下2）记下3）镇压rise起义rebellion叛乱put me up让我留宿14、delightful令⼈愉快的＝pleasant （v.）delight使…⾼兴delight sb. (n.)delight to my delight/ joy 令我⾼兴的是delighted感到⾼兴的15、reality escape from reality.逃避现实（抽象，不加冠词）He escaped punishment/ being punished.Going to the moon has become a reality.去⽉球已成为现实（具体，加冠词）his dream of doing sth.他做某事的梦想16、aspect⽅⾯in every aspect/ respect 在所有⽅⾯In many aspects, human beings differ from monkeys.The book aims to cover all aspects of city life.17、imitate模仿imitation(n.)18、adopt采纳，领养adapt改编，适应be adapted from由…改编adapt to new surroundings适应新环境19、destroy destruction(n.) destructive(adj.)have no choice but to do sth.别⽆选择做某事ruin/ damage可修复的破坏（轻）20、start an art movement发起⼀场艺术运动21、adopt advanced technology采⽤先进技术22、The horses look alive那些马看上去栩栩如⽣23、Can you name all the plants in the garden?(说出…的名字)The street was named after Dickens.24、be fond of喜爱extraordinary杰出的25、in the rush hour在⾼峰期26、can’t stand doing I can’t stand being laughed at in public.He can’t stand being looked down upon by his peers(同龄⼈).27、Considering that all the scenic spots are crowded with people, I’m considering calling off/ canceling my travel.28、with the aim of…⽬的是…achieve one’s aim29、aim at doing = aim to doOur school has carried out a series of reform(改⾰), aiming to lighten(减轻) the burden（负担）of us students.30、take turns to do轮流做…31、experiment on sth.在…⾝上做实验cure cancer治愈癌症32、be aimed at针对criticism（n.）批评33、the golden-haired girl⾦发⼥孩kind-hearted⼼肠好的one-eyed独眼的peace-loving热爱和平的water-flooded被⽔淹没的34、They saw a shining objectobject物体，宾语，⽬标subject主语The object(⽬标) of the plan is to benefit(使受益) all the staff.object (v.) They object to(反对) developing private cars, for the release waste gas. objection (n.)反对35、living活着的（adj.）a living writer(前置) living thingsalive 1)活着的a writer alive(后置) We are alive. keep the fish alivecatch sb. alive活捉某⼈bury sb. alive活埋某⼈2）有活⼒的Though he’s in his eighties, he’s alive.live 活着的（不修饰⼈）a live snake/ fish a live football match现场直播球赛lively活泼的，⽣动的36、stand out突出，与众不同，出头The flower stands out against the white snow在⽩雪映衬下stand by +宾语：⽀持…stand by(不加宾语)：袖⼿旁观stand for代表37、He succeeded in escaping from the fire.= He managed to escape from the fire.=He was able to escape from the fire.38、Only yesterday did I realize that he had cheated(欺骗) me.39、suffer from因…受苦40、I hate the way you speak to your mother(=the way that you speak to your mother = the way in which you speak to your mother)41、It’s no use doing sth.做某事没有⽤42、⽆⽣命事物中，国家、城市、天体、时间、距离可加’s43、tell A from B tell A and B apart（把A和B区分开）44、realize one’s full potential（潜⼒）B2 M51、celebrity (cn.)名⼈Many celebrities have turned up(出现) in TV commercials(⼴告⽚).2、economy (un.) economy class经济舱However wealthy we are, we are supposed to practice economy.例⾏节俭economic经济的，与经济有关的economic crisis经济危急economic reform经济改⾰economical省钱的，实惠的Traveling by car is more economical than traveling by plane.3、flight飞⾏，航班during his flight在他的飞⾏期间fly-flew-flown fly a kite放风筝run my finger through the hair⽤⼿捋头发4、congratulations Congratulations on winning the race.恭喜赢得⽐赛offer one’s congratulations to sb. on sth.为某事向某⼈表⽰祝贺congratulate sb. on sth. We all congratulated him on his getting a promotion(升职).5、in total总计 a total of…共计…A total of 30 countries offered their congratulations to China on the successful launch of the lunar probe(⽉球探测器). lunar calendar阴历6、welcome (v.)We welcomed the Queen at the airport.(n.)receive a warm welcome (adj.)You are welcome不客⽓7、history historical in history in the history of China8、achievement (cn.) an achievement⼀项成就He has made great achievements in the field of rice growing.achieve (v.) achieve one’s ambition实现某⼈的抱负9、replace = take the place ofNothing can replace a mother’s love and care.Computers have replaced typewriters(打字机).I have replaced him as captain of the team. I will replace my car with a new one.放回Replace the book on the shelf.10、be delighted at I’m delighted to see you again.be delighted that…to my delight = to my joy11、I part my hair in the middle.我头发中分part with sth.放弃某物part from sb.与某⼈分开part the two dogs把两只狗分开play an important part/ role inTourism plays an important part in China’s economy.Computers are playing an important part in our daily life, and more and more families have access to the Internet.play the part of…扮演…的⾓⾊12、belief religious belief宗教信仰–disbelief (v.)believe-disbelieve13、evidence证据 a piece of evidenceNow that/ Since there wasn’t enough evidence to prove(证明) that he’s guilty（有罪的）, he was set free/ was released.14、culture cultural cultural exchange⽂化交流cultural difference⽂化差异15、financial finance⾦融financial crisis⾦融危机16、Oxford University(⽜津⼤学), founded in 1167, is a first-class university from which many celebrities graduated.17、This is the city which I live in.= This is the city in which I live.18、produce拿出，⽣产（n.）production⽣产product产品Our products are free of chemicals（化学物质）.19、by⽤于数字间的⽐较You are late by 10 minutes.You are taller than me by one head.20、lie in = consist in位于，在于21、抽象名词具体化：success, failure, danger, surprise, honor, joy, pleasure22、on behalf of代表23、He died for the honor of the country.他为国家荣誉⽽死24、a beauty⼀个美⼈attraction吸引⼈的东西25、before 1)才，就⼀般将来时+ before +⼀般现在时/ ⼀般过去时+before+⼀般过去时It will be long before we meet again.2)还没来得及He had hung up before I could answer it.3)趁着Sell the car before it still runs.26、while 1）尽管2）⽽（对⽐）3）在…期间，与…同时When/ While I was in Japan, I picked up Japanese.27、immediately = the moment =the minute =as soon as…The moment I saw him, I thought of his father.The first time he went to Shanghai, he paid a visit to his teacher.28、hardly…when…= no sooner…than…⼀…就…He had hardly arrived when it began to snow他⼀到就下雪了=Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow. （when前过去完成时，when后⼀般过去时）No sooner had she gone to sleep than the telephone rang.29、in case以防He always slept by the telephone in case (that) she rang during the night.Don’t go out in case (that) Mr. Li should(表虚拟) visit you.30、trend趋势31、turn to sb. (for help) 向某⼈寻求帮助32、in place of = instead of33、aboard 1)介词go aboard the plane/ ship 2)副词get aboard =go aboard34、enjoy life fully= enjoy life to the full充分享受⽣活B2 M61、comedy-tragedy (cn.)2、sword剑There is no doubt that the Internet is a double-edged sword.3、character (cn.)⾓⾊，⼈物（un.）性格By the year 2008, the actress had created a series of different characters.They are opposite in character.性格截然相反My ring is similar to yours in style.4、masterpiece The movie, directed by Zhang, is really a masterpiece.5、leap-leapt-leapt (n./vi.) Look before you leap.三思⽽⾏leap with delight/ joy⾼兴地跳起来shake with cold/ fear冷得/吓得发抖6、occasionally = (every) now and then =from time to time= once in a while不时地。
高中语文笔记大全
高中常见易混近义实词合集1、【处事·处世】“处事”指处理问题，处理各种事务，如“他处事严肃，态度却十分和蔼”。
“处世”指在社会上活动，跟人往来相处，如“他闯荡江湖多年，有着丰富的处世经验”。
高考必背22.【处治·处置】“处治”指处分、惩治，如“对那些民愤极大的腐败分子要从严从快加以处治”。
处置：①表示处理，如“这事务必妥善处置”；②指发落、惩治，如“我只恨没有本领处置那些该死的东西”。
2、【窜改·篡改】二者都有改动的意思，但改动的对象和动机不同。
“窜改”指改动成语、文件、古书等中不应该改动的部分，单指文字改动，对象多是具体的书面材料，不含贬义，如“抄写文件要细心，不要随意窜改”。
“篡改”指用作伪的手段别有用心地改动或曲解，把正确的东西改为不正确的东西，不限于文字，含贬义，对象多是比较抽象的东西，如经典、理论、政策、学说、历史等，如“他们肆意篡改历史”。
3、【参观·观赏】“参观”指实地观察(工作成绩、事业、设施、名胜古迹等)，如“参观游览”。
“观赏”指观看欣赏，如“观赏名花异草”。
4、【反应反映】“反应”是指受到某种刺激引起的活动，也指化学、物理的连锁变化；还指事情引起的意见或行动。
“反映”是指把客观事物的本质表现出来，也指向有关方面报告情况或问题。
“反应”是被动的，“反映”是主动的。
5、【妨碍妨害】“妨碍”着重指造成一定障碍，程度较轻。
如：妨碍交通。
“妨害”着重指有损害，程度较重。
如：妨害健康。
6、【肤浅浮浅】相同：都表示浅，不深。
不同：“肤浅”主要用于认识、理解等局限于表面，常指学识浅薄，理解不深刻。
“浮浅”主要用于作风、学识等，着重于指浮在表面，认识浅薄，不扎实。
7、【抚养扶养赡养】：“抚养”兼指监护、教养和供养，一般是长辈对晚辈。
“扶养”广义指因亲属关系而发生的一方对他方承担生活供养，狭义指夫妻双方在物质、生活上的互相帮助、照顾。
“赡养”指成年子女对父母或晚辈对长辈在物质上的帮助和生活上的照顾。
11397-高考-数学笔记-正式课
y1+y2=2pk2+2m ������1 ������2 = ������2
X1+x2=-2pk Y1+Y2=2pm
y1+y2=2pk2-2m y1y2=m2
|AB|=2√������√1 + k 2 √pk 2 − 2m
抛物线的全方位秒杀 【典型例题 1】
第52 53 54讲
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =γ������������ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 已知 AB 在抛物线 C:x 2 = 4y上，点（0，4）满足������������ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ ������������ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (1) 求证：������������ (2) 设抛物线 C 过 AB 两点的切线交于点 N 1. 求证点 N 在一条定直线上 2. 设 4≤ x ≪ 9 求直线 MN 在 X 轴上截距的取值范围
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程伟巅峰数学创新高考秒杀第一人
程伟巅峰数学创新高考秒杀第一人
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(2) 由(1)可得 |AB|= 1 K | x1 x2 | 故SAOB 1 |AB|h= 2 2|t| 1+2k2 ? t2 1 2k2
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第50,51讲
抛物线的全部秒杀 开口向右： y 2 =2px Δ>0 Δ=p-2km>0 X1+x2= X1X2=
高中历史总复习课堂笔记——中国近代史
序中国近代史概述一、含义和分期1.含义：中国半殖民地半封建社会的历史.2.分期：184019191949年鸦片战争爆发五四运动中华人民共和国成立二、前期基本线索和社会主要矛盾1.基本线索：①反帝反封斗争，实现民族独立；②探索救国之路，实现近代化.*专题：①资本主义的侵华史；②下层人民的革命斗争史；③资产阶级性质的改革和革命史；④民族资本主义的发展史；⑤近代社会政治思想史.2社会的主要矛盾：①中华民族与外国资本主义；②封建主义与人民大众.*何谓“半殖民地半封建社会”？①沦落：“半殖民地”是指丧失了部分的，而不是全部的独立自主权；②进步：“半封建”是指既保存了封建主义，又发展了资本主义；③不能机械地理解为“半殖民地”是政治的，“半封建”是经济的。
两者都具有经济、政治、文化的内涵.*中国半殖民地半封建社会的形成过程（四个阶段）：♑鸦片战争后，中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会；♑第二次鸦片战争后，半殖民地化程度进一步加深；♑中日甲午战争后，半殖民地程度大大加深；♑八国联军侵华战争后，中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会.*中国近代史的各个阶段分期：♎开始沦为半殖半封社会时期（1840-19世纪60年代）；♎半殖半封社会形成时期（19世纪6、70年代-20世纪初）；♎半殖半封社会深化时期（20世纪初-五四运动前）；♎革命的新曙光和国民大革命时期（ 1919-1927）；♎国共十年对峙时期（1927-1937）；♎中华民族的抗日战争时期（1937-1945）；♎人民解放战争时期（1945-1949）.第一单元中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会时期（1840-19世纪60年代）*重要事件：1.鸦片战争（1840-1842）2.第二次鸦片战争（1856-1860）3.太平天国运动（1851-1864）4.新思潮的萌发（19世纪四五十年代）一、阶段特征殖民者用战争的方式打开中国大门，中华民族与外国资本主义之间的矛盾成为中国社会各种矛盾中的最主要矛盾，中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会；农民阶级领导的反封建反侵略的太平天国运动爆发，封建主义与人民大众之间的矛盾成为中国社会的另一对主要矛盾；晚清开明士大夫指出“师夷长技以制夷”，新思潮萌发；在内外交困的形势下清朝政局也发生大变动.二、重点解读1.鸦片战争（1840-1842）P1-10直接目的：为了维护可耻的鸦片贸易；根本目的：打开中国大门，把中国变为其商品市场、原料产地.（3）性质：英国侵华战争.（4）中国失败的原因：①客观原因：英国综合国力的强大；②主观原因：清王朝的腐朽落后；③根本原因：腐朽没落的封建主义对抗不了新兴的资本主义.（5）影响：①中国社会发生急剧变化:A.政治上：领土完整和独立主权开始丧失.B.经济上：自然经济开始解体，中国经济被卷入资本主义世界体系，成为西方资本主义列强的附庸.②西方势力的侵入客观上促进了中国社会近代化进程的发展.A.政治上：封建专制主义统治遭到削弱.B.经济上：中国闭关状态被打破，开始面向世界。
高中化学必修1学霸笔记
高中化学必修1学霸笔记高中化学必修一笔记(一)1. 药品存放安全① 固体→广口瓶液体→细口瓶或滴瓶见光易分解→棕色瓶② 酸性试剂→玻璃塞碱性试剂→橡胶塞③ 氧化剂和还原剂不能一起存放2. 常见意外事故处理① 强碱沾到皮肤——大量水+硼酸② 强酸沾到皮肤——大量水+ 3%~5%NaHCO3溶液③ 有毒有机物沾到皮肤——酒精擦洗④ 酸或碱流到实验桌上——用NaHCO3或__中和，再用水冲洗3.药品的取用固体：粉末状：纸槽、药匙一斜二送三直立块状：镊子、药匙一横二送三慢立液体：直接倾倒或用滴管取4.实验仪器的注意事项试管：加热不超过1/3，试管夹夹在距试管口1/3处先预热再加热，防止试管骤冷炸裂烧杯：加热时应垫石棉网，使受热均匀溶解物质用玻璃棒搅拌，不能触及杯壁或杯底烧瓶：(圆底烧瓶、蒸馏烧瓶、平底烧瓶)都可以用于装配气体发生装置;蒸馏烧瓶用于蒸馏以分离互溶的沸点不同的物质①圆底烧瓶和蒸馏烧瓶可以用于加热，加热要垫石棉网②液体加入量不能超过容积的1/2蒸发皿：用于蒸发液体或浓缩溶液①可以直接加热，但不能骤冷②盛液量不能超过蒸发皿溶剂的2/3③取放蒸发皿应使用坩埚钳坩埚：用于固体物质的高温灼烧①把坩埚放在三脚架上的泥三角上直接加热②取放坩埚要用坩埚钳③不宜用瓷坩埚熔化烧碱、纯碱及氟化物，它们可和瓷共熔使坩埚造腐蚀④用坩埚钳在夹取高温的坩埚时，应先把坩埚尖端在火焰下预热一下酒精灯：失火时要用湿布盖灭4.混合物的分离和提纯过滤：把不溶于液体的固体物质与液体物质分离一贴二低三靠蒸发：给液体加热使液体受热汽化挥发玻璃棒要不断搅拌溶液，防止由局部液体温度过高，造成液滴飞溅粗盐提纯：杂质有CaCl2 MgCl2 SO42-NaOH→BaCl2→Na2CO3→HCl蒸馏：利用各混合物中的沸点不同，用蒸馏的方法除去易挥发、难挥发或不挥发的物质注意：① 蒸馏烧瓶中要加少量碎瓷片或沸石，防止液体爆沸② 温度计水银球的位置应与蒸馏烧瓶支管口的下沿齐平，以测出该出蒸汽的温度③ 冷凝管中冷却水从下口进，从上口出④ 蒸馏烧瓶要垫石棉网⑤ 连接顺序由下至上，由左到右⑥ 先通水，后加热，防止冷凝管炸裂⑦ 刚开始收集到的馏分应该弃去(冷凝管脏)(实验室制取蒸馏水的装置可以不用温度计，因为自来水中要出去的杂质都难挥发)沸点低先蒸出，加热温度不能超过混合物中沸点最高的温度蒸馏水中离子检验：Cl- : 稀HNO3+AgNO3(顺序可换)SO42- : HCl + BaCl2(顺序不可换，因为可能有Ag+)注意：不能把HCl换成HNO3 ，不能把BaCl2换成Ba(NO3)2 因为SO32-+HNO3=SO42-萃取：利用物质在互不相溶的溶剂里溶解度的不同，用一种溶剂把物质从它与另一种溶剂所组成的溶液里提取出来萃取剂的选择：①萃取剂与原溶液中的溶质和溶剂都互不相溶②溶质在萃取剂中的溶解度远大于在原溶剂中的溶解度(萃取剂的密度可以比水大，也可以比水小)常见的萃取剂：苯、汽油、煤油难溶于水，密度比水小;CCl4，难溶于水，密度比水大分液：将萃取后良种互不相溶的液体分开的操作操作步骤：① 验漏：在分液漏斗中加入少量水，塞上玻璃塞，倒置看是否漏水，再把玻璃塞旋转180°，再倒置② 装液③ 混合振荡：右手压分液漏斗口部，左手握住活塞部分，把分液漏斗倒转过来振荡，使两种液体充分接触;振荡后打开活塞，使漏斗内气体放出④ 静置分层(放在铁架台上)⑤ 分液：待液体分层后，将分液漏斗颈上的玻璃塞打开，使分液漏斗上口玻璃塞上的凹槽对准漏斗上的小孔，拧开下口活塞放出下层液体，从上口倒出上层液体实验：用四氯化碳萃取碘水中的碘(碘在水中的溶解度很下而在四氯化碳的溶解度大)现象：原来的碘水呈黄色。