英国文学史及选读复习资料整理
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史是世界文学史中的重要组成部分，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的众多文学作品和作家。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些英国文学史上的重要时期和作品，以帮助大家更好地理解和复习这一领域。
1. 中世纪文学中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，以骑士文学和宗教文学为主要形式。
《贝奥武夫》是中世纪英国文学中最重要的作品之一，讲述了贝奥武夫与怪物格伦德尔的战斗。
此外，中世纪还有许多神秘的抒情诗歌和教会文学，如《悲歌》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
2. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的黄金时代，代表作家包括莎士比亚、斯宾塞和培根。
莎士比亚的戏剧作品是世界文学的瑰宝，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》。
斯宾塞的史诗《仙后》也是这一时期的杰作，描绘了亚瑟王的传奇故事。
3. 17世纪文学17世纪是英国文学史上的变革时期，文学形式更加多样化。
约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》是这一时期的代表作之一，探讨了人类的堕落和救赎。
约翰·唐纳的戏剧作品《魔法师》则展示了他对权力和政治的深刻洞察力。
4. 18世纪文学18世纪是英国文学史上启蒙时代的兴起，代表作家包括亚历山大·蒲柏和塞缪尔·约翰逊。
蒲柏的诗歌作品《伊甸园》和《人类的悲剧》探讨了人类的自由意志和苦难。
约翰逊的《英语词典》对英语语言的规范化和发展起了重要作用。
5. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是19世纪英国文学的重要流派，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治。
华兹华斯的诗歌作品《抒情诗集》和《普雷德斯》强调了自然和个人情感的重要性。
柯勒律治的《抒情诗集》则表达了对自然的热爱和对社会不公的关注。
6. 维多利亚时代文学维多利亚时代是英国文学史上的繁荣时期，代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯和艾米莉·勃朗特。
狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》揭示了当时社会的不公和贫困问题。
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲Part 1 The Anglo―Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期1.H istorical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. Anglo―Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学2 christian基督徒文学alliterative verse头韵诗Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot 鹿兀grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写2) a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic 民国史诗Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期11.H istorical BackgroundRoman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是normanconquest。
The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）Kings―Barons男爵―Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团was formed2.T he languageUpper classes: French, Latin The mon people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the mon English people.3.The literatureRomance was a type of literature that was very popular2in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter:Geoffrey’s His tory杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体1)t he Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士2)M atter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝3)M atter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthurand his knights of the Round Table3.m ain literatureSir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman3妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340―1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1.H istorical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2.W hat's middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系3.L ife and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely41. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863.English The Canterbury tales4.The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way.5The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to e someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. --Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1)it gives a prehensive广泛的picture of Chaucer’s time2)the dramatic structure3)Chaucer’s humor4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer6used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣A ballad is a narrative叙述poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）―two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics:1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introductionof the characters and the background of the tale2)There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals witha single episode插曲3)the story is often told through dialogue and action4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的5)The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza7节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。
英国文学选读复习资料
英国文学选读复习资料英国文学选读复习资料英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，涵盖了众多经典作品和文学流派。
对于学习英国文学的学生来说，复习资料的准备是至关重要的。
本文将为大家提供一些关于英国文学选读的复习资料，帮助大家更好地准备考试。
1. 莎士比亚戏剧莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
在复习莎士比亚戏剧时，可以重点关注他的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》、《奥赛罗》和《李尔王》。
这些作品涉及到人性、权力、背叛等主题，是莎士比亚戏剧的代表作。
2. 简·奥斯汀的小说简·奥斯汀是英国文学史上最著名的女作家之一，她的小说以描写社会风俗和爱情婚姻为主题，作品充满了幽默和讽刺。
复习时可以选择她的代表作《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等，了解奥斯汀小说中的女性形象和社会风尚。
3. 罗伯特·勃朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁的诗歌罗伯特·勃朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁是19世纪英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物。
他们的诗歌作品充满了情感和想象力，涉及到爱情、宗教、社会等多个领域。
复习时可以选择他们的代表作品，如罗伯特·勃朗宁的《我的最后的那一首诗》和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁的《葡萄牙之歌》。
4. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国最重要的小说家之一，他的作品揭示了当时社会的阶级分化和人性的复杂性。
复习时可以选择他的代表作《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等，了解狄更斯小说中的社会批判和人道主义思想。
5. 威廉·莎士比亚的诗歌除了戏剧作品，莎士比亚还有许多优秀的诗歌作品。
他的诗歌涉及到爱情、自然、时间等主题，语言优美、意境深远。
复习时可以选择他的一些著名sonnet，如《十四行诗集》中的第18首和第130首，了解莎士比亚诗歌的特点和主题。
6. 珍·奥斯汀的小说珍·奥斯汀是19世纪英国最重要的女作家之一，她的小说以描写女性生活和婚姻为主题，作品充满了幽默和洞察力。
期末复习专用资料 英国文学史整理
English LiteraturePart 1. The Anglo-Saxon PeriodBeowulf (the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements. CaedmonParaphrase of the Bible/ (the first known religious poet of England) Cynewulf The Christ /( poet on religious subjects) Part 2. The Anglo-Norman Period Sir Gawain and the Green Knight/ a mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry and French poetry. (alliterative verse with metrical verse), The poem reflects the ideal of feudal knighthood. A true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church, but also possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity. Part 3. Geoffrey Chaucer GeoffreyChaucer1340-1400 The House of Fame ; Troilus and Criseyde (long narrative poem);Legend of Good Women (first used heroic couplet); The Parliament of Fowls poetry ：Canterbury Tales / Significance: It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time ; It has a dramatic structure; It reflects Chaucer‟s humor ; It shows Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language and poetry. his contribution to English poetry: introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. He is considered as the founder of English poetry.Part 4. The English renaissanceThomas More Utopia ( He is the outstanding humanist) Lyrical poems Thomas Wyatt(the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature); Henry Howard; Philip Sidney; Thomas Campion Epic poem Edmond Spenser The Faerie Queen Novels John Lyly(Eupheus gives rise to the term euphuism ); Thomas Lode (they dealing with court life and gallantry Thomas Deloney; Thomas Nashe(they are realistic authors devoted to the everyday life of craftsman, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes.) Francis Bacon1561-1626 The philosophical: Advancement of Learning ;Novum Organum 新工具;De Augmentis The literary: Essays(Of Truth, Of Death; Of Revenge, Of Friendship ) The professional: treatises entitled Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses The founder of English materialist philosophy Drama Christopher Marlowe( the greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama); Robert Greene George Green /the Pinner of W akefield William Shakespeare1564-1616 (37plays, two narrative poems, 154sonnets) The Tempest 暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure 恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors 错中错;Much Ado about Nothing 无事自扰;Love ’s Labour ’s Lost 空爱一场;A Midsummer Night ’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As Y ou Like It 如愿;The T aming of the Shrew 驯悍记;All ’s Well That Ends Well 皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night 第十二夜;The Winter ’s T ale 冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Thir d 约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth 亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth 亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth 亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida 脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus 考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus 泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar ;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth 麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet 哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear 李尔王;Othello 奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline 辛白林;Pericles 波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis 维诺斯·阿都尼斯; Lucrece 露克利斯;The Sonnets 十四行诗 The Great Comedies: A Midsummer Night ’s Dream; The Merchant ofVenice; As You Like It ;Twelfth Night;The Great Tragedies: The Tragedy of Hamlet; Othello; King Lear;The Tragedy of Macbeth;The Later Comedies(romances): Pericles; Cymbeline; The Winter’s Tale; The Tempest;Part 5. The English Bourgeois revolution period and RestorationJohnMilton1608-1674 Shorter poems: L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas;Principle pamphlets: Areopagitica论出版自由; Eikonoklastes; Defense for the English people;Poem: Paradise Lost(The poem was written in blank verse); Paradise Regained;JohnBunyan1628-1688 The Pilgrim‟s Progress(It is the greatest English allegory, its style is simple and biblical)JohnDonne1572-1631 Poetry(love lyrics & religious poems);Sonnets(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)John Dryden Critic, poet and playwright of restoration periodHistory and Anthology of English Literature IPart I The Anglo-Saxon Period（449-1066）（In Chin. Chr.: Northern and Southern Dynasties – Northern Song Dyn.)History of the English LanguageOld English: Anglo-Saxon times —1100Middle English:1150 -- 1500Modern English:1500 – present times(Early Modern English:1500 – 1700)In 43 A.D. the Romans landed in Britain and made south Britain a Roman province When the Roman Empire declined and its troops left England, the tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded the island from Northern Europe around the 5th century(about 449 A. D.).*Epic: a long narrative poem about heroic deeds and adventures.The storyAccording to the contents of the story, the poem can be divided into three parts: Part I: the fight against GrendelPart II: the fight against Grend el‘s motherPart III: the fight against the Fire DragonThe artistic featuresAlliteration, metaphor, understatement, vivid poetic diction and parallel expressions for a single ideaThe themesThe chief significance of this epic lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, strong and courageous and selfless and ever helpful to his people and kinsfolk. The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed English national epic and its hero Beowulf – one of the national heroes of the English people.*Alliteration: the deliberate repetition of the first consonants in associated words or next to stressed syllables.Part II The Anglo—Norman Period（1066—1350）(In Chinese chronology: Northern Song Dyn.—Yuan Dyn.)Medieval RomanceIt was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.1st Canto: Gawain returns the blow2nd Canto: Gawain‘s long journey3rd Canto: Gawain‘ life in the castle4th canto: …gets to the Green Chapel… warned to turn back…terrif ying sound of sharpening ax…Green Knight appears…two swings harmlessly…third one wounds him…Green Knight explains…lord …shame…atone(make repayment)…free gift…Gawain returns to Arthur‘s…tells his story…knights wear a green girdle ever sinceThe themeSir Gawain and the Green knight is the best of the surviving Middle English romances, characterized by passages of beautiful poetry, moments of gentle comedy and keenly observed psychology. It has two motifs (main subject or idea) in the story, one is the testing of faith, courage and purity, the other is the proving of human weakness forself-preservation. The two motifs provide the poem with unmistakable traits of chivalric romances, plus some strong Christian colouring.The artistic features : AlliterationPart III Geoffrey Chaucer（1340?—1400）(In Chinese history: early Ming Dynasty)The Canterbury TalesThe themeIn The Canterbury Tales, one of the most famous works in all literature, Chaucer has given us a picture of contemporary English life, its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled.Chaucer‘s contribution to English poetryChaucer’s contribution to English poetryChaucer‘s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter (to be called later the ―heroic couplet‖) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo- Saxon alliterative verse. Chaucer also greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the London dialect, so profusely used by the poet.Metre*Metre (格律): the organization of rhythm in verse into various regular patterns or units. In English verse, these units are based on stress, and it is the combination of stressed and unstressed syllables into various patterns or units that gives each poem its rhythm or metre.Iamb (iambic): one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. __︶（抑扬格）Anapest ( anapestic) __ __ ︶（抑抑扬格）Trochee(trochaic) ︶__ （扬抑格）Dactyl (dactylic) ︶__ __ （扬抑抑格）Spondee (spondaic) ︶︶__ __ （扬扬抑抑格）Foot or Metrical FootFoot (音步): the basic unit of measurement in a line of poetry. Generally a foot consists of two or three syllables, one of which is stressed.Monometre: 1 foot Pentametre: 5 feetDimetre: 2 feet Hexametre: 6 feetTrimetre: 3 feet Heptametre: 7 feetTetrametre: 4 feet Octametre: 8 feetPopular balladsBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission. The origin of them can be traced back as early as the 13th century, few of them were printed before the 18th Century and some not until the 19th.Analysis of Get up and Bar the DoorForm: Four-line stanzas, rime-scheme of abcb, colloquial language, the use of dialogues and exaggerated actions, story, the length of verse linesContent: This is a good example of the humorous ballad. It is a light tale humorously told, showing the simple life and the innocent fun of the common people.Part IV The RenaissanceThe Renaissance: This word, meaning ―rebirth‖ is commonly applied to the movement or period which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe.Humanism: Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.John Donne（1572-1631）Death Be not proudDeath Be Not Proud is one of Donne‘s 19 holy sonnets, which were believed to have been written before his ordination .The poem reveals his belief in life after death. Here death is compared to rest or sleep. Death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal. But this religious idea is curiously expressed in the author‘s supposeddialogue with―death‖, a s various reasons are given in the poem to argue against the common belief in death as ―mighty and dreadful‖. In this way the sonnet was a typical work of the school of metaphysical poetry. This is a sonnet written in the strict Petrarchan pattern, with 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhyming abba, abba,cddcee. Donne’s distinguishing artistic featuresDonne‘s originality stems from his freedom to draw on a number of different conventions and to adapt them to his own peculiar voice. In the first place his poetry is in one respect less classical than that of his predecessors. There is far less in it of the superficial evidence of classical learning with which the poetry of the ―universitywits‖abounds, pastoral and mythological imagery. The texture of his poetry is more dialectical, and the imagery is less picturesque, more scientific, philosophic, realistic and homely. Nevertheless, in spite of the closeness of the argument, the abstractness of the ideas, the absence of visual imagery, and the strictly denotative use of words, the effect of his poetry is not abstract in the pejorative sense. Each stanza, in fact is a compressed syllogism the conclusion and the minor premise being reserved, as a kind of surprise, until the end.Image: One of the most distinguishing features of poetry is the employment of image. Image is the soul of poetry. It means that the poet uses specific form/ figure or picture to express what people experience, intellectually or emotionally.(a word picture; putting into words of a sound, sight, smell, taste, etc. by describing it.) Imagery: using images such as metaphors and similes to produce an effect in the reader‘s imagination.Enjambment：a device used in verse when both the sense and the grammatical structure are carried over to the next line, /running on the sense of one line of poetry to the nextConceit:from the Italian concetto, used to mean a precise and detailed comparison of something more remote or abstract with something more present or concrete, and often detailed through a chain of metaphors or similes.Wit:the ability to use contrasting and unlikely associations to express a clever and amusing idea.Donne‘s image ry has always impressed readers by its range and variety and its avoidance of the conventionally ornamental. Donne had a different conception of the function of imagery from that of the other Elizabethan poets. The purpose of an image in his poetry is to define the emotional experience by an intellectual parallel. His images must be followed logically; point by point they fit the emotion illustrated.In short, the poetry of Donne is characterized by complex imagery and irregularity of form. He frequently employs the conceit, an elaborate metaphor making striking syntheses of apparently unrelated objects or ideas. His intellectuality, introspection, and use of colloquial diction, seemingly unpoetic but always uniquely precise in meaning and connotation, make his poetry boldly divergent from the smooth, elegant verse of his day.John Milton（1608—1674）Analysis of Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton‘s masterpiece, and greatest English epic. It consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank versePlotThe stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting aga inst God; Satan‘s temptations of Eve; and departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.*Blank verseunrhymed verse written in iambic pentameter.The themeThe poem, as we are told at the outset, was to ―justify the ways of God to man‖, i.e., to advocate submission to the Almighty. But after reading it one gets the impression that the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God‘s authority.In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. His long speeches are never pleasing. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan. His Archangel is a bore. His angels are silly. While the rebel Satan who rose against God and, though defeated, still sought for revenge, is by far the most striking character in the poem.Adam and Eve embody Milton‘s belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge, as Milton stresses, adds a particular significance to their characters. This longing for knowledge opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.It has been noticed by many critics that the picture of God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch, while Satan and his followers, who freely discuss all issues in council, sufficient to prove that Milton‘s revolutionary feelings made him forsake religious orthodoxy.This epic is an eloquent expression of the revolutionary spirit of the English bourgeois revolution, a call to resist tyranny and to continue the fight for freedom.The image of SatanSatan is the central figure in Paradise lost. He is human as well as superhuman. We think of Satan either as an abstract conception or else, more immediately, as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction by the flaw ofself-love. The figure of Satan is undoubtedly impressive, powerful, and immense, looming up as a magnificent figure, a mighty, a terrible, and an immortal Being; he is infinitely superior to man, as well in the dignity of his nature, entirely different from the devil of the miracle plays and completely overshadowing the hero both in interest and in manliness. He has about him the last flickers of heavenly radiance, the traces of his ruined greatness.There is undoubtedly something thrilling as he summons up his defeated powers, collect together the scattered legions of the lost angels, addresses them with words of defiance of God, and draws forth response of militaristic assent as his troops ―Clashe d on their sounding shields the din of war,/ Hurling defiance towards the vault of heaven.‖ Then simple ―Satanist‖ case is, then that Milton allowed the revolutionary in himself to take root in Satan. Though Milton thought of himself as a Christian, his inner sympathies with rebellion, anger and revolution often color the poem. Satan‘s defianceof the Divine will is indispensable to the continuance of his identity, a predicament which raises him to tragic status.John Bunyan（1628—1688）Allegory is a story which teaches a lesson because the people and places in it stand for other ideas. One of the greatest of all allegories is Pilgrim‘s Progress by John Bunyan. The themePilgrim‘s Progress is a biting satire on the English society with which the writer wasfa miliar. It reveals Bunyan‘s Puritan ideal.The success of The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe secret of its success is probably simple. It is, first of fall, not a procession of shadows repeating the author‘s declamations, but a real story, the first extended story in English. The Puritans may have read the story for religious instruction; but all classes of men have read it because they found in it true personal experience told with strength, interest humor, in a word, with all the qualities that such a story should possess. Young people have read it, first for its intrinsic worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lure them on to the very end; and second, because it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having a story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government. He saw and detested the injustice of laws, trials and magistrates, between whom and his saints there was a perpetual war. That is why his Pilgrim‘s Progress had won immediate success among the bakers, weavers, cobblers, tailors, tinkers, shepherds, ploughmen, diary-maids, seamstresses and servant girls of his time, and has become one of the most popular works in the English Language.Bunyan‘s prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. Spenser‘s allegory in The Faerie Queen appears ornate when compare with Bunyan.The Eighteenth CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment in EnglandClassicism: As a critical term, a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greece and Roman Culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art or criticism.Neoclassicism: In English literature, the stylistic trend between the Restoration（1660）and the advent of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century is referred to as neoclassicism.Sentimentality and sensibility are two terms frequently used in reference to some literary works of the 18th century. They are today used as mutually exchangeable terms, Poetry and fiction of sentimentality or sensibility, as a literary genre, didn‘t start all of a sudden in the 18th century, though it was not often found earlier than that. It was a direct reaction against the cold, hard commercialism and rationalism which had dominated people‘s life since the last decades of the 17th century.Romanticism: Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson. Satire: a piece of writing in which public personalities, current affairs, human weaknesses, etc are mocked using sarcasm and irony.Daniel Defoe （1660-1731）The themeIn Robinson Crusoe the author eul ogizes labour and man‘s indefatigable efforts to conquer nature, but at the same time he beautifies colonialism.The styleThough most of his works are written in the picaresque tradition, Defoe is, in fact, an anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.Defoe‘s style is characterized by a plain, smooth, easy, direct, and almost colloquial but never coarse language.Jonathan Swift （1667-1745）The themeIt is a satire on the eighteenth century English society, touching upon the political, religious, legal, military, scientific, philosophical as well as literary institutions, about almost every aspect of the society. Bitterly satirical, the book takes great pains to bring to light the wickedness of the then English society, with its tyranny, its political intrigues and corruption, its aggressive wars and colonialism, its religious disputes and persecution, and its ruthless oppression and exploitation of the common people.The ugliness of the eighteenth century society is no elsewhere so thoroughly and forcefully exposed and condemned as in this single book. And, the satire, as it is, is not only of practical significance in its own day in England and Europe but its exposure is also true of all countries, all ages. Its satires are applicable to any class, any society, anywhere in the world and in any period of history.To conclude, Swift‘s Gulliver‘s Travels gives us an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age and the weaknesses of man.Some narrative featuresThe novel is at once a fantasy and a realistic work of fiction.The Language here, as is typical of all Swift‘s works, is very simple, unadorned, straightforward and effective.The novel is noted for its exceptionally tidy structural arrangement. The four seemingly independent parts are linked up by the central idea of social satire and make up an organic whole. The four parts are complementary, each supporting, adding to and developing the central satire. This is especially true of the first two parts. The narrative pattern of the book is also outstanding.Swift’s point of viewA defender of human freedomAn irreligious clergymanSwift’s styleSwift is one of the greatest writers of satiric prose. No reader of his can escape being impressed by the great simplicity, directness and vigor of his style. Easy, clear, simple, and concrete diction, uncomplicated syntax, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings. Seldom is there ornament or singularity of any kind. Never is the meaning obscure. Everything is in complete control of the writer.And yet, it seems inadequate to define Swift‘s style simply as what he says: ―proper words in proper pla ces‖, for his is one of great richness and variety. His simplicities, more often than not, are a camouflage for insidious intentions, for big serious matters, and an outward earnestness, simplicity, innocence and an apparently cold impartial tone render his satire all the more powerful and effective. Sometimes even a ferocious joke does the job. His ―A Modest Proposal‖— a ferocious joke really — is generally held as the example of best satirical work in English.But to say that Swift has invented a complete new prose style is to overstate. When we emphasize his abandonment of ―serious‖ or ―lofty‖ styles brought to high refinement by his cousin Dryden and his friend Pope, we do not exclude his cousin Dryden and his friend Pope, we do not exclude his indebtedness to the old tradition, particularly the tradition of Rabelais. It is by adapting and modifying the old forms and techniques, by infusing them with his own strong personality that he is able to play with learned or pseudo-learned ideas, to put forward his own judgment, to carry his parody, satire, ridicule and condemnation until ―the wit of man carry it no further.‖What is more, Swift is in the habit of writing in the capacity of a fictitious character. This provides him opportunities to let out his pent-up emotions, mostly his contempt, disappointment, bitterness and desperate indignation, and also allows him freedom in the choice of an idiom which is appropriate to the assumed character and a style which is most suitable to his theme and purpose.Joseph Addison （1672 - 1719）ContributionThough Addison considered himself a poet and distinguished himself with his tragedy ―Cato‖, and Steele was successful with his many sentimental comedies, they have been remembered chiefly as editors of the two literary periodicals. The Tattler and The Spectator are chief contributors to the English periodical literature of the early eighteenth century. Their new genre of familiar essays, characterized by an informal, easy style, by the creation of characters and by their comments on the manners and morals of the time, which were illustrated by interesting brief sketches and tales pavedthe way for the flourishing of literary periodicals and the arrival of English novels in the days to come.Henry Fielding （1707-1754）The ThemeIn ―Tom Jones‖ Fielding gives a vivid panoramic picture of English society in mid-18th century, and shows his great sympathy for the poor and oppressed and his strong antipathy toward all the wicked and deceitful persons in the story. The character of Blifil is an embodiment of vice, while Tom Jones is an upright, kind-hearted youth in spite of his minor shortcomings and Sophia Western is a courageous young woman who battles successfully against feudal bondage.Features of Fielding’s novels1)Fielding‘s method of relating a story is telling the story directly by the author.2) Satire abounds everywhere in Fielding‘s works.3) Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel. The object of his novels is to present a faithful picture of life, while sound teaching is woven into their texture.4) Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and musical rhythm. His command of language is remarkable.Thomas Gray（1716-1771）Analysis of Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardRelevant information about Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardElegy Written in a Country Churchyard（1751）, one of the best known lyrics in the English language. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially ―the Graveyard school.‖ His poems, as awhole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present.·Graveyard schoolshow sympathy for the poor and indulge in the meditation of death and loneliness Although neo-classicism dominated the literary scene in 18th century, there were poets whose poetry had some elements that deviated from the rules and regularities set down by neo- classicist poets. These poets had grown weary of the artificiality and controlling ideals of neo-classicism. They craved for something more natural and spontaneous in thoughts and language. In their poetry, emotions and sentiments, which had been repressed, began to play a leading role again. Another factor marking this deviation is the reawakening of an interest in nature and in the natural relations between man and man. Among these poets, one of the representatives was Thomas Gray.Analysis of “Elegy”It is originally in classical Greek and Roman literature, a poem composed of couplets. Classical elegies addressed various subject, including love, lamentation, and politics, and were characterized by their metric form. Since the 16th century elegies have been characterized not by their form but by their content, which is invariably melancholy and centers on death. The best-known elegy in English is Gray‘s―Elegy‖.Milton‘s Lycidas was an elegy to his friend who drowned. Gray‘s Elegy in a Country Churchyard is a sad poem about mankind‘s mortality.Epitaph: Something written on a tombstone, or a poem about someone after their death.Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is the best-known meditative poem by Thomas Gray. The churchyard is perhaps that of Stoke Poges, where Gray often visited。
英国文学史及选读复习资料
英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学历史悠久而丰富多样，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的各个时期和流派。
在这篇文章中，我们将探索英国文学史的一些重要时期和作品，并提供一些选读复习资料，帮助读者更好地了解和掌握英国文学。
中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，其代表作品包括《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
《贝奥武夫》是一部史诗，描写了勇敢的英雄贝奥武夫的冒险故事。
《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部讲述了一群人在前往坎特伯雷朝圣途中分享故事的作品，通过这些故事，揭示了中世纪社会的各个层面。
文艺复兴时期是英国文学史的重要里程碑，该时期的作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，充满了人文主义的精神。
莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的作品包括诗剧《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
这些作品以其深刻的人物刻画和复杂的情节而闻名，被认为是世界文学的瑰宝。
17世纪是英国文学史上的黄金时代，其中最重要的作家是约翰·米尔顿。
他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学的巅峰之作，以其对人类自由意志和权力的思考而著称。
此外，约翰·多恩也是这一时期的重要作家，他的诗歌作品以其独特的形式和思想深度而受到赞誉。
18世纪是英国文学史上的启蒙时代，这一时期的作品强调理性和科学思维。
亚历山大·蒲柏是这一时期最重要的作家之一，他的诗歌作品《诗人的墓》和《奥德赛》被广泛阅读和研究。
此外，詹姆斯·汤姆森的长诗《四季》也是这一时期的重要作品，描绘了大自然的美丽和变化。
19世纪是英国文学史上的浪漫主义时期，作家们追求情感和个体的表达。
威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是浪漫主义诗歌的代表作家，他们的作品强调对自然和内心世界的关注。
此外，查尔斯·狄更斯是这一时期最重要的小说家之一，他的作品《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》等揭示了当时社会的不公和人性的复杂性。
20世纪是英国文学史上的现代主义时期，作家们挑战传统文学形式和观念。
英国文学简史复习资料（整理版）
英国文学简史复习资料（整理版）第一篇：英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.① 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体)by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation and economic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世;Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜;第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor.温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure（一报还一报）Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution，学术的推进 III：the period of the English bourgeois ton：1608~1674Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，复乐园我的失明论出版自由为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）The Flea;跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning，Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗，emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century：EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age ofEnlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料英国文学史是指英国国内从古代到现代的文学作品和文学发展的历史。
以下是英国文学史的复习资料。
1. 古代文学时期（公元前450年至公元1066年）古代英国文学时期主要包括凯尔特传统和盎格鲁-撒克逊文学。
凯尔特传统涵盖了关于亚瑟王、魔法和传说的故事。
盎格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗和散文的形式存在，其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》和《安德·狄德》。
2. 中世纪文学时期（1066年至1485年）中世纪英国文学时期由法国诺曼人的入侵而引入众多法语和拉丁语的作品。
其中最著名的作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》，它由杰弗里·乔叟写成，并包含了各种各样的故事。
3. 文艺复兴时期（1485年至1660年）文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时期，以莎士比亚为代表。
莎士比亚的作品包括许多戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
其他重要的作家还包括斯宾塞、马洛等。
4. 17世纪文学时期17世纪文学时期是英国社会和政治变革的时期，也是宗教分裂的时期。
约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被认为是这一时期最重要的作品之一。
其他作家还包括约翰·唐纳森、詹姆斯·谢尔顿等。
5. 启蒙时期（1660年至1785年）启蒙时期是英国文学史上的一次重要转折点，代表了对理性、科学和自由思想的追求。
著名作家包括强纳森·斯威夫特、丹尼尔·笛福、亚历山大·蒲柏、简·奥斯汀等。
6. 浪漫主义时期（1785年至1837年）浪漫主义时期是对启蒙时期理性主义的反应。
浪漫主义作品强调情感、个人主义和自然。
威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等都是这一时期的重要作家。
7. 维多利亚时代（1837年至1901年）维多利亚时代是英国帝国的鼎盛时期，文学作品多样化。
查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、古斯塔夫·福楼拜的《名利场》等作品成为经典。
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Old English Period— Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)1.The History•From 55 BC to 410 AD, the Romans conquered the land and transplanted its civilization.2.The LiteratureTwo divisions:Pagan & ChristianPaganThe Seafarer水手; The Fight at Finnisburg芬尼斯郡之战; The Wanderer流浪者; Waldhere瓦登希尔;The Battle of Maldom马尔登战役Widsith(威德西斯); The complaint of Deor迪奥的抱怨•The wife’s Lament妻子的哀歌; Ruin毁灭are good examples.Beowulf, England’s national epic.Writing featuresnot a Christian but a pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization,The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stressesThe use of alliteration is another notable feature and makes the stresses more emphatic. There are a lot of metaphors and understatements in this poemAnglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)The literature•The Growth of the Arthurian Legends•The legends of King Arthur and his knights had existed as an oral tradition since the time of the Celts.The 17th CenturyA Brief Introduction of the 17th century⏹The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie⏹James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny⏹Charles I: 1625-1649⏹Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658⏹Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration⏹James II：1685-1688⏹William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”⏹The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689John Donne代表作：The FleaMetaphysical PoetryHoly Sonnet 10SongA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀John Milton⏹the early phase of reading and lyric writing⏹the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it⏹the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writingParadise Lost--- the great epicParadise Regained；Samson AgonistesJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）The 18th-century LiteratureThe Rise of English NovelsThe historical backgroundComparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.The rise of the English novel.代表作：Daniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeJonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》Satirical features⏹Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）⏹The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and theirinstitutions of England.⏹The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.⏹The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing andspeculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.⏹The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.Henry FieldingTom JohnsonSocial significanceThe writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggleThe 18th-century Literature (II)The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandThe rapid development of social life•On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.•On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.•On the religious scene, deism came into existence代表Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard● a masterpiece of lyric●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---musical/rhythmic,---controlled and restrained,---polished languageSection 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. Whenthe “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in faceof death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could●ever bring anything back to life.Section 4●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial tothe growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.Section 5●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason toforget these farmers.Section 6●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. Avillager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.Section 7●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks thepassers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadnessOliver Goldsmith’s《The Vicar of Wakefield》•Pre-Romantic Poems (I)William BlakeThe Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick RoseRobert Burns⏹1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;⏹2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs⏹3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang SyneBurns’s position and his features⏹ A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland⏹Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.⏹His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent masteryof the old song traditions.⏹His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentimentBurns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of RomanticismThe Romantic Period (I)⏹“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人William WordsworthSamuel ColeridgeRobert Southey•William Wordsworth•Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyComments on WordsworthWordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.•George Gordon Byron•Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan•What is Byronic hero?•Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.•Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.•Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions •Byronic heroes•heroic of noble birth•passionate•rebellious•individual•Summery•This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external •The theme•This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.•Rhetorics•Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.•He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.• A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.•Rhyme and meter•The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. •Percy Bysshe Shelley•Comments on Shelley• 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.• 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.• 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.❖ 4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.❖ 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.❖ 6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.❖7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.❖Ode to the West Wind❖Stanza 1❖It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).❖Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem❖Stanza 2❖I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).❖It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome ofa vast tomb (ll. 24-25).❖Stanza 3❖It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).❖The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).❖Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.❖Stanza 4❖It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.❖The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.❖The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.❖He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).❖Stanza 5⏹It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).⏹The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.⏹John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romanticmovement⏹Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a NightingaleWalter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novelJane AustenPride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；PersuasionCritical Realism Victorian PeriodFeatures of Dickens’s novels♦Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society♦Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.The story of some major novels♦Oliver Twist♦David Copperfield♦Great Expectation♦ A Tale of Two CitiesWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair•The Brontë sisters•Charlotte•Jane eyre (1847)•Shirley (1849)•Villette (1853)•The professor (1857)•Emily•Wuthering Heights (1847)•Anne•Agnes Grey (1847)•The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》Alfred Lord Tennyson•the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850•The Princes (1847),•In Memoriam (1850),•Maud (1855),•Enoch Arden (1864),•The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert BrowningMy Last Duchess a dramatic monologueThe transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatureThomas Hardy◆Under the Greenwood Tree◆Far from the Madding Crowd◆The Return of the Native◆The Mayor of Casterbridge◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureOscar Wilde♦The Picture of Dorian Gray♦Lady Windermere’s Fan♦ A Woman of No Importance♦An Ideal Husband♦The Importance of Being Earnest♦Salome♦The Happy Prince and Other TalesGeorge Bernard Shaw♦ a prolific writer;♦winning Nobel Prize in 1925Mrs. Warren’s professionD. H. Lawrence•Novels•Sons and Lovers•The Rainbow•Women in Love•Lady Chatterley's Lover•Novellas•St Mawr•The Virgin and the Gypsy•The Escaped Cock“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby附读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。