语言学常用术语
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科，涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学（Phonology）：研究语音在特定语言中的音位（音素）和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学（Syntax）：研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学（Semantics）：研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学（Semantics）：研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学（Stylistics）：研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语（Mother tongue）：一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言（Second language）：在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触（Language contact）：不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异（Language variation）：指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化（Language change）：指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范（Language standardization）：制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得（Language acquisition）：指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
语言学术语——精选推荐
语⾔学术语abbreviation缩写法acculturation语⾔⽂化移⼊acoustic phonetics声学语⾔学acronym词⾸字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话⼈addressee受话⼈adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦⾳Afroasiatic⾮亚语系agreement rule⼀致关系规则allophone⾳位变体alveolar齿龈⾳alveolus齿龈angular gyrus⾓形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾⾳脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应⽤语⾔学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发⾳语⾳学articulatory variable发⾳变项aspiration送⽓assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语⾳学Austronesian…语系Babbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元⾳Behaviorism⾏为主义Behaviorist learning theory⾏为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology⾏为主义⼼理学Bilabial双唇⾳Bilingualism双语现象Black English⿊⼈英语Blending混合法Borrowing借⽤bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization⼤脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式⾳标Broca’s area布罗卡区caretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元⾳cerebral cortex⼤脑⽪层cerebral plasticity⼤脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语⾔clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word⾊彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能⼒comparative reconstruction⽐较重建法competence语⾔能⼒complement补语complement construction补⾜语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语⾔学concept概念conceptualist view意念观consonant辅⾳constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下⽂contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对⽐分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission⽂化传播declaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿⾳derivation派⽣法derivational morpheme派⽣语素derivative派⽣词descriptive linguistics描写语⾔学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语⾔学diacritics变⾳符号dialect⽅⾔dialectal synonym⽅⾔同义词dichotic listening test两⽿分听测试diglossia双⾔现象diphthong复合元⾳Directionalilty Parameter⽅位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构⼆重性e double articulation结构⼆重性embedded clause⼦句emotive meaning表情意义entailment含义entity实体epenthesis插⼊⾳Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类factive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语⾔僵化framework框架free morpheme⾃由语素fricative擦⾳front vowel前元⾳function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作⽤成分gender性Generative Grammar⽣成语法Generative Semantics⽣成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑⾳glottal喉⾳glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great Vowel Shift元⾳⼤变位hard palate硬腭head核⼼词hemispheric dominance for language⼤脑半球的语⾔优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety⾼层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史⽐较语⾔学historical linguistics历史语⾔学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同⾳异义；同形异义homophony同⾳异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词idiolect个⼈语⾔特点illocutionary act⾔外形为inconsistency⾃相⽭盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输⼊instrumental motivation⼯具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介⼊性学习动机interference⼲扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际⾳标interpersonmal communication⼈际交际intuition语调labeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇⾳LAD语⾔习得机制language acquisition语⾔习得language behavior语⾔⾏为language center语⾔中枢language faculty语⾔机制language family语系language perception语⾔感知language planning语⾔规划language variation语⾔变异larynx喉lax vowel松元⾳level层；平⾯level of language语⾔层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语⾔能⼒linguistic determinism语⾔决定论linguistic lateralization语⾔侧化linguistic performance语⾔运⽤linguistic relativism语⾔相对论linguistic repertoire全部语⾔变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语⾔学liquid流⾳loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act⾔内⾏为low variety低层次变体manner of articulation发⾳⽅法matrix clause主句maxim of manner⽅式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism⼼理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语⾳变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最⼩对⽴对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元⾳Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则naming theory命名论narrow transcription严式⾳标narrowing of meaning词义缩⼩nasal cavity⿐腔nasality⿐⾳化nasalize⿐⾳化natural route of development⾃然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语⾔学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构object宾语Old English古英语one-place predication⼀位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity⼝腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维palatal腭⾳paralinguistic副语⾔学的parameter参数performance语⾔运⽤performance error语⾔运⽤错误perlocutionary act⾔后⾏为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone⾳素phoneme⾳位phonemic contrast⾳位对⽴phonetic feature语⾳特征phonetics语⾳学phonological rule⾳位规则phonology⾳位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发⾳部位plosive爆破⾳polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元⾳后的pragmatics语⽤学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics⼼理语⾔学puberty青春期qualifying predication修饰性述谓结构Received Pronunciation标准发⾳Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达；呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷⾆⾳rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元⾳SAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第⼆语⾔习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义⼴义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三⾓sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝⾳simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域⽅⾔sociolect社会⽅⾔sociolinguistics社会语⾔学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能⼒specifier指⽰语spectrograph频谱仪speech act⾔语⾏为speech community⾔语社区speech variety⾔语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词⼲stimulus刺激stop爆破⾳stress重⾳structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语⾔学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication⽆声⾔语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语⾔synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法taboo word禁忌词target language⽬标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆⾻telegraphic speech电报式⾔语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元⾳tone⾳调；声调tone language声调语⾔topic话题；主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换⽣成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构unaspirated不送⽓underextension扩展不⾜Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula⼩⾆validity有效性variable变项velar软腭⾳velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊⾳化的voiceless不带⾳的，清⾳的voicing带⾳化，浊⾳化vowel元⾳Wernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩⼤X-bar theory X标杆理论。
100个最常用的语言学术语(欧美语言学)
100个最常用的语言学术语（“欧美语言学”课）1.语言language2.语言学linguistics3.语言学家linguist；philologist4.语法grammar5.语法单位grammatical unit6.语法形式grammatical form7.语法意义grammatical meaning8.语法手段grammatical device9.语法范畴grammatical category10.元音vowel11.辅音consonant12.语文学philology13.传统语法traditional grammar14.历史比较语言学historical comparative linguistics15.转换生成语法transformational generative grammar16.结构主义语言学structural linguistics17.应用语言学applied linguistic18.方言dialect19.语言教学language teaching20.语言规划language planning21.语言政策language policy22.语言学习策略language learning strategy23.发现程序discovery procedure24.语境context；language environment25.中介语interlanguage26.音位phoneme27.音节syllable28.语素morpheme29.词法morphology30.句法syntax31.交际法communicative approach32.认知cognition33.习得acquisition34.第二语言second language35.第二语言习得second language acquisition （SLA）36.自由语素free morpheme37.黏着语素bound morpheme38.复合词compound word39.普遍语法universal grammar，UG40.词类part of speech41.直接法direct method42.认同identification43.语言能力language competence44.语言机能language faculty45.交际能力communicative competence46.人工语言artificial language47.外语foreign language48.术语terminology；technical terms49.比较comparison50.对比语言学contrastive linguistics51.词典学lexicography52.母语mother tongue；native language53.语感linguistic intuition54.语料库corpus55.句子sentence56.前缀prefix57.结构structure58.希腊语Greek59.拉丁语Latin60.梵语Sanskrit61.语音学phonetics62.词汇学lexicology；lexics63.语用学pragmatics64.语源学（词源学）etymology65.词典学lexicography66.地理语言学geographic linguistics67.儿童语言学the study of child language68.翻译学translatology69.机器翻译machine translation70.计算语言学computational linguistics71.目的语target language72.普通语言学general linguistics73.社会语言学sociolinguistics74.实验语音学experimental phonetics75.缩略语abbreviation76.统计语言学statistical linguistics77.外来词/外语词loanword；foreign words78.网络语言cyber language；language used on the Internet79.文化语言学cultural linguistics80.心理语言学psycholinguistics81.音译词transliterated word82.语言信息处理language information processing83.语言哲学philosophy of language84.自然语言natural language85.格case86.逻辑学logic；logistics87.修辞学rhetoric88.词word89.相关性relativity90.黏着agglutination91.语言类型学linguistic typology92.音位学phonology；phonemics；phonematics93.构拟reconstruction94.组合关系syntactic relations；syntagma95.聚合关系paradigmatic relations96.功能function97.变体variant98.屈折inflection99.派生derivation100.直接成分immediate constituents （IC）。
语言学名词
语言学名词语言学名词是用来描述和研究语言现象和语言结构的专门术语。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释：1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语音产生、传播和接收的学科，包括音素的分类、语音能力和语音现象等。
2. 语音：语言中的基本声音单位，通过调节声带、口腔和喉咙等发音器官产生。
语音可以被分类为辅音和元音。
3. 辅音（Consonant）：通过喉咙、口腔和鼻腔等部位的阻碍或摩擦，产生的声音单位。
4. 元音（Vowel）：发音器官不受阻碍或摩擦，使空气顺畅通过口腔而产生的声音单位。
5. 语音形式学（Phonology）：研究语音符号在特定语言中的组合和分布规律的学科。
6. 语音规则（Phonological rules）：用来描述声音变化和音系结构的一套规则。
7. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言结构和组织的学科，包括句法、语义和语用等方面。
8. 句法（Syntax）：研究句子结构和成分之间的关系，以及句子的形式和结构组织。
9. 语义（Semantics）：研究词、短语和句子的意义和含义的学科。
10. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在特定语用背景下的使用和理解方式。
11. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究词汇的起源、结构、使用和意义等方面。
12. 词（Word）：语言中的基本意义单位，具有独立的意义和语法功能。
13. 词法（Morphology）：研究词的内部结构、形态变化和构词法的学科。
14. 语素（Morpheme）：语言中的最小意义单位，可以独立存在或者是其他词的构成组成部分。
15. 词义（Word meaning）：词语所表达的概念或事物的内涵。
16. 语篇（Discourse）：由句子和词组组成的扩展语言单位，表达完整的意义。
17. 修辞学（Rhetoric）：研究语言如何用于说服和交流的学科。
18. 语族（Language family）：具有共同源头和结构相似的一组语言。
语言学常用术语
语言学常用术语Language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics: linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Phonetics: phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology: phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（研究语音和音节的结构，分布和序列，将音位视为起点，来处理语音系统）Morphology: morphology, as a part of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.（研究词的内部结构和构词原则）Syntax: syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Semantics: semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning. Pragmatics: pragmatics can be defined in various ways. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Sociolinguistics: sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.Psycholinguistics: psycholinguistics is the study of the mental processes of listening, speaking and acquisition of language by children.Prescriptive:Descriptive:Langue: langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.（语言是指语言系统的整体，这个政体相对比较稳定，言语是指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出来的具体话语）Parole: parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（语言能力是指理想语言使用者有关语言规则的知识储备）Performance: Chomsky defines performance as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（语言应用是指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用）Design features: design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.Arbitrariness: language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.Productivity: language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.Displacement: language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.Cultural transmission: while human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, but instead have to be taught and learned.Phone: a phone is a phonetic unit or segment.Phoneme: a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but phonetic context.Morpheme: the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Prefix(suffix): it occurs only before other morphemes.(it occurs only after other morphemes)Root: a root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.Category: category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same of similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase of a verb.Transformation: transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.Deep (surface) structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties is called deep structure. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called surface structure.Performatives (constative): constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Synonymy: synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Antonymy: antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.Homonymy: homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Polysemy: while different words my have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.Hyponymy: hyponymy refers to the tense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.Dialect (7 types): regional dialect, sociolect, language and gender, language and age, ldiolect, ethnic dialect.Register: the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.Field (tenor, mode) of discourse: field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication.Learning strategy (3 types): cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and affect / social strategies.Personality: a number of personality characteristics have been proposed as likely to affect second language learning, but it has been notoriously difficult to demonstrate the effects in empirical studies, it is largely due to the difficulty in identification and measurement.Culture: culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.Context: the notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Acquisition: language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Learning: learning is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about rules.Transfer (2 types): positive transfer, negative transferError (mistake): the errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.Interlanguage (fossilization): the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. Fossilization is defined as a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.Language aptitude: language aptitude here refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.Motivation (4 types): instrumental motivation, integrative motivation, resultative motivation, and intrinsic motivation.。
普通语言学名词解释
普通语言学名词解释
普通语言学是一门研究语言的学科，它涉及语言的结构、功能和演化等方面。
以下是一些与普通语言学相关的重要术语的解释：
1. 语言：人类沟通和表达思想的系统，通过声音、符号或手势传达信息。
2. 语音：语言中有关音的方面的研究，如语音的产生、感知和分类等。
3. 语法：语言中句子和词汇的组织方式，包括词法、句法和语义等。
4. 语义：研究语言中的意义和概念的学科，涉及词义、句义和篇章意义等。
5. 语用学：关注语言使用情境和交际意图的学科，研究语言在实际交流中的功能和影响。
6. 语境：指语言使用中的环境和背景，包括物理环境和社会文化因素等。
7. 方言：同一语言在不同地区或社群中存在的变体，通常包含词汇、发音和语法等方面的差异。
8. 语族：具有共同历史和语言特点的语言群体，比如印欧语系和汉藏语系等。
9. 句子：语言中表达完整意思的一系列词或短语的组合。
10. 词汇：语言中的基本单位，可以代表具体事物、抽象概念或动作等。
11. 词法：研究词汇构成和词形变化等的学科，包括词根、词缀和派生等。
12. 句法：语法中关于句子结构和组成成分之间关系的研究，包括主语、谓语和宾语等。
13. 语言演化：语言在历史进程中的变化和发展，包括语音演化、词汇变化和语法变化等。
14. 语言习得：人类通过接触和经验逐渐学习掌握语言的过程。
15. 第二语言习得：学习其他语言的过程，通常指非母语的学习。
这些术语是普通语言学研究中常用的概念，有助于我们理解和探索语言的本质和使用。
语言学术语整理
语言学常用术语整理1、传统语法：传统语法是指代表前语言学时期语言研究的特征、特别是18和19世纪欧洲学校语法特征的一系列的看法、程序和规定的语法。
后来被结构主义语言学取代，现代中学教学所用的语法都是传统语法。
传统语法的内容：①把语法分为形态学（词法）和造句法（句法）两大部分，以词法为主，详细讲解各类词在句子中的形态变化和语法作用。
句法往往比较简单，主要为词法服务。
②建立了形态学，研究语法形态和语法意义的对应关系。
③建立了句法成分，主语、谓语、为主要成分，宾语、补语是次要成分，定语、状语是附加成分。
传统语法的特点：①它是规范性的语法，由语法学家订立一些条文，规定人们应该怎么说，不应该怎么说，不顾语言事实。
②它重视书面语，比较少或干脆不考虑口语。
③以拉丁语为楷模，它研究语法照搬拉丁语法框架。
④语言分析中重视意义，忽视形式。
⑤忽视语言结构层次。
贡献：虽然传统语法有许多缺点，但它作为语言学史上的第一个语法学派奠定了语法学基础，对普及语法知识起到了巨大的作用；虽然现在语法学派林立，但名词、动词、形容词、语法形式、语法意义、语法手段、主语、宾语等语法范畴在各学派的体系中仍然使用，所以说传统语法对语法学具有开创作用。
2、结构主义语法：结构主义语法是在对传统语法评判的基础上建立起来的，创始人是瑞士语言学家索绪尔，经典著作是《普通语言学教程》，提出了一整套语言学理论。
后来发展成三个分支学派：布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派和美国描写语言学派。
其中以美国描写语言学派的影响最大，代表人物是布龙菲尔德，集大成者是哈里斯。
结构主义语法的基本主张：①语法只能是描写语言，即说明人们怎样说一种语言，而不能像传统语法那样规定人们该怎么说。
②语法必须从形式出发描写语言，而不是像传统语法那样从意义出发来探讨语言。
提出根据分布划分词类。
③强调语言的内部层次，提出用“直接成分分析法”对句法结构进行分析。
④语言单位切分的方法：替代法、分布、转换法、对比分析法。
语言学名词解释
语言学相关名词解释1.方言：通常指地域方言，它是全民族语言在不同地域的变体，是统一的全民族语言的分支。
2.亲属语言：是语言分化的产物，凡从同一种语言中分化出来的若干语言都是亲属语言。
3.社会方言：一种语言或地域方言内部同一定的社会特征和社会群体相关联的变体和特点被称为“社会方言”。
在一个语言社会中，不同的人说话可能会使用不同的语言变体而呈现出不同的特点，这些不同的语言变体和特点又同说话人的社会特征相关联，同一定的社群联系在一起，这种语言或方言内部同一定的社会特征和社群相关联的变体和特点被称之为社会方言。
4.语系：谱系分类中最大的类，凡有亲属关系的语言都属于同一语系。
8.基础方言：作为民族共同语的基础的方言。
10.地域方言：同一种语言由于语音、语汇和语法等方面的差异而在不同地区形成的地域分支或变体。
13.借词：也叫外来词，主要指语音形式和语义内容都来自外语的词。
14.仿译词：意译词的一种，指那些用本民族语言的语素逐一翻译原词语的各个成分，不但把原词语的意义，而且把原词语的内部结构形式也移植过来的那些词。
15.意译词：词的语音形式和构词方式是本民族语言的，词义来自外语的词。
16.双语现象：一个社会同时使用两种或多种语言作为交际工具，它是民族的接触、尤其是民族杂居的产物。
17.语言转用：指一种语言取代其他语言而成为不同民族的共同交际工具。
18.洋泾浜语：这是汉语对混杂语言的称呼，指母语不同的人在相互交际时所使用的两种或多种语言混杂而成的交际工具。
19.克里奥耳语：作用某个社会群体的母语来使用的、由两种或多种语言混合而成的语言。
20.双言现象：指某一言语社团使用两种方言功分别使用共同语和方言的社会现象。
22.非克里奥耳化：克里奥耳语向基础语言的方向发展，使两种语言越来越接近，甚至使克里奥耳语为基础语言的一种变体的现象和过程被称之为非克里奥耳化。
23.语言规划：社会对语言文字问题所作出的有组织、有意识的管理、调节和改进。
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语言学常用术语A List of Commonly-used LinguisticTerminology语言学常用术语表Part I General Terms通用术语Acquisition 习得Agglutinative language 粘着语Anthropology 人类学Applied linguistics 应用语言学Arbitrariness 任意性Artificial intelligence (AI)人工智能Behaviorism 行为主义Behaviorist psychology 行为主义心理学Bilingualism 双语现象Cognition 认知Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学Cognitive science 认知科学Comparative linguistics 比较语言学Computational linguistics 计算语言学Corpus-linguistics 语料库语言学Creole 克里奥耳语；混合语Culture 文化Descriptive linguistics 描写语言学Design features 识别特征Developmental psycholinguistics 发展心理语言学Diachronic/historical linguistics历时语言学Dialect 方言Dialectology 方言学Displacement 不受时空限制的特性Dualism 二元论Duality 二重性Epistemology认识论Etymology 辞源学Experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学Formalization 形式化Formal linguistics 形式语言学Forensic linguistics 法律语言学Functionalism 功能主义General linguistics 普通语言学Grammaticality 符合语法性Ideography 表意法Inflectional language 屈折语Inter-disciplinary 交叉性学科的Isolating language 孤立语Langue 语言Macro-sociolinguistics 宏观社会语言学Mentalism 心智主义Micro-sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学Montague grammar蒙太古语法Neuro-linguistics 神经语言学Orthography 正字法Orthoepic 正音法的Paradigmatic 聚合关系Parole 言语Pedagogy 教育学；教授法Philology 语文学Philosophy 哲学Phonography 表音法Pidgin 皮钦语；洋泾浜语Polysynthetic language 多式综合语Prescriptive linguistics 规定语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psychology 心理学Semeiology 符号学Sociology 社会学Speech 言语Sociolinguistics社会语言学Structuralism 结构主义Synchronic linguistics 共时语言学Syntagmatic 组合关系Theoretic linguistics 理论语言学Universal grammar 普遍语法Universality 普遍性Part II Phonology音位学Ablaut 元音变化Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Affricate 塞擦音Allophone 音位变体Alveolar 齿龈音Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学Articulatory variables 发音变体Aspiration 送气Assimilation 同化Back of tongue舌根Back vowel后元音Bilabial 双唇音Blade of tongue 舌面Broad transcription 宽式音标Central vowel 中元音Collocation 搭配Complementary distribution互补分布Consonant 辅音Dental 齿音Diacritics 变音符号；附加符号Diphthong 双元音Distinctive features 区别性特征Fricative 擦音Front vowel 前元音Glide 音渡Glottal 喉音Hard palate 硬腭International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标Intonation 语调Liquid 流音Manner of articulation 发音方法Minimal pair最小对立体Narrow transcription 严式音标Nasal 鼻音Nasal cavity 鼻腔Palatal 腭音Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔Phone音素Phoneme音位Place of articulation 发音部位Plosive爆破音Phonemic contrast 音位对立Phonetics语音学Rounded圆唇音Soft palate (velum)软腭Spectrograph 频谱仪Speech organ 发音器官Speech sounds 语音Stop塞音Stress 重音Suprasegmental features 超音段特征Teeth ridge (alveolus) 齿龈隆骨Tip of tongue 舌尖Tone 音/声调Unrounded 非圆唇音Uvula 小舌Velar 软腭音Vocal cords 声带Voiced 浊音Voiceless清音Voicing 浊音化Vowel 元音Part III Morphology形态学Acronym 首字母缩略词Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Back-formation 逆成法Blending 紧缩法Borrowing 借用Bound morpheme 粘着语素Clipped words 缩略词Coinage 创新词Compounding 合成法Conversion 转换法Closed class 封闭类Derivational morpheme 派生语素Free morpheme 自由语素Idiom 成语Inflection 屈折变化Inflectional morpheme 屈折语素Jargon 行话Lexicography 辞典编纂学Loan words 外来词Morpheme 语素Open class 开放类Prefix 前缀Productive 能产的Root 词根Stem 词干Suffix 后缀Suppletion 异根Word formation 构词法Part IV Syntax句法学Abstract noun 抽象名词Accusative 宾格Active voice 主动态Adjective 形容词Adjunct 附加状语Adverbial 状语Agreement 一致关系Anaphor 照应语Antecedent 先行词Apostrophe 省略符号Apposition 同位语Article 冠词Attribute 定语Case 格Cleft sentence 分裂句Collective noun 集合名词Comment 述题Competence 语言能力Complement 补语Compound predicate 复合谓语Compound sentence 复合句Concession relation 让步关系Concrete noun 具体名词Connective 连接词Constituent 句子成分Content word 实词Continuous aspect 进行体Coordinate clause 并列句Coordinating conjunction 并列连词Copula 系动词Declarative sentence 陈述句Descriptive adequacy 描写充分性Direct object 直接宾语Discontinuous constituents 非连续性成分D-structure 深层结构Dual number 双数Dummy word 伪词Endocentric construction 向心结构Ergative 作格Exclamatory sentence 感叹句Existential sentence 存在句Exocentric construction 离心结构Explanatory adequacy 解释充分性Feminine 阴性Finite clause 限定性分句Finite verb 限定性动词Function word 功能词Generic term 泛指性成分Genitive case 所有格；属格Gender 性Gerundive 动名词Habitual aspect 习惯体Head 中心词Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis) 直接成分分析法Imperative mood 祈使语气Imperative sentence 祈使句Imperfective aspect 非完成体Indirect object 间接宾语Infinitive 不定式Inflectional affix 屈折前缀Informal language 非正式语言Intensifier 强势语Interjection 感叹词Interrogative sentence 疑问句Intransitive verb 不及物动词Intransitivity 不及物性Irregular verb 不规则动词Labeled tree diagram 加标记的树形图Language faculty 语言器官Lexical verb 实词性动词Main clause 主句Masculine 阳性的Matrix sentence 主句Middle voice 中动语态Modality 情态Modal verbs 情态动词Modification 修饰Modifier 修饰语Morphological process 形态过程Move 移位Negation 否定Neuter gender 中性Nominal 名词性的Nominal clause 名词性分句Nominalization 名物化Nominative case 主格Non-place predicate 空位述谓结构Numeral 数词Object 宾语Objective 宾格Oblique case 斜格Observational adequacy 观察充分性One-place predicate 一位述谓结构Onomatopoeia 拟声词Particle 小品词Parts of speech 词性Passive voice 被动语态Past perfect tense 过去完成时Past tense过去时Perfective aspect 完成体Performance 语言运用；言语行为Personal pronoun 人称代词Personification 拟人化Phrasal verb 短语动词Phrase 短语Phrase structure rules (PS-rules) 短语结构规则Plural 复数的Plurality 复数性Postposition 后置词Postpositional phrase 后置性短语Predicate 谓词Preposition 介词Prepositional phrase 介词性短语Present tense 现在时Progressive aspect 进行体Projection principle 投射原则Pronominal 代词性的Pronoun 代词Quantifier 数量词Reciprocal pronoun 互指代词Reflexive pronoun 反身代词Reflexive verb 反身动词Relative adverb 关系副词Relative clause 关系状语Relative pronoun 关系代词Rhetorical question 反意疑问句Sentence 句子Sentential 句子的Sentential complement 句子性补语Simple sentence 简单句Singular 单数的Singularity 单数性S-structure 表层结构Subject 主语Subjective 主格Subordinate 从属句Substantive 实词Syntactic function 句法功能Tag question 附加疑问句Tense 时态Topic 主题Transformational-generative grammar (TG grammar) 转换生成语法Transitive verb 及物动词Transitivity 及物性Two-place predicate 二位述谓结构Unaccusativity 动词的非宾格性Verb 动词Verbal behavior 言语行为Voice 语态Word classes 词类Word order 词序Yes-no question 是非问句；一般疑问句Part V Semantics语义学Agent 施事Antonym 反义词Antonymy 反义关系Beneficiary 受益者Color word 色彩词Complementarity 互补性反义关系Componential analysis 成分分析法Contradiction 自相矛盾的说法Deictic center 指示中心Deixis 指示语Downgrade 语义降格Experiencer 经历者Homography 同形异音异义Homonymy 同音异义Hyponym 下义词Hyponymy 下义Instrument 工具Locative 地点Meaningfulness 有意义Naming 命名论Participant role 参与者角色Patient 受事Person deixis 人称指示语Place deixis 地点指示语Polysemy 一词多义Possible world 可能世界Predication analysis 述谓结构分析Recipient 接收者Reference 所指Referent 所指对象Selectional restrictions 选择限制Semantic role 语义角色Sense 意义Superordinate 上义词Synonym 同义词Synonymy 同义关系Theme 受事Theta ro le (θ-role) 语义角色Time deixis 时间指示语Truth condition 真值条件Valency 配价Part VI Pragmatics语用学Addressee 说话对象Adjacency pair 邻接对Context 语境；上下文Conversational implicature 会话含义Cooperative principle 合作原则Direct speech 直接话语Discourse 话语Distal 远指Encyclopedic knowledge 百科知识Euphemism 委婉语Focus 焦点Generalized implicature 广义含义Given vs. new information 已知与未知信息Honorific 敬语Illocutionary act 言外行为Illocutionary force 言外之力Implicature 含义Indirect speech 间接话语Informativeness principle 信息原则Manner implicature 方式含义Maxim of manner 方式准则Maxim of quality 质量准则Maxim of quantity 数量准则Maxim of relation 关联准则Performative 施为句Performative verb 施为动词Perlocutionary act 言后行为Potential implicature 可能含义Potential presupposition 可能预设Pre-announcement 事先声明Preparatory condition 准备条件Presupposition预设Presupposition suspension 预设中止Presupposition trigger 预设激发Propositional act 命题行为Propositional content 命题内容Propositional relation 命题关系Proposition 命题Proximal 近指Quality implicature 质的含义Quantity implicature 量的含义Scalar implicature 标尺含义Schema 图式Self-repair 自我修正Sincerity condition 诚实原则Speaker 说话者Speech act 言语行为Text 语篇Turn 话轮Turn-taking 话轮转换。