(完整版)口译笔记符号汇总

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口译笔记速记符号归总

口译笔记速记符号归总

口译笔记速记符号归总(一)1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math —— these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <——>resulting in ——>and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp口译笔记速记符号归总(二)一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible.很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。

口译笔记法符号汇总(超级全面)

口译笔记法符号汇总(超级全面)
P 表示政治:politics, political
希腊字母 P 读/pai/,近似 politics, political。那么 politician 就可以表示 为 PZ
G 表示效率:efficient, effective。
G 为效率符号。
Q 表示“通货膨胀”:inflation
因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等: meeting,conference, negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium
∞ 这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示“捕鱼业”等合 fishery 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全
如果在 U 填入2,就可以表示为 bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为 trilateral (三边的)。
填入在 U 中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入 m (multiple) 表示 多边主义。
如果在 U 上加一个“/”表示谈判破裂。
O 表示“国家”、“民族”、“领土”等:country, state, nation, etc.
学会一字等于一句看一字想一句看一句知一句以符号代文字以下各符号均可在记录中代替文字数学符号equal
一、地名简写 高级口译听力部分要求考生准确拼写出主要国家的名称和首都。如果要把每个国 家的名称完整的记录下来.会很费时间。因此,常用国名的记录方法应常记心中, 比如 K=Korea, SD= Sweden, SW=Switzerland 等等。有时还可以借助“|-”来 表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。 例如:the Republic of Korea(ROK,南朝鲜), 表示为“-K”; 相应的 the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK, 北朝鲜), 就可以表示为“K-”, Central London,表示为 LD。Western Europe (西欧)表示为“|EU”,Eastern Germany (东德)表示为“G|”。

最全口译笔记符号

最全口译笔记符号
峰会

1.关联
Link to, connect with, relate to, associate with
2.替代
Replace, displace, supplant, substitute, instead of, take the place of

1.交流,交换
Exchange, interact, communicate
众说纷纭,若干说法
Various opinions
1.听listen to
2.开放be open to
改革开放
爱,关心
Love, concern, care about
吓唬,威胁Scare, threatn←1.来come
2.收到receive
3.需要,缺少need, require, want, be short of
□^°
国家领导人,政府首脑state leader
宏观调控macro-control
首都capital city
1.重要
Important, significant, key, critical, crucial, essential, vital, eventful, principal, core, of great importance/significance/consequence
:

Tell, state, announce, express, claim, address, declare, argue, vow, explain, introduce, report
开:
开罗宣言Cairo Manifesto
√:
赞扬speak highly of, praise

口译笔记符号

口译笔记符号

口译记录的常用符号a.图标符号:↑ : 上升, 发展, 扩大, 加强等(grow, develop, expand, strengthen, etc.)↓ :下降, 减少, 恶化, 裁减(drop to, reduce, deteriorate, cut down )→ :导致,输出,派遣, 进入, 结论(result in, export to, send to, enter, drawa conclusion):来自,源于,追溯至, 进口,收到(come from, originate from, date back,import from, receive from):国家(country, state, nation):国内(domestic, internal, home):国外(external, overseas, abroad)⊙:开会,会议,研讨会,讨论,谈判(meeting, conference, seminar, discussion, negotiation)(图像表示“圆桌”)∪:协议,协定,条约,合同(agreement, accord, treaty, contract) (图像表示“酒杯”,含有庆祝的意思)如: 双边条约(bilateral treaty)可写成: ;三边协定(trilateral agreement )可写成: ;°:人, 人们(person, people) (图像表示“人头”)如: 美国人可写成: “US°” ; 中国人可写成: “中°” ;♂:男性,男人(male, man)♀:女性,女人(female, woman)Δ:代表(on behalf of):对立,冲突(confrontation, conflict)~ :交流,交换, 相互(exchange, replace, each other)?:疑问,问题,提问(doubt , problem, question, ask): :说,告诉,认为,声明,例如(say, speak, tell, think, declare, such as, like)( ):包括,在…之中/内,封闭(including, within, among, inside, seclusion)∈:属于,归于,归属(belong to ,be part of, fall into, pertain to)// :停顿,停止,终止(stop, halt)& :和,与…一起(and, together with)…:等等(and so on, and so forth, and the like, etc.)√:正确,好,肯定的,积极的,同意(correct, good, affirmative, certain, positive, agree)×:不/非,错误的,坏的,不好的, 否定的(not, no, wrong, incorrect, bad, notorious, negative)☆:杰出的,优秀的,最佳的,重要的,榜样(outstanding, excellent, best, important, model)(星光璀璨,表示“优秀,突出”):高兴,开心,愉快,兴奋(happy, pleased, delightful, joyful, excited)(这是个脸谱图像符号,嘴巴向上翘,表示“开心”):不满,生气,不开心,郁闷(unsatisfied, angry, unhappy, gloomy)(嘴巴向下撇,表示“不高兴”):惊讶,惊奇,吃惊,震惊(surprised , astonished , amazed, shocked )(嘴巴张大,表示“吃惊”):害怕,恐惧,恐慌(scared , frightened, panic ) (两只眼睛张大,表示“恐惧”):听说,据说,众所周知(it is said that, maybe you’ve heard of, as we allknow , as is known to all ) (脑袋上画个耳朵,表示“听说过,有所闻”)b .数学符号:= :等于,相当于,是…的对手(equal to, the same as, a match/rival/competitor for sb.)≠:不等于,不同,不是…的对手(not equal to, different, no match for)≈:大约,左右(approximately, around, or so )>:大于,多于,超过,优于(greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, superior to)<:小于,少于,不够,劣于,次于(smaller/fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to)+ :加上,另外,除此之外(plus, add, moreover, besides, in addition to, furthermore)-:减去,扣除,缺乏(minus, deduct, lack )∑:总共,合计(total, in all, add up )% :百分比,百分之…(percent)‰:千分比,千分之…(per thousand)∵:因为, 由于(as, because, owing to, due to, thanks to)∴:所以, 因此, 因而(consequently, so, therefore, as a result)c .常用缩写词:UN ( United Nations ) :联合国UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization):联合国教科文组织UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund):联合国儿童基金会UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees):联合国难民公署EU (European Union ) : 欧洲联盟(简称“欧盟”)EEC (European Economic Community): 欧洲经济共同体NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): 北大西洋公约组织APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation): 亚太经济合作组织WTO (World Trade Organization): 世界贸易组织WB (World Bank): 世界银行IMF(International Monetary Fund):国际货币基金组织L.G( ladies and gentlemen):女士们、先生们TKS( thanks):谢谢Org(organization):组织Co.(Company):公司MKT(market):市场L/C(letter of credit):信用证Ltd.(Limited): 有限Memo (memorandum): 备忘录 B.C.(before Christ): 公元前e. g. (for example): 例如i.e. (that is ): 即;那就是etc. (and so on ):等等esp.(especially):特别;尤其usu.(usually):通常;惯常max.(maximum): 最高min.(minimum): 最低;最小Wt.(weight):重量Kg.(kilogramme):公斤;千克b. (billion ): 十亿m.(million, meter, mile):百万;米;英里t.( thousand ,temperature , ton):千; 温度; 吨h. (hundred, hour, height): 百;小时;高度km. (kilometer)千米:公里sq. km (square kilometer):平方公里E(East):东S( South):南W( West ):西N( North ):北Q.( question ) :问题; A.(answer, acre ): 回答;英亩C (centigrade): 摄氏温度F( Fahrenheit): 华氏温度att. (attention):注意cf.(compare):比较c/o(care of): 转交ref.(reference):参考add.(Address):住址st.(street): 街std.(standard): 标准econ. (economy):经济ad.(advertisement):广告w (world):世界p (peace):和平r (repetition):重复y (year):年m (month):月w (week):星期 d (day):日a.m.(before noon):上午p.m.(afternoon):下午CN(China):中国(或简写为“中”) US(United States ):美国F(France):法国J(Japan):日本(或简写为“日”) UK(United Kingdom):英国HK(Hong Kong):香港MO(Macao):澳门TW(Taiwan):台湾AL(Australia ):澳大利亚SD(Sweden):瑞典SZ(Switzerland):瑞士CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States):独联体IQ(Iraq):伊拉克IR(Iran):伊朗ID(India):印度IN(Indonesia):印度尼西亚PL(Palestine ):巴勒斯坦PK(Pakistan):巴基斯坦d .综合性符号:. d ( yesterday): 昨天.. d (the day before yesterday): 前天. y( last year): 去年.. y (the year before last ): 前年d . (tomorrow): 明天 d .. (the day after tomorrow): 后天y . (next year): 明年y .. (the year after last): 后天[注:在年、月、日缩写词前后加“.” , 表示时间的推前或后移。

口译笔记常用符号

口译笔记常用符号

常用符号(一)数学符号+表示“加上”、“另外”、“除此之外”or“多”(plus, and, in addition to 或者many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.)++(+2) 表示“多”的比较级:more+3 表示“多”的最高级:most-表示“减去”or “缺乏/少”(minus, lack, in short of/ in shortage of etc或者little, few)×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念(wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.)√表示“对的”、“好的”、“积极的”(correct, good, positive, affirmative)> 表示“多于”或者“超过”(bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, surpass, superior to, etc.)< 表示“少于”或者“不如”、“逊色”(less/smaller/fewer than, worse than, inferior to, etc.)≥表示“大于或等于”、“不少于”(more than or equal to, no less than)≤表示“小于或等于”、“不多于”(less than or equal to, no more than)= 表示“同等”、“相当于”(means,that is to say,in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.) 也表示“对手”概念(a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.)≠表示“不同”概念(be different from, etc. )表示“无敌”概念(matchless, peerless, etc.)≈表示“大约”概念(about/around,approximately, or so,etc.)Є表示“属于”(belong to)( ) 表示“在......之间”(among, within, etc. )( 和)都可以表示并列/ 表示“否定”,“消除”等概念(cross out, eliminate, etc.)∵“由于”、“因为”、“幸亏”(because, due to, thanks to, as, owing to)∴“所以”、“因此”、“结果是”(so, therefore, as a result, consequently)⊥表示“在……基础上”(based on),或者“影响”、“效果”、“压力”“负担”(influence, effect, impact, pressure, stress, burden, load)E 数学符号表示总值(total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. )(二)标点符号: 表示各种各样“说”或“想”的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, express, think, etc. 表示“问题”或“疑问”:question,issue,doubt例如:台湾问题:tw? 也可表示“问”(ask)·(dot) 这个“·”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样“·d”表示yes terday, “·y”表示last year, “·2m”表示two mo nths ago。

(完整版)口译笔记常用符号

(完整版)口译笔记常用符号

口译笔记法常用符号inquiry, interrogate, ask, mystery,…问题;question, problem, …!危险,警告,当心,值得注意的是;dangerous, warning, alarm, watch out, of course°人,人民,伙伴,朋友;people, partner, …✉信息,消息,情报;information, message, intelligence, …删除,废除,放弃;delete, discard, give up, …ഗ贸易,交换,交流,关于,关联,替代;trade, exchange, communication, relationship__ 这个,强调;emphasize a certain word/ phrase.…继续,持续,不断的,长期的,各种各样的,多的;more, continuous, …=> 加强,推动,促进;enhance, promote, …×#不仅;not only, …& 和,而且;and…@关于;aboute.g.例如,比如;for example, such as, …(三)图形符号☺高兴,激动;happy, pleased, excited, …☹失望,不满意,生气;unhappy, unsatisfied, angry, …会议,聚会;conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, meeting, assembly, gathering, committee,commission, association, union, senate, parliament, convocation, …学校,大学,教育机构;school, college, educational institution, …医院,医疗机构;hospital, medical institution, …○全部的,整个的,所有的,完整的,彻底的;complete, whole, …目标,目的;aim, objective, target, …ര看到,注意到;see, notice, watch, …ര重视,强调;pay attention to, highlight, …□国家,民族;nation, state, republic, kingdom, federal, union, …国际,世界;international, world, …∧领导,顶点,顶级,最高级(上标);top, peak, leader, boss, king, governor, mayor,…国家领导人,政府首脑;state leader, …出口;export, …进口;import, …△城市,都市;city, urban, metropolitan, cosmopolitan, …▽农村,乡村;village, rural, country, countryside, farm, suburb, outskirt, …☆重点,重心,重视,重要的,主要的,杰出的;important, significant, remarkable* 特征,特点,代表;feature, characteristic, quality, nature, trademark, on behalf of…♀女性;woman, female, …♂男性;man, male, …V 胜利,凯旋;victory, triumph, …﹩美元,钱;有钱的,富裕的;dollar, money, rich, well-off, …∪协议,决议,合约,条约;agreement, treaty, contract, compact, convention resolution结束,停止,完成,实现;halt, stop, complete, …‖渠道;channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch, duct, …发展;development, advancement, …开放;opening, …∟过去;in the past, long before, past time, …∟将来;in future, in the future, …↓影响,效果,压力,负担;influence, effect, affect, pressure, stress, burden, load,…(四)趋向符号←邀请,需要,访问,来到;be invited, needed, come (here), …→去,到,走;to, go (there)…↑增加,提升,提高,升级,升值;increase, improve, enhance, grow, lift, promote…↓减少,下降,降低,贬值;decline, decrease, reduce, degrade, lower, diminish, …(五)英文字母y 年;year M 月;month改编自吴钟明. 《英语口译笔记法实战指导》.武汉大学出版社。

口译笔记符号汇总及注意事项

口译笔记符号汇总及注意事项

现场口译笔记符号汇总一、口译记录符号分类1、像形、会意符号:汉字属于象形文字,具有很强的表意功能,口译记录可以借用单个的汉字或它们的某些偏旁部首,然后再混合其它符号来表达一些概念。

e.g. 水水(上加一横表示干旱,下加一横表示洪灾)“口”表示“国家”、“民族”,在“口”的上面加上一个人头样的小圆圈“o”,这时“口”又可以用来表示"x国人"了2、像声符号:e.g: “U”与单词“you”希腊字母“γ”(gamma) 读作[ga:ma:]其发音近似英语单词“government”的读音,所以“γ”也常被用在口译记录中表示“government”(政府)或“governmental”(政府的)之意。

3、公共场所和行业标识:e.g: “P”,它表示的是“停车场”、“停放”之类的意思,口译记录,我们除了借用这一符号指代上述意义外,还可以将它们稍加引申来表达“中止”、“中断”、“停顿”、“停火”等意思。

再如:作口译记录时我们还可以用“十”来代表“医院”、“门诊部”等。

4、标点符号:e.g: “?”常被用来表示“问题”、“难题”等概念,因此口译过程中若涉及到“台湾问题”时,译员只记作“TW?”即可。

“:”可以表示与“说”有关的概念,如:“告诉”、“演讲”、“宣称”、“声明”、“认为”、“赞成”、“报怨”、“抗议”等;“……”表示“剩余”、“遗留问题”;“( )”则表示“包括”、“在……范围之内”、“封闭”、“闭关自守”、“禁闭”等意思。

、印刷符号:e.g: “∧”则表示“插入”、“干涉”、“介入”、“侵略”,而“/”则用来表示“删(剔)除”、“取消”6、数学符号:加号“+”可以表示“增加”、“补充”;“减号”“-”则表示“扣除”“减少”,而“≈”便用来表示“大约”、“几乎”;“∵”则可以表示“由于”“因为”等概念7、箭头符号:箭头符号直观、明了,使用得更多、更广泛 . e.g:右指箭头“→”常用来表示“派谴”、出国、“运往”、“前往”、“出口”、“向……传达”、“导致”等概念。

口译笔记符号大汇总超全版方便直接背诵

口译笔记符号大汇总超全版方便直接背诵
IMPS
Individual
INDIV
Minimum
MIN
Market
MKT
Manufacture
MANUF
Message
MSG
manager
MGR
Model
MDL
Memorandum
MEMO
No later than
NLT
Necessary
NCRY
Ordinary
ORD
Observe
OBS
Obtain
JPo
Government/govern
C政府
Governmentalofficial
TEMP
Traffic
TRF
Total
TTL
You
U
Your
UR
Will
WL
Week
WK
Weight
WT
六.较长单词的处理办法
词尾
缩写
原词
速记符号
-ism
m
socialism
Sm
-tion
n
standardization (标准化)
stdn
-cian
o
technician
techo
-ing
g
marketing (市场营销)
原词
速记符号
原词
速记符号
meter
m
inch
in.
centimeter
cm
foot
ft
minimeter
mm
knot
kt
mile
mi
acre
A
nautical mile
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二. 货币简写三.时间简写四.度量衡五. 缩略词六.较长单词的处理办法七.字母、图像、符号一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。

缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receiveF保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL peopleF根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

例如:日本人:JZ。

C 表示政府,统治:government,govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。

governmental official 可以表示为 CZ P 表示政治:politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。

那么politician就可以表示为 PZE 表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。

G 表示效率:efficient, effective。

G为效率符号。

Q 表示"通货膨胀":inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。

A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。

B 表示商业:business。

C×表示冲突,矛盾:conflict, confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对,字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。

W 表示工作,职业: work, employ 等。

它是work的第一个字母。

所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。

i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。

U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。

如果在U内填入2××××,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。

填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。

如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。

O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等:country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口,Og表示出口这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, preside over。

那么在此符号上加Z表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc.T 表示"领导人":leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference, negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium k 这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery 有关的词汇。

O 圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.J 表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc.L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.EO 表示听到、总所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc四、数学符号+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级:more+3 表示"多"的最高级:most-表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. ×表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.> 表示"多于"概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc. 表示"高" 概念:superior to,surpass, etc.< 表示"少于"概念:less/smaller,etc.表示"低"概念:inferior to,etc.= 表示"同等"概念:means,that is to say, in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.表示"对手"概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.( ) 表示"在......之间":among, within, etc.≠表示"不同"概念:be different from, etc.表示"无敌"概念:matchless, peerless, etc.~表示"大约"概念:about/around,or so, approximately, etc./ 表示"否定","消除"等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc.五、标点等: 表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. ? 表示"问题":question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。

"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week", 可以表示为"wk."∧表示转折√表示"好的"状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc.表示"同意"状态,stand up for,support, agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.☆表示"重要的"状态:important,exemplary(模范的) best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.n 表示"交流"状态:exchange,mutual, etc.& 表示"和","与":and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc.∥表示"结束":end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.六、较长单词的处理办法-ism 简写为 m 例如:socialism Sm-tion 简简写为 n 例如:standardization (标准化) stdn-cian 简简写为 o 例如:technician techo-ing 简写为 g 例如:marketing (市场营销) MKTgA 。

保留大写字母或第一音节经济: E 教育: Edu 文化: C 政治: P 科技: ST 卫生: H旅游: T 环境: En 工业: I 农业: AB .简写缩略AFAC : as far as … is concerned( 就……而言 )LFT : look forward to ( 期待 )ASAP : as soon as possible( 尽快 )D .符号﹢高兴,男性,同意,增加等,如happy , male , agree , many , +2=more , +3=most , beneficial , good ,beautiful , great , gorgeous…-悲伤,女性,不同意,减少等,如sad , female , disagree , little , few , -2=less , -3=least , lack of , short of…√同意,正确等,如: agree , correct , right…×不同意,错误等,如: disagree , incorrect…↑增长,进步等,如: increase , soar , mushroom , rocket , make progress…↓下降,退步,恶化等,如 decrease , sink , slide , subside , plump ,plunge , drop , degrade ,deteriorate…>多于,超过,比……低一级等,如: more than , greater than , begger than , better than , superior to , surpass , transcend , overtake…<少于,比……低级等,如: less than , lower than , smaller than ,inferior to…~大约,如: approximately , about , around , some , nearly , almost ,similar to…/否定,清除,如: clear , settle , solve , tackle , conquer ,eliminate , extinct…≠与……不同,如: differ from , different from , distinct , unique…$ 金钱,利益,如: interest , benefit , money , fund , capital…E .标点? 问题,麻烦,障碍,如: question , issue , difficult , hardship ,barrier , obstacle…: 主观想法和说辞,如: think , consider , speak , say , talk , mark ,announce , declare , hope ,例: repeat 或 reaffirm 可以用 :2 来替代,声明支持可以用 + :来替代,谴责用 - :。

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