托福TPO5独立写作范文+题目
小编带来了托福写作TPO5独立写作范文，通过范文可以有效帮助大家备考托福写作考试，争取理想成绩，实现留学梦想。
托福TPO5 独立写作题目：
Question:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
People today spend too much time on personal enjoyment-doing things they
like to do-rather than doing things they should do.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福TPO5独立写作范文：
In this contemporary society,people are under great pressure in their daily
life.Obviously,people have to find some ways to release their tangible and
intangible pressures from work,family and so forth.But someone claims that
people today spend too much time on personal enjoyment-doing things they like to
do-rather than doing things they should do.From my perspective,I don't agree
with this viewpoint.Reversely,most people now are more concerned about what they
should do.They are becoming more and more realism,instead of doing things they
like.The reasons are as follows.
First of all,for young generations,particularly,they have to study
something they are not interested in,just for the promising career prospect
after graduation.Because of the harsh reality and fierce competition around
them,they have no choice but to give up their interests.Let's just take one of
my friends as example,she is quite intelligent,and extremely good at learning
language,she would be polyglot if she didn't take her parents'
advice.However,her parents strongly believe that Accounting is perfectly
suitable for girls,especially for the students who is fairly hard-working like her.And it's more easier to get a job when she graduates from unviersity
compared with Language students.She really chose Accounting,though she didn't like it at all.Just because job,money stuff like that in the near future.
Second,people in the 21 century are not satisfied with themselves.They
desire more and wanna gain higher achievements.So they know what's exactly good for them.The things they like probably cannot bring about fame and money and reputation.In that case,they would rather do what they should
do.Self-actualization is more important for people nowadays.
From what we've discussed above,we can easily come to the conclusion that
people today would like to spend more time on the things they should do instead of the things they like to do.Enjoyment and entertainment are of vital
importance for people,but apparently,they subconsciously will not spend too much time on the things they should not do.People are getting serious and
increasingly rational.?
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托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文文本： As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories. One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries. A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were usedto store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose. A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures. 托福TPO5综合写作听力原文文本： Professor: Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be many fireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families, so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize; unsupported by evidence. It many sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at PuebloAlto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not sued up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies. 托福TPO5综合写作满分范文： The author of the reading passage proposes three theories as likelyexplanations of the primary function of Chaco Canyon houses, grant structures built in the I2th century. The lecturer, however, points to the inaccuracies in each of these theories. The lecturer argues that the modest number of fireplaces in these structures is in contradiction with the huge size of these houses, indicating that these structures could not have been used for Residential purposes. The Reading, however, draws comparisons between the Chaco houses and other similar large Residential structures in support of the "Residential" theory. The second theory, that the houses were used for food storage, is also rejected by the lecturer. He explains that a place that had been used for storing maize would have many traces of scattered Maize, which is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. This proves that the "food storage theory" is unlikely. Finally, regarding the third theory, the "ceremony theory", the lecturer contends that the presence of broken pots close to the great houses does not offer sufficient proof that this was a place for ceremonial activities. He argues that there are other materials such as pieces of construction trash found along with the broken pots, which suggest that these pots were probably not used for ceremonial purposes but instead were discarded by construction workers upon completion of the great houses. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPOParents are the best teachers？
托福独立写作贡献例文一枚Author: Linda更多例文，私信新浪围脖：水墨江南XXX题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your idea. (一边倒策略)推荐阅读方式、学习方式----注意标红的词汇搭配；注意每个段落的Topic sentence,及其展开论述的方式From my point of view, parents are children's best teachers，not only because of the rich knowledge and experience they impart to us, but also the moral values they inject into our mind, which helps mold our character to a larger extent. Even though, some people might argue that actual teachers from schools will serve as the best choice. Still, I will present three reasons to support my opinion in the following passage.Introduction段分析：第一句亮明观点，认为家长是孩子最好的老师；总的理由是父母授予我们知识、经验；更赋予我们道德和价值观。
统领全文，主体段三个分论点。
特点是一边倒。
To begin with,parents have played an important role in leading us to the unknown world. Just when we were little toddlers, they began to nurture us with bits of algebra, language, folktales. All those pre-school enlightenment sparked our imagination. No one will forget the first time when parents took us to a national park or somewhere joyful. Enchanted by the beauty of nature----colorful blossoms, green blades of grass, deep blue ponds reflecting the gleams of sunshine, we started to experience and explore the great nature. In this process, our very first curiosity towards things is triggered. To a broader sense, this kind of seemingly common experience opens the door to our future lessons on science and humanities.Body Paragraph1:主体段第一句话为Topic sentence, MP 1 (main point);论证的角度为：叙事—通过讲述自己孩提时代的经历，引起读者共鸣—父母是我们认知这个世界的，首要启蒙师Furthermore,parents also set an influential example for children’s growth. S ince psychologists indicate that children imitate parents’behavior,the chances are high that children will adopt the habits of their parents, especially the good ones. For instance, if the parents have a good habit of recycling used goods, and making contributions to the charity work, then the children will be more likely to get involved in environmental protection and other social activities.Body Paragraph 2:主体段第一句话为Topic sentence,MP 2(main point);论证的角度为：纯论述---家长为孩子的成长树立的榜样---他们的习惯、言行举止对孩子习惯的养成有至关重要的影响Most importantly, the moral qualities in parents also exert tremendous influence on children. Some traditional virtues like being hard-working and diligent are essential for children’s grow-up. In this regard, my mother seemed to give me the most positive influence. She used to be a tailor who never failed to give her customers the best-suited dresses. I can still recall how she performed her work---always with great caution and gratitude.From her perspective, every piece of her works is like a treasure and that is the grand promise she gave to all the clients. Her great patience, devotion and persistency for perfection in work have changed my attitude towards work. Later in my life, I can see all those virtuous characters shape my way of behavior.Body Paragraph 3:主体段第一句话为Topic sentence, MP 3(main point),论证的角度为：家长给孩子以很多的道德、情感价值观的影响，塑造了学生的个性To sum up,parents act as role models in many perspectives. The precious lessons given by them have irreplaceable effect on children’s future. To be a more resourceful and responsible person, parents’ role as teachers can never be exaggerated. Therefore, we shall value their guidance and suggestions the most.Conclusion：结尾段第一句话总结全文。
TPO1-54独立写作题目汇总
TPO 独立写作题目TPO 1：At universities and colleges, sports and social activities are just as important as classes and libraries and should receive equal financial support.1.An increasing number of businesses have high demand for people who are notonly specialists in their fields, but also skilled in social interaction.2.Aside from fostering social skills and team spirit, sports and socialactivities can greatly help students release their pressures.3.Admittedly, academic education will always be at the heart of a university.TPO 2：Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship between people.1.First of all, always telling the truth creates trust between clients andcompanies, between employers and employees, and among colleagues.2.Secondly, love also requires telling the truth3.It is understandable that some people think that always telling the truth mayhurt people’s feelings.TPO 3: It is more important to keep your old friends than it is to make new friends.TPO 4: In twenty years there will be fewer cars in use than there are today.1.First of all, since the price of cars is undergoing a downward trend and peoplelive further from their office than before, the need for driving cars is increasing.2.In addition, the public transportation is already under greater burden, asa result of which more people resort to driving private cars.3.Admittedly, the increasing oil price and stricter traffic regulations would,to some extent, limit the use of cars.TPO 5: People today spend too much time on personal enjoyment doing things they like to do rather than doing things they should do.TPO 6: Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children.1.Transportation2.Leisure activities3.InternetTPO 7: It is more important for students to understand ideas and concepts than it is for them to learn facts.1.Firstly, only when students know the ideas and concepts can they be able tounderstand the facts.2.Secondly, ideas and concepts helps figuring out more possible solutions.3.Admittedly, learning facts can help students to understand ideas and concepts,facilitating the application of theories in real life.TPO 8: Television advertising directed towards young children (aged two to five) should not be allowed.1.In the first place, advertising may have parents wasted money and causeemotional torture of parents when they fail to fulfill their children’s unreasonable demands.2.Furthermore, advertising could mislead children because the primary goal ofmost of advertising is to make profits whereas children between age tow to five lack ability of understanding and judgment.3.Admittedly, there are some undeniable benefits of advertising for children; TPO 9：Technology has made children less creative than they were in the past.1.First and foremost, technology has provided children with easy access toscientific and liberal art resources which is their best source of inspiration 2.Second, technology has equipped children with professional apparatus whichcould finally realize their imagination. This takes form particularly as computer software and applications.3.Third, technology itself is a market place where creative ideas areeconomically encouraged.TPO 10：Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.1.First of all, playing computer games offers children great platforms to getacquainted with more people and hone their communication and cooperation skills.2.Furthermore, playing computer games could help improve children’sintelligence.3.What’s more, playing computer games can be a good way to relax.TPO 11: Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others think access to too much information creates problems.1.The internet has provided underprivileged people with learning materials thatthey would otherwise be unable to access2.Additionally, the internet has also granted us a lot of daily conveniences.3.Admittedly, this sudden availability of information is, of course, not withoutits costs….however, I believe that distracting websites are not a problem as long as the individual has self-controlTPO 12: it is better to have broad knowledge of many academic subjects than to specialize in one specific subject.1.First of all, many top 500 businesses have higher demand for talents withversatile educational background.2.Moreover, the distinctions lie in subjects are quite often unclear—many ofthem are interrelated.3.Admittedly, focusing only on one subject field leaves an individual with enoughtime to dig into the advanced part of the subject.TPO 13: The extended family (grandparents, cousins, aunts, and uncles) is less important now than it was in the past.1.First of all, due to the advanced transportation system in this informationage, people do travel a lot and many of them choose to move to another city, or even another country, to obtain more job opportunities or better life quality.2.Apart from this, with the accelerating pace of life, people are burdened withmuch more pressure than ever before.3.Specially, an exceptional phenomenon is worth our attention in china I comefrom.TPO 14: People benefit more from traveling in their own country than from traveling to foreign countries.TPO 15: In order to become financially responsible adults, children should learn to manage their own money at young age1.On one hand, learning to manage money can enable a child to value every pennyhe/she possesses.2.On the other hand, children can learn various kinds of skills, such as makingbudget, when they take efforts to manage their money.3.Admittedly, some children are able to cultivate their money managing skillat an older age.TPO 16: The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.TPO 17: Most advertisements make products seem much better than they really are.1.Many advertisements now are produced with great investment in visual and audiotechnologies, constructing an exciting, fantastic world to allure customers.2.Moreover, nowadays manufacturers tend to invite celebrities, who know nothingabout the products, to recommend their goods in advertisement.3.Some other emerging techniques have been adopted to exaggerate the qualityof products. For example, advertisers would find someone acting as the real users of the product.TPO 18: Students are more influenced by their teachers than by their friends.1.Primarily, friends are about the same age, so their experiences are similarto an individual student.2.Moreover, less chances are provided for students to discuss withteachers—many teachers will leave the classroom as soon as the class is over.3.Admittedly, sometimes students may need teachers’ help, especially when theyare facing with studying issues.TPO 19: In order to be well-informed, a person must get information from many different news resources.1.First of all, different types of media do have their own “niche”—that is, eachof them targets different groups of readers and focus on a specific field.2.In addition, relying on limited news sources is not reliable. It is quite commonfor some media to fabricate or exaggerate facts in order to attract more readers.3.Admittedly, too much information would, sometimes, be overwhelming. (wangbaoqiang )TPO 20: Successful people try new things and take risks rather than only doing what they know how to do well.1.To begin with, successful people are willing to adopt new ideas andtechnologies. This enable them to lead the trend rather than following other’s steps, obtaining pioneer’s competitive advantages. (ma yun)2.In addition, people may miss a lot of opportunities for success if they donot try new things. It is quite often that a new profession or a new environment might provide people with unexpected experience, contributing to their success.(cao kefan)3.Admittedly, doing what people already know how to do well can bring them withsome advantages.TPO 21: For success in a future job, the ability to relate well to people is more important than studying hard in school.1.To gain success in our future career, people have to build up solid knowledgebase for certain fields.2.Moreover, comparing with getting well related with others, more skills canbe cultivated in the process of studying hard3.Admittedly, getting well related with others can help people broaden theirsocial network, facilitating their communication and cooperation with others.TPO 22:Teachers should not make their social or political views known to students in the classroom.1.Those teachers express their social and political opinions on the classes couldreduce students’ studying efficiencies.2.In addition, many students are not mature enough to form their own conceptionabout the society, the globe and any other matters.3.Admittedly, some teachers are capable of stimulating students to brainstormand express their own opinions by discussing social of political issues.TPO 23：In today’s world, it is more important to work quickly and risk making mistakes than to work slowly and make sure that everything is correct.1.Timing is so critical. Slower reaction to changes may lead people to missimportant opportunities; on the contrary, pioneers are often granted with hugecompetitive advantages.2.Moreover, it is hard to make sure everything is in perfect condition. Thatis, many variables may contribute to some unfavorable conditions, fouling up all you’ve planned.3.Admittedly, serious errors should be avoided when increasing the productivityTPO 24：One of the best ways that parents can help their teenage children prepare for adult life is to encourage them to take a part-time job.1.Children are able to involve more in social activities, cultivating theirsocial skills when take part-time jobs.2.By doing part-time jobs, children can have better understanding of specificsubjects, figuring out the gap between theories and practice.3.In addition, profound part-time experience can help students figure out theirreal interests.TPO 25：Young people nowadays do not give enough time to helping their communities.1.The youth today are faced with a great amount of pressure, much greater thanthat of previous generations.ck of communication between young people and the community drives the youthtoday further away from contributing to community3.Less devotion to community may be greatly attributed to the weaker awarenessof altruism.TPO 26：It is better for children to choose jobs that are similar to their parents’jobs than to choose jobs that are very different from their parents’ jobs.1.It paves an easier way to success for children. Children who engages in similaroccupations with their parents can at least inherit the experiences of the parents.2. A similar career is likely to strengthen the parent-child bondst but not the least, to choose a similar job as the parent is actually aconservation of social resourcesTPO 27：If people have the opportunity to get a secure job, they should take it right away rather than wait for a job that may be more satisfying.1.To begin with, a secure job provides more guarantee since it’s much easier tobe found.2.It is very likely that a secure job may become a satisfying one in the future.3.Many young people tend to hold unrealistic expectation of a so-called“satisfying job”, for which they are not qualified.TPO 28：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents today are more involved in their children's education than parents were in the past.1.Most of the families in china have only one child due to the one-child policyand increasing life pressures.2.An increasing number of parents have realized that education plays a moreimportant role in people’s life than in the past.3.Parents are forced to involve in children’s education more due to therequirements of teachers and parents.TPO 29：To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors.1.Universities are supposed to offer students and faculties with more advancedfacilities, equipment as well as infrastructures.2.Universities should build up long-term relationship with certain businesses,in which way, students are able to take internship in related fields and apply theories into practice.3.Admittedly, salary is one of the considerations that might have an impact onsome talents decisions about whether to work in universities, it is not the most decisive one.TPO 30：It is more enjoyable to have a job where you work only three days a week for long hours than to have a job where you work five days a week for shorter hours.1.Working three day a week means one can enjoy a more flexible schedule.2.There is an increasing tendency that many employees are forced to work overtime,sometimes even without pay.3.Admittedly, for some people such as a new mom, working shorter hours is better.TPO 31：Because the world is changing so quickly, people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past.1.The inevitable problem that comes with the dramatic social transformation isthe mounting pressure that tortures people virtually2.Pollutions brought about by the fast industrialization and the advance ofmodern technology have rippled through the society.3.From the aspect of humanity itself, a sad fact is that the increasingly abundantmaterial life has made people more and more rapacious.TPO 32: Young people today have no influence on the important decisions that determine the future of society as a whole.1.For certain tasks and projects, only young people are qualified, since theyusually have high demand for creativity and ambitious2.Young people directly guide future direction of our society.3.Admittedly, older people are more experienced than youth, and are more possibleto come up with more feasible and reasonable ideas when confronting difficulties.TPO 33: When teachers assign projects on which students must work together, the students learn much more effectively than when they are asked to work alone on projects.1.Working in a team may enable students to solve various problems they encountermuch more easily.2.Students tend to accomplish projects with higher efficiency within a grouprather than by themselves3.Admittedly, there are several drawbacks of working in a group.TPO 34: Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the past because they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and social networking website.1.Nowadays cell phone are able to play positive effects on children’s study.2.It cannot be denied that these high-tech devices enable children to getinvolved into some innovative and interesting activities and games.3.Admittedly, some children might be too addicted to these games.TPO 35: famous entertainers and athletes deserve to have more privacy than they have now.1.Decreasing the exposure of famous people’s daily schedule will help protectthe security of themselves as well as their fanatic fans. (princess diana/ stampedes/traffic jam)2.On one is perfect. So are the public figures3.Children of the public characters also suffer from media’s over-exposureTPO36：spend money on young children than on universities.1.Expensive equipment2.Parents are more willing to spend money on little kids rather than on theiradult one.3.Investing money into universities can get quicker returns can get quickerreturns because the interval between university students get trained and get jobs is shorter than primary students.TPO37: busy doing so many different things, they do very few things well.1.The determinant factor of achievement is one’s effort rather than the numberof things he is doing2.Another crucial element which will influence one’s work results is his abilityto make comprehensive arrangements.3.Sometimes different missions can have mutual promotion to each other.TPO38：do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Leadership comes naturally: one cannot learn to be a leader.TPO39: do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the past it was easier to identify what type of career or job would lead to a secure, successful future.TPO 40: Some parents offer their school-age children money for each high grade (mark) they get in school. Do you think this is a good idea?TPO 41: Teacher were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they were nowadays.TPO42：Workers are more satisfied when they have many different types of tasks to do during the workday than when they do similar tasks all day long.TPO43：Imagine that you are in a classroom or a meeting. The teacher or the meeting leader says something incorrect In your opinion, which of the following is the best thing to do?-Interrupt and correct the mistake right away-Wait until the class or meeting is over and the people are gone, and then talk to the teacher or meeting leader -Say nothingTPO44：Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork. Which of the two approaches do you prefer?TPO 45:do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the past, young people depended too much on their parents to make decisions for them; today young people are able to make decisions about their own lifes.TPO 46: do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The opinions of celebrities, such as famous entertainers and athletes, are more important to younger people than they are to older people.TPO 47: do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is important to know about events happening around the world. Even if it is unlikely affect your daily life.TPO 48: do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Because modern life is very complex , it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.TPO 49: do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The ability to maintain friendships with a small number of people over a long period of time is more important for happiness than the ability to make many friends easily.TPO 50: do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All university students should be required to take history courses no matter what their field of study is.TPO 51;Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and television have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave.TPO 52: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The most important characteristic of a successful politician or leader is good communication skills.TPO 53:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for governments to spend money to improve Internet access than to improve public transportation. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO 54:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Governments should spend more money in support of the arts than in support of athletics such as state-sponsored Olympic teams.Welcome To Download欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
托福TPO5
TPO5-1-1 原文：Minerals and PlantsResearch has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth. Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural crops. Research has focused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high concentrations. Although most plants cannot survive in these soils, certain plants have the ability to tolerate high levels of these minerals.Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run theentire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators.Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.1. According to paragraph 1, what is true of plants that can grow in serpentine soil?○They absorb micronutrients unusually well.○They require far less calcium than most plants do.○They are able to absorb nitrogen in its elemental state.○They are typically crops raised for food.Paragraph 2: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces.Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green,often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.2. The word ―exhibit‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to○fight off○show○cause○sprea d3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following symptoms occurs in phosphorus-deficient plants but not in plants deficient in nitrogen or iron?○Chlorosis on leaves○Change in leaf pigmentation to a dark shade of green○Short, stunted appearance of stems○Reddish pigmentation on the leaves or stem4. According to paragraph 2, a symptom of iron deficiency is the presence in young leaves of ○deep red discoloration between the veins○white or yellow tissue between the veins○dead spots between the vein s○characteristic dark green veinsParagraph 3: Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.5. The word ―facilitates‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to○slows down○affects○makes easier○focuses on6. According to paragraph 3, what is the advantage of hydroponics for research on nutrient deficiencies in plants?○It allows researchers to control what nutrients a plant receives.○It allows researchers to observe the growth of a large number of plants simultaneously.○It is possible to directl y observe the roots of plants.○It is unnecessary to keep misting plants with nutrient solutions.7. The word ―suspended‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to○grown○protected○spread out○hungParagraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal.A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.8. Why does the author mention ―herbs‖, ―shrubs‖, and ―trees‖?○To provide examples of plant types that cannot tolerate high levels of harmful minerals.○To show why so many plants are hyperaccumulators.○To help explain why hyperaccumulators can be found in so many different places.○To emphasize that hyperaccumulators occur in a wide ra nge of plant types.9. The word ―afford‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to○offer○prevent○increase○removeParagraph 6: Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulating species of plants local to thetarget area must be identified.○The inve stigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.○The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up.○Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted areas.11. It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that compared with standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation○does not allow for the use of the removed minerals for industrial purposes○can be faster to implement○is equally friendly to the environment○is less suitable for soils that need to be used within a short period of time12. Why does the author mention ―Indian mustard‖?○To warn abou t possible risks involved in phytoremediation○To help illustrate the potential of phytoremediation○To show that hyperaccumulating plants grow in many regions of the world○To explain how zinc contamination can be reducedParagraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. ■A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. ■Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. ■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.●Some plants are able to●Though beneficial in lower…●When plants do not…Answer Choices○Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean up soils contaminated with toxic levels of these minerals.○Though beneficial in lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to plants.○When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities result.○Because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much researchhas been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural crops.○Some plants can tolerate comparatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted soils.○Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cu red by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrient solution.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 参考答案：1.○22.○23.○24.○25.○36.○17.○48.○49.○110.○311.○412.○213.○114. Some plants are able toThough beneficial in lower…When plants do not…---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------答案解析：第一题，B，细节题。
托福tpo5口语部分范文
托福tpo5口语部分范文关于〔托福〕的口语备考来说，相信大家都会选择TPO为备考材料的首选。
下面是我为您整理的关于托福tpo5口语部分范文，希望对你有所帮助。
托福TPO5口语task5范文：The womans problem is that she needs to play the violin in a big concert, but shes hurt her arm. There are two possible solutions, the first one is to try to play anyway. The other solution is to get Jim to replace her and play in the concert. I think the first is better, because that way she wont let the other group members down, and the doctor said her wrist should be feeling better by then. Also, she says in the conver〔sat〕ion that Jim is not reliable. If hes always late for the rehearsals, thatll compromise the whole performance. And thats unfair to the other group members who have been practicing for weeks.TPO5托福独立口语Task1满分范文：When I was a child, I enjoyed going to an Internet Bar.It is still open now. Its only 5-minutes walk away from my home and is located beside the street. The internet bar is not very big--it only has two rooms and each is full of computers. In summer vacations, My friends and I usually went there early in the morning, playing various computer games such as Age of Empire, Star War and Counter Strike. The owner of the bar is a very nice person. He opened the door very early in the morning just for us. My friends and I occupied a room, sitting side by side and yelling to each other when we were playing games. It was of much fun.托福TPO5口语task5题目 Listening Part:Listen to a conversation between two students.(man) Susan, what happened to your arm?(woman) Its my wrist, actually. I sprained it last weekend and I am kind of upset about it because Im supposed to play the violin in my string quartets big concert next week. Weve been practicing for weeks and weve already sold a bunch of tickets.(man) Oh, Im sorry to hear that. What are you gonna do? (woman) Well, I was thinking about trying to play anyway, I mean, I really dont want to let the other three groupmembers down. Plus the doctor said my wrist should be feeling better by then.(man) Oh, OK, so problem solved, right?(woman) Not exactly. Im worried Im gonna be out of practice, like I havent been able to play the violin since I sprained my wrist. What if I dont play well? Id make the rest of the group sound bad.(man) Why dont you get somebody else to take your place? (woman) Well, theres only one other person I know who could do it and thats Jim. Hes a great violinist and Im sure hed say yes. The thing is hes not very reliable. I mean, Im in the orchestra with him and hes always showing up late for rehearsals.(man) Oh, so youre not sure you can depend on him.(woman) Exactly, and we have less than a week left to rehearse for the concert. Wed really need him to show up on time for all our rehearsals.托福TPO5口语task5题目 Question:Briefly summarize the womans problem then state which solution you would recommend.Explain the reasons for your recommendation.托福TPO5口语task5 答案解析：1. Listening key(1.1) Problem: need to play the violin, but hurt her arm (1.2) Solution 1: play anyway(1.2.1) Pro: wont let down group members; doctor thinks it will heal soon(1.2.2) Con: shes been out of practice, could make mistakes during performance(1.3) Solution 2: get Jim to replace her(1.3.1) Pro: Jim is a fabulous player and hed say yes (1.3.2) Con: Jim is always late for rehearsals。
托福TPO5口语Task2题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO5口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO5独立口语Task2题目： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Why or why not? Use details and examples to explain your answer. It is more important to study math or science than it is to study art or literature. 托福TPO5独立口语Task2满分范文： I strongly disagree with the statement that studying math or science is more important than studying art or literature. Of course, math and science are very important, but it doesn't mean that they are more important than art or literature. We admire Newton for his scientific achievements such as Newton's first law. We also admire Leonardo for his art accomplishments such as MonaLisa. These two people are not comparable because they are in two different fields. So some people like studying science; some like studying literature. They all make great contributions to the human civilizations. So all these subjects are equally important. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO5口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO5独立写作高分范文
托福TPO5独立写作高分范文摘要：下面是小编整理的托福TPO5独立写作范文，通过范文可以有效帮助大家备考托福写作考试，此范文都支持在线下载，同学们快来下载回家好好备考吧。
托福TPO5独立写作范文写作题目Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?People today spend too much time on personal enjoyment-doing things they like to do-rather than doingthings they should do.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Sample Responses:The above statement poses a hot topic on contradiction of people's personal enjoyments and responsibilities.And the speaker tends to think people now are dedicating more on personal likeness than on what they should do. Istrongly disagree with this opinion because I think that to pursue one's individual enjoyment does not contradict toassume the responsibility.Admittedly, people nowadays increasingly enjoy freedom to pursue personal enjoyment than before. As thedevelopment of democracy, the ideas and behaviors of individual are respected and encouraged to some extent.For instance, students can choose any major which they favor mostly; graduates can participate in whateverprofessions they are interested in; citizens possess absolute freedom on free press and behaviors they like. Briefly,people have much time and freedom to do their favorite things.However, spending much time on personal enjoyment does not indicate that people ignore their accountabilitywhich should be taken. Let's take a college student in art for example. Generally, students in art major shouldspend much time on reading and appreciating art history, biography of artists and art works. Yet, thestudent favorsmore on economics. He probably continues to earn his degree on art with great interest in economic as well. Or hemay pursue asecond degree on economics. No matter what his decision is, he takes his responsibility to become a worthystudent of his major.In addition, to pursue one's personal enjoyment help to assume the responsibility. People should not beblamed for their time spent on things they like. Obviously, people lived in an time teemed with tense competitionand they are often under a huge pressure. After a whole day job or a period of work, you probably make yourselfdrunk, or go for shopping crazily, or bury yourself in a series of insane music, or whatsoever you prefer. Of courseyou are most likely to become relaxed and inspired through these favorite experience. Eventually, the greatphysical and mental recreation is conducive to a better performance in your profession the next day.To sum up, it is unreasonable to separate apart what people like to do and what they should do. The pursuit onpersonal enjoyment and assumption on accountability are interwoven. They do not contradict to each other. Theeffort and time on personal enjoyment does not equal to the ignorance on people's responsibility because of theobjective requirement from each identity. Moreover, personal hobbies are good catalyst for improvement on theoriginal professions.。
TPO 5 independent writing
As the society becomes more and more competitive, individuals in it are under the accordingly increasing pressure. To keep healthy and happy under such overwhelming pressure, current people have known to adjust themselves by spending time on personal enjoyment-doing things. I think people today spent appropriate time on doing this kind of thing but not too much. The people nowadays benefit from doing this because personal enjoyment-doing things let them pressure out and remind people the meaning of life.Firstly, doing enjoyment-doing things allows people can work more efficient after. Every one cannot concentrate into study or work for a long time, because fatigue will decrease the efficiency of worker. One way to avoid this situation is to find a way to refresh oneself. With the increasing number of amusing application emerging, people live in high-tech society can enjoy themselves in various way. Foe example, one of the prevailing games 'Angry Birds' inspires a group of people under the heavy work. It is a small game in cell phone which brings relax to the workers can just focus on working previously. In the subway, everyone can have chance to play this game to refresh themselves but not waste time, only to stimulate their enthusiasm of life and get higher efficiency to do the work they should do next.Secondly, doing enjoyment-doing things can guide people to their interest and find their own colorful life. Nowadays, being eager to earn money and doing mountains of work, people don't have time to develop their interests. Therefore, a multitude of talented people are submerged by the pressure. To find the colorful life and get more chances to exploit themselves, people should try diverse things they interest and excavate themselves. Take the well-known inventor Edison for example, he was a person who liked to discover in wide field and find his own interest. This quality favored him a lot in his academic advancement. While others were saying that he wasted his time to do some strange things he liked, he insisted that his passion brought by this kind of thing will guide him to success. Consequently, he invented light bulb based on his enduring effort, only to prove that people should spend some time on personal enjoyment-doing things.In conclusion, in today's society, most of people can balance themselves better than before favored by the high technology and open mind convention. Because of this, people can work efficiently and they can enjoy their colorful life.。
【每日一练】托福备考写作练习题(二)-独立写作类题目
【每日一练】托福备考写作练习题（二）-独立写作类题目TPO是很好的托福模考材料，考生可以在考前用它来了解真实题型，熟悉考试环境和操作，检验自己的真实水平。
下面点课台就为大家推荐一个热门的写作题型，以供大家在托福写作备考前使用。
托福独立写作题目：Which do you think is the best way for a student to make friends: joining a sports team participating in community activities, or traveling?Use specific examples to support your answer.参考范文：Making friends as a student can still be a difficult prospect. Given a choice between joining a sports team, participating in community activities, or traveling, I’d say the best way to make friends is probably getting involved in some community activities.First of all, not everyone was born to play sports. Some people just aren’t sports people, and while I’d certainly encourage everyone to be physically active, for many, trying to join a sports team will just make of them feel bad about their own lack of ability. In these sorts of cases, whether or not they can feel comfortable enough to make friends depends largely on how supportive the social environment is. As a teenager I played lacrosse in highschool, and despite being lanky and ill-suited for the sport, I had a great time and made many new friends because the people were fun and not overly competitive. But I also played on a soccer team at the time, and the experience was far worse due to the personalities of the other players.I think most people would have better luck with making friends while traveling, though here you encounter the problem of staying in touch. Making friends on the road has several advantages: You get to meet a wider variety of people than if you had just joined a sport team, and since there’s no competitive pressure, getting to know people can be a much more relaxed process. You also have stories of your travels to relate to people you meet along the way. However, there wou ldn’t be that camaraderie that comes from working towards a common goal, and a lot of the people you meet you’ll probably never see again.That’s why I think getting into community activities is the best of the three options. Similar to what you’d experien ce in a sports team, you have opportunities to forge bonds while working towards a common goal, but without the high athletic demands of a competitive sport. You also get to meet a larger variety of people than you might find while playing sports time, because they won’t all be athletes. Also, you’re much more likely to see them again compared to people you meet while travelling. And finally, since you’ll likely be doing a range of activities, you’ll have plenty of things to talk about with the new people you meet.Joining a sports team and traveling can both be helpful if you’re a student looking to make new friends. However, participating in community activities is a balanced compromise between the two, and in my mind that makes it the best option..tab111 a:link,.table111 a:hover {padding:2px 4px;}.tab111 a:hover,.table111 a:active {background:#FFF;color:#FFCC99;padding:2px 4px;text-decoration:none;}.tab111 {font-family: 微软雅黑;}.tab111 a { color:#FFF;font-weight:bold;text-align:center; }。
tpo2-tpo5综合写作范文
tpo2-tpo5综合写作范文Tpo2The lecturer talks about research conducted by afirm that used the group sy stem to handle theirwork. He says that the theory stated in the passagewas very different and somewhat inaccurate whencompared to what happened in reality.First, some members got free rides. That is, somedidn’t work hard but got re cognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people whow orked hard were not given recognition they shouldhave gotten. In other wor ds, they weren’t given the opportunity to “shine”. This directly contradictswh at the passage indicates.Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are mor e responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and t heir aggregated resources.However, the speaker talks about how the firm fou nd out that groups were slower thanindividuals in decision making. Groups n eeded more time for meetings, which are necessaryprocedures in decision m aking. This was another place where experience contradicted theory.Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If theinfluent people are going in the right direction there would be n o problem. But in cases wherethey go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in its thinking. They might becomeone-sided, and thus fail to succeed.Rating annotation：Once you can read past what seem to be the results of poor typing, this Benc hmark 5 does anexcellent job of presenting the points about the contributio n and recognition of groupmembers as well as about speed of group decisio ns. The final paragraph contains one noticeable error (“influent”), which is th en used correctly two sentences later (“influential”).Overall, this is a success ful response and scored within (though perhaps not at the top of) the5 level.Tpo3The lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting “Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet”.The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the Professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over the original painting to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman.In addition, the assumption that light and shadow in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting, the woman wears a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus the presentation of light and shadow was indeed very realistic and a ccurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt’s paintings.Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture.Actually, the wood panel was later enlarged to make it more grand and valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done it. Furthermore, the wood is of the same tree used in other Rembrandt paintings, like the“Self-Portrait with a Hat”.All this information points to Rembrandt as the painter of the controversial painting.AnswerThe lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting “Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet.”The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over Rembrandt’s original in order to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman.In addition, the assumption that the light and shadows in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting the woman wears a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus, the presentation of light and shadowwas indeed very realistic and accurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt’s paintings.Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture. The wood panel was actually later enlarged to make it more grand in size and hence more valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done. Furthermore, the wood was found to be made from the same tree Rembrandt used in many of his other paintings, like the “Self-Portrait with a Hat.”All this information serves to support the argument that Rembrandt was the painter of this controversial work.Tpo4The professor actually contradicts the statementsmade in the passage. She is of the view thatdinosaurs are not endotherms i.e. they were not ableto keep t heir body temperature at a constantrate.The professor contradicts the issue of dinosaursbeing endotherms based on t he availability of fossilsbeing available in the polar regions, she say that th epolar regions in those days were not as cold as theyare today i.e at least war m enough for dinosaurs tolive. During harsh winters she says that there is ap ossibility of the dinosaurs actually migrating towarmer regions.The issue of leg position and movement being used as a reason to classify the dinosaurs asendotherms does not please the professor either. She says th at dinosaurs had legs under theirbodies to support their huge bodies i.e the le gs under the body of the dinosaur were actually tosupport the huge weight of the dinosaur and not to provide it with a body stru cture likeendotherms(which is actually suited for running).The professor acknowledges the presence of haversian canals but also points out that that thefossils show the presence of growth rings. These rings occu r due to the thickening of thebone.The thickening indicates that the dinosaurs weren’t actually growing continuo usly but wereexperiencing periods of rapid growth and periods of no growth in succession. This pattern. Shesays is characteristic of non endothermic ani mals.Thus it can be inferred that the professor challenges the passage by giving r easons as to whyshe thinks that the dinosaur is not an endotherm.Tpo5The author of the reading passage proposes threetheories as likely explanatio ns of the primaryfunction of Chaco Canyon houses, grant structuresbuilt in the I2th century. The lecturer,however,points to the inaccuracies in each of these theories.The lecturer argues that the modest number offireplaces in these structures is in contradiction withthe huge size of these houses, indicating that theses tructures could not have been used for Residentialpurposes. The Reading, ho wever, draws comparisonsbetween the Chaco houses and other similar largeR esidential structures in support of the “Residential” theory.The second theory, that the houses were used for food storage, is also reject ed by the lecturer. He explains that a place that had been used for storing m aize would have manytraces of scattered Maize, which is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. Thisproves t hat the “food storage theory”is unlikely.Finally, regarding the third theory, the “ceremony theory”, the lecturer cont ends that the presence of broken pots close to the great houses does not offe r sufficient proof that thiswas a place for ceremonial activities. He argues th at there are other materials such as pieces ofconstruction trash found along with the broken pots, which suggest that the se pots wereprobably not used for ceremonial purposes but instead were disc arded by construction workers upon completion of the great houses.。