交通灯控制外文翻译
关于交通灯的英语作文
Traffic Lights: Guardians of the RoadIn the fast-paced world of modern transportation,traffic lights stand as guardians of the road, ensuring the smooth and safe flow of traffic. These towering beacons of red, yellow, and green not only guide the movement of vehicles but also play a crucial role in preventing accidents and saving lives.The traffic light system, which has been in use forover a century, is based on a simple yet effective concept. The red light signals a stop, indicating that vehicles must come to a complete halt. The yellow light warns drivers to prepare to stop, signaling the end of the green light phase. Finally, the green light indicates that it is safe to proceed, allowing vehicles to move forward.Despite its simplicity, the traffic light system is remarkably effective. It ensures that vehicles and pedestrians can share the road safely, reducing the chances of collisions and accidents. The synchronized operation of traffic lights at intersections further enhances roadsafety by allowing traffic to flow smoothly and predictably.However, the efficiency of traffic lights depends largely on the compliance of road users. Drivers must obey the signals displayed by the traffic lights, stopping when the light is red and proceeding only when the light is green. Pedestrians must also follow the traffic light signals, crossing the road only when it is safe to do so. In addition to its role in road safety, the traffic light system also plays a vital role in traffic management. By controlling the flow of vehicles, traffic lights can help to reduce congestion and traffic jams. By regulating the flow of traffic, traffic lights can ensure that roads are used efficiently, minimizing delays and maximizing travel time.The design and placement of traffic lights are also crucial to their effectiveness. Traffic lights must be positioned at strategic locations, such as intersections and junctions, where they can effectively guide the movement of vehicles. The height and visibility of traffic lights are also important factors, ensuring that they can be seen clearly by drivers and pedestrians.In conclusion, traffic lights are indispensable guardians of the road. They play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of road traffic, protecting the lives of road users and facilitating the smooth flow of traffic. As we continue to rely on road transportation, itis important that we respect and obey the traffic light system, treating it as a vital component of our road safety infrastructure.**交通灯：道路的守护者**在现代交通的快节奏世界中，交通灯作为道路的守护者，确保着交通的顺畅和安全。
单片机交通灯中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
单片机交通灯中英文资料对照外文翻译文献原文题目：DESIGN OF TRAFFIC LIGHT BASED ON MCUBecause of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task.PrefaceIn practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effectIn modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderlycontrol. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems.In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility.About AT89C511.function characteristics description:AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in figure 1 for the AT89C51 pins allotment.Figure 1 the AT89C51 pins allotment2.interrupt introductionAT89C51 has six interrupt sources: two external interruption, (and), three timer interrupt (timer 0, 1, 2) and a serial interrupts. Each interrupt source can be passed buy bits or remove IE the relevant special register interrupt allow control bit respectively make effective or invalid interrupt source. IE also includes an interrupt allow total control bit EA, it can be a ban all interrupts. IE. Six is not available. For AT89C51, IE. 5 bits are also not be used. User software should not give these bits write 1. They AT89 series for new product reserved. Timer 2 can be TF2 and the T2CON registers EXF2 or logical triggered. Program into an interrupt service, the sign bit can be improved by hardware qing 0. In fact, the interrupt service routine must determine whether TF2 or EXF2 activation disruption, the sign bit must also by software qing 0. Timer 0 and 1 mark a timer TF0 and TF1 has been presented in the cycle count overflow S5P2 074 bits. Their value until the next cycle was circuit capture down. However, the timer 2 marks a TF2 in count overflow of the cycle of S2P2 074 bits, in the same cycle was circuit capture down3.external clock driving characteristicsTable 14.leisure and power lost pattern external pins stateTable 2About 8255 chip1.8255 features:(1)A parallel input/output LSI chips, efficacy of I/O devices, but as CPU bus and peripheral interface.(2)It has 24 programmable Settings of I/O mouth, even three groups of 8 bits I/O mouth to mouth, PB mouth and PA PC mouth. They are divided into two groups 12 I/O mouth, A group including port A and C mouth (high four, PC4 ~ PC7), including group B and C port B mouth (low four, PC0 ~ PC3). A group can be set to give basic I/O mouth, flash control (STROBE) I/O flash controlled, two-way I/O3 modes, Group B can only set to basic I/O or flash controlled the I/O, and these two modes of operation mode entirely by controlling registers control word decision.2. 8255 pins efficacy:(1). RESET: RESET input lines, when the input outside at high levels, all internal registers (including control registers) were removed, all I/O ports are denoting input methods.(2). CS: chip choose a standard lamp line 1, when the input pins for low levels, namely/CS = 0, said chip is selected, allow 8255 and CPU for communications, / CS = 1, 8255 cannot with CPU do data transmission.(3). RD: read a standard lamp line 1, when the input pins for low levels, namely/RD = 0 and/CS = 0, allow 8255 through the data bus to the CPU to send data or state information, namely the CPU 8255 read from the information or data.(4). The WR: write a standard lights, when the input pins for low levels, namely/WR = 0 and/CS = 0, allows the CPU will data or control word write 8255.(5). D7: three states D0 ~ two-way data bus, 8255 and CPU data transmission channel, when the CPU execution input/output instruction, through its realization 8 bits of data read/write operation, control characters and status information transmitted through the data bus.(6). PA0 ~ PA7: port A input and output lines, A 8 bits of data output latches/buffers, an 8 bits of data input latches.(7). PB0 ~ PB7: port B input and output lines, a 8 bits of I/O latches, an 8 bits of input and output buffer.(8). PC0 ~ PC7: port C input and output lines, a 8 bits of data output latches/buffers, an 8 bits of data input buffer. Port C can through the way of working setting into two four ports, every 4 digit port contains A 4 digit latches, respectively with the port A and port B cooperate to use, can be used as control standard lights output or state standard lights input ports.(9). A0, A1: address selection line, used to select the PA 8255 mouth, PB mouth, PC mouth and controlling registers.When A0=0, A1= 0, PA mouth be chosen;When A0=0, A1 = 1, PB mouth be chosen;When A0=0, A1 = 1, PC mouth be chosen;When A0=1, A1= 1, control register is selected.Concerning seven section LED display introductionThrough light emitting diode chip appropriate link (including series and parallel) andappropriate optical structure. May constitute a luminous display light-emitting segments or shine points. By these luminous segments or shine point can be composed digital tube, symbols tube, m word pipe, tube, multilevel matrix display tube etc. Usually the digital tube, symbols tube, m word tube were called stroke display, but the stroke displays and matrix tube collectively referred to as character displays.1. The LED display classification(1) by word high marks: stroke monitors word high least 1mm (monolithic integrated type more digital tube word high in commonly 2 ~ 3mm). Other types of stroke display tiptop1.27 mm (0.5 inch) even up to hundreds of mm.(2) color-coded score red, orange, yellow, green and several kinds.(3) according to the structure points, reflecting cover type, a single point-elastic and monolithic integrated type.(4) from the luminous section electrode connection mode of points of anode and cathode two kinds.2. LED display parametersDue to the LED display is LED based, so its light, and the electrical characteristics and ultimate meaning of the parameters with most of the same light emitting diode. But because the LED monitor containing multiple light emitting diode, it must has the following specific parameters:(1) the luminous intensity ratioDue to the digital tube paragraphs in the same driving voltage, each are not identical, so positive current each different. The luminous intensity All segments of the luminous intensity values the ratio of the maximum and minimum values for the luminous intensity ratio. The ratio between 2.3 in 1.5 ~, the maximum cannot exceed 2.5.(2) pulse positive currentIF each segment of typical strokes displays for positive dc working current IF, then the pulse, positive current can be far outweigh.someotherwordpeopledontthinkoffirst. Pulse 390v smaller, pulse positive current can be bigger.Traffic signal control typeThe purpose of the traffic signal control are three: first,in time and space space intersection traffic in different directions,control traffic operation order; Second, make onplanar cross the road network on the people and objects of transport at the highest efficiency, Third, as the road users to provide necessary information, and help them to effectively use the traffic facilities. Road traffic signal control of basic types have many points method.According to the control geometry characteristic is divided into: single intersection control - point control, the traffic trunk lines of coordinated control - wire, traffic network coordination control surface controlling; -- According to the control principle differentiates: timing control, induced control and adaptive control.About watch-dog circuitBy single-chip computers.the micro computer system, because of single chip work often can be affected by external electromagnetic interference, causing program run fly while into dead circulation, the program's normal operation be interrupted by single chip microcomputer control system was unable to work, can cause the whole system of come to a standstill, happen unpredictable consequences, so out of microcontroller running status real-time.according consideration, they generate a specially used for monitoring microcontroller program running state of the chip, commonly known as "watchdog" (watchdog).MAX692 was slightly system monitoring circuit chip, have back-up battery switching, power lost discriminant functions monitoring, the watchdog. The encapsulation and pin instructions as figure2shows.Figure 2 MAX692 encapsulation and pinsWatch-dog circuit application, make SCM can in no condition to achieve continuous work, its working principle is: the watchdog chip and MCU an I/O pins are linked together, the I/O pins through program control it regularly to the watchdog of the pins on into high level (or the low level), this program statement is scattered on SCM other control statements, once among single-chip due to the interference makes application run into a fly after theprocedures section into dead circulation state, write the watchdog pins program cannot be executed, this time, the watch-dog circuit will be without microcontroller sent signals, then at it and MCU reset pin connected pin reset signal give out a a, make SCM reposition occurs, namely the program from program memory splittext started, so we realized the MCU automatic reset.Infrared detection circuitThe infrared radiation photon in semiconductor materials stimutes the non-equilibrium carriers (electronic or holes), cause electrical properties change. Because carrier does not escape in vitro, so called within the photoelectric effect. Quantum photoelectric effect high sensitivity, response speed heat detectors much faster, is optional detectors. In order to achieve the best performance, generally need worked in low temperature. Photoelectric detector can be divided into:(1) optical type: also called photoconductive resistance. The incident photon stimulate the valence band uniform semiconductor electronic across forbidden band into the conduction band and left in valence band, cause cavitation increases, for electric conductance eigen light conductivity. From the band gaps of impurity level also can stimulate light into the conduction band or born carriers valence band, and for impurities light conductivity. The cutoff wavelength by impurity ionization energy (ie) decision. Quantum efficiencies below eigen optical and require lower working temperature.(2) photovoltaic type: mainly p - n knot of light born volts effect. Energy more than the width of infrared photonic band gaps in "area and its nearby of electrons cavitation. Existing "electric field make hole into p area, electronic into n area, two parts appear potentials. Deoxidization device have voltage or current signal. Compared with optical detectors, pv detector detect rate more than forty percent of figure limit, Don't require additional bias electric field and load resistance, no power consumption, having a high impedance. These characteristics of preparation and use of the focal plane array bring great benefits.(3) light emitting - Schottky potential barrier detector: metal and semiconductor contact, typically include PtSi/Si structure and form was Schott potential barrier, infrared photon through Si layer for PtSi absorption, electronic Fermi level, obtain energy leap over left cavitation potential barrier into the Si substrate, PtSi layer of electronic was collected, complete infrared detection. Make full use of Si integration technology, facilitate production,with lower cost and good uniformity wait for an advantage, but make it mass (1024 x 1024 even greater) focal plane array to make up for the defect of quantum low efficiency. Have strict low temperature requirements. With this kind of detector, both at home and abroad has already produced as qualitative good thermography. Pt Si/Si structure made of FPA is the earliest IRFPA.Timing counting and traffic calculationUsing MCS - 51 internal timer/counter for timing, cooperate software delay realizes the timer. This method hardware cost saving, cut allows the reader in timer/counter use, disruptions and programming get exercise and improve. Computation formula is as follows: TC = M - CType in, M for counter touch value, the value and the counter working way concerned.For a traffic intersection, it can in the shortest possible time to achieve maximum traffic, even reached the best performance, we call in unit of time to achieve the maximum flow multi-energy for cars.Use the equation: (traffic = traffic/time) to represent.译文题目：基于单片机的交通灯设计我国经济快速发展，汽车数量猛增，大中型城市的城市交通正面临着严峻的考验，交通问题日益严重，其主要表现如下：交通事故频发，对人类生命安全造成极大威胁；交通拥堵严重，导致出行时间增加，能源消耗加大；空气污染和噪声污染程度日益加深等。
关于交通灯的英语作文
The Importance of Traffic Lights in RoadSafetyTraffic lights are a crucial component of road safety, governing the flow of traffic and ensuring the smooth movement of vehicles. They play a pivotal role in preventing accidents and ensuring the safety of road users, including pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists. The three basic colors of traffic lights - red, yellow, and green - each have a specific meaning and purpose, which is universally understood and followed.The red light indicates a stop. When the light turns red, it means that vehicles must come to a complete stop and wait for the signal to proceed. This gives other road users, such as pedestrians and cyclists, the opportunity to cross the road safely. Failing to stop at a red light can result in serious accidents and injuries.The yellow light serves as a warning, indicating that the light will soon turn red. Drivers are advised to slow down and prepare to stop when they see the yellow light. This gives them time to safely come to a stop before the red light comes on.The green light means that vehicles can proceed. However, it is important for drivers to exercise caution even when the light is green. They should always check for pedestrians and cyclists before proceeding and ensure that they drive at a safe speed.Traffic lights are not just about controlling the flow of traffic; they are also about promoting road safety and saving lives. By following the rules and regulations set by traffic lights, we can help create a safer and more orderly road environment for everyone.The effectiveness of traffic lights lies in theirability to communicate clearly and concisely with drivers. The simple colors and universal meaning of the lights ensure that there is no confusion or ambiguity. This is crucial in a fast-paced and often chaotic environment like a busy intersection, where split-second decisions can have life-or-death consequences.Moreover, traffic lights are designed to adapt to different traffic patterns and conditions. For example, some intersections may have sensors that detect the flow of traffic and adjust the timing of the lights accordingly.This ensures that the lights are always working efficiently and effectively to maximize traffic flow while minimizing the risk of accidents.In addition to their role in road safety, trafficlights also play a significant role in city planning and infrastructure development. They are often used as a tool to manage and direct the growth of cities, ensuring that new developments and construction projects do not disrupt or impede the flow of traffic.In conclusion, traffic lights are an essential component of road safety and traffic management. They not only regulate the flow of traffic but also promote safety and orderliness on the roads. By following the rules and regulations set by traffic lights, we can all contribute to creating a safer and more enjoyable driving experience for everyone.**交通灯在道路交通安全中的重要性**交通灯是道路安全的重要组成部分，它们管理着交通流量，确保车辆顺畅行驶。
交通灯用英语怎么说
交通灯用英语怎么说交通灯是维持马路秩序的重要角色之一，有了它才能使交通变得有序。
那么你知道交通灯用英语怎么说吗?下面跟店铺一起学习一下交通灯的英语知识吧。
交通灯的英语说法traffic lighttrafficlight交通灯的相关短语在交通灯处 at the traffic lights智能交通灯 intelligen traffic light交通灯助手 Traffic Light Assist交通灯系列 Traffic Light Series交通灯是红色 Traffic lights are red订明交通灯 prescribed light signal行人触发交通灯 actuated signal黄色交通灯号 amber traffic signal light交通灯的英语例句1. More regard must be paid to safety on the roads.必须更加注意公路上的交通安全.2. These traffic regulations are decreed by governments for national traffic safety.这些交通规则是为国民交通安全着想而由各国政府颁布的.3. Measures must be taken to insure traffic safety.必须采取措施保证交通安全.4. Therefore, road safety evaluation of safety workers become the primary task.因此, 道路交通安全评价成为交通安全工作者的首要任务.5. To increase public knowledge of railway safety, railway track safety awareness specificity.提高公众铁路安全常识、铁路轨道交通安全特殊性的认识.6. Fifth, the management of industrial and traffic safety needs to be strengthened.五是加强生产、交通安全管理,健全安全责任制.7. This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.例:这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过.8. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) ordered the Volvo recall.美国国家公路交通安全管理局要求沃尔沃强制性召回这些车辆.9. Now she is reminding her younger brother about road safety.她正在提醒她的弟弟交通安全.10. Which well - known saying, advertising verbals or slogan do have about traffic safety?关于交通安全有哪些名言, 广告词或标语?11. It's very important to teach the children about road safety.把交通安全常识教给孩子们是非常重要的.12. Finally, using MORT to improve the air - traffic management safety.最后, 引入MORT方法以提高空中交通安全管理的安全性.13. Reducing driving speed has an essential role to play in traffic safety.降低车速在交通安全议题上扮演了一个很重要的角色.14. All countries should enforce communications and improve handing in road traffic safety.各国应加强信息交流,相互学习与借鉴,共同提高道路交通安全水平.15. Is safety facilities product manufacturing, installation of comprehensive enterprise.是交通安全设施产品生产制造、安装的综合性企业.关于交通灯英文阅读：人工智能遇上交通灯交通堵塞或成历史Groundbreaking new traffic lights fitted with artificial intelligence could create safer roads and bring an end to rush hour gridlock.开创性的人工智能交通灯将为行人创造更为安全的道路环境，使路况高峰期的交通拥堵不再发生。
交通灯控制系统外文翻译--
本科毕业设计（外文翻译）题目小型交通灯控制系统的设计与制作姓名韦强专业电子科学与技术学号 201031090指导老师洪新华郑州科技学院电气工程学院二0一四年五月二日THE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF SMALL TRAFFICLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM8-bit Microcontroller With 8K Bytes Flash AT89C52 DescriptionThe AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.Pin Configurations1Pin DescriptionVCCSupply voltage.GNDGround.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.2Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memories that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memories that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL) because of the pull-ups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.3RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Timer 2 RegistersControl and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.Interrupt Registers4The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.5小型交通灯控制系统的设计与制作8位8字节闪存单片机AT89C52功能特性描述AT89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K内置可编程闪存。
人行过马路交通灯控制系统、 LED红绿灯和闪亮控制
毕业设计题目人行过马路交通灯控制系统LED红绿灯和闪亮控制学生所在学院专业学号学生姓名指导教师起止日期XXXXXXXXXX本科学生毕业设计（论文）人行过马路交通灯控制系统——LED红绿灯和闪亮控制学生：学号：指导教师：专业：XXXXXXXX大学电气信息学院XXXX年X月XXXXXXXXXXPedestrian Crossing Traffic Lights FlashControl——LED Traffic Lights and Flash ControlUndergraduate:Supervisor: Prof.Major:XXXXXXXXXXChongqing UniversityJune 2011摘要纵观单片机的发展和应用， 51 单片机越来越无法满足用户的需求， ARM 高速32位单片机的出现，缔造了嵌入式系统的新纪元.嵌入式系统是指以应用为中心，以计算机技术为基础，软件，硬件可裁减，适应应用系统对功能、可靠性、成本、体积、和功耗严格要求的专用计算机系统。
嵌入式系统已广泛地渗透到科学研究、工程设计、军事等各种领域、甚至商业、文化、艺术、及人们日常生活的方方面面。
随着国内外各种嵌入式产品的进一步开发和推广，嵌入式技术的重要性日益凸显，使得我们不得不将注意力转移到它身上。
ARM的应用已遍及工业控制、消费类电子产品、通信系统、网络系统、无线系统等各类产品市场。
本文设计了一款基于ARM7的带闪烁人行过马路交通灯控制系统，系统中采用单片机控制各十字路口的信号灯，利用ARM7控制板完成对单片机的控制。
主控计算机通过互联网完成对ARM7系统板控制，在主控计算机上可实现任意相位的设置，同时，可完成城市所有路口信号灯的监视和在线调整。
GPIO端口0管脚值寄存器IOPIN，它的配置方式仅用于数字方式。
不管它配置成输入或输出，或作为GPIO，或可选的数字功能，该寄存器引脚总是给出逻辑值。
关键词：ARM7 单片机先进的精简指令微处理器通用输入输出接口发光二极管AbstractLooks over monolithic integrated circuit's development and the application, 51 monolithic integrated circuits are unable to satisfy the user more and more demand, the ARM high speed 32 monolithic integrated circuit's appearance, has created embedded system's epoch.The embedded system is refers to take the application as a center, take the computer technology as the foundation, the software, the hardware may reduce, adaptation application system to function, reliability, cost, volume, and power loss strict request special purpose computer system.Embedded system has been widely infiltrated into science, engineering, military and other areas, or even commercial, cultural, art, and all aspects of daily life.With a variety of embedded products at home and abroad to further the development and promotion, highlighting the growing importance of embedded technology, allows us to have to turn our attention to its body.ARM applications are all over the industrial control, consumer electronics, communications systems, network systems, wireless systems and other markets.This ARM7-based design of a pedestrian crossing the road with a flashing traffic light control system, the system used in MCU control signals of the intersection, using ARM7 MCU to complete the control panel. Host computer via the Internet to complete the ARM7 system board control, the host computer can be any phase setting, the same time, to be completed by the city lights at all junctions and on-line monitoring of adjustments.GPIO port 0 Pin value register IOPIN, it is configured for digital mode only. Whether it is configured as input or output, or as GPIO, or the optional digital function, the register always gives the pin logic values. Keywords:ARM7，microcontrollers，advanced RISC microprocessors，general-purpose input and output interfaces，LED摘要 (6)Abstract (66)1.绪论 (1)目录1.1背景及意义 (1)1.2课题来源及研究目的 (2)1.2.1课题来源 (2)1.2.2课题目的 (2)2.硬件概述 (3)2.1 LPC2103 (3)2.1.1 LPC2103概述 (3)2.1.2 LPC2103特性 (3)2.2 Easy ARM2103硬件说明 (4)2.2.1 Easy ARM2103概述 (4)2.2.2 Easy ARM2103功能特点 (4)3. LPC2103功能部件说明 (6)3.1引脚连接模块 (6)3.1.1概述 (6)3.1.2寄存器描述 (6)3.2 GPIO (7)3.2.1概述 (7)4.中断控制 (9)4.1向量中断控制器 (9)4.1.1概述 (9)4.1.2特性 (10)4.1.3寄存器详解 (10)4.1.4向量IRQ中断 (10)5.定时器 (12)5.1定时器0和定时器1 (12)5.1.1概述 (12)5.1.2特性 (12)5.1.3引脚描述 (13)5.1.4定时器映射寄存器 (13)6.设计分析与程序 (15)6.1逻辑分析 (15)6.1.1状态图 (15)6.2交通灯连接控制原理图 (18)6.3程序设计 (19)6.4程序流程图 (22)6.4.1主程序流程图 (22)6.4.2定时器流程图 (22)6.4.3中断程序流程图 (23)7.总结与展望 (24)7.1全文总结 (24)7.2展望 (24)致谢 (26)参考文献 (27)1.绪论早在1850年，城市交叉口处不断增长的交通就引发了人们对安全和拥堵的关注。
单片机交通灯控制器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于单片机的十字路口交通灯控制器的设计由于我国经济的快速发展从而导致了汽车数量的猛增，大中型城市的城市交通，正面临着严峻的考验，从而导致交通问题日益严重，其主要表现如下：交通事故频发，对人类生命安全造成极大威胁；交通拥堵严重，导致出行时间增加，能源消耗加大；空气污染和噪声污染程度日益加深等。
日常的交通堵塞成为人们司空见惯而又不得不忍受的问题。
在这种背景下，结合我国城市道路交通的实际情况，开发出真正适合我们自身特点的智能信号灯控制系统已经成为当前的主要任务。
前言在实际应用上，根据对国内外实际交通信号控制应用的考察，平面独立交叉口信号控制基本采用定周期、多时段定周期、半感应、全感应等几种方式。
前两种控制方式完全是基于对平面交叉口既往交通流数据的统计调查，由于交通流存在的变化性和随机性，这两种方式都具有通行效率低、方案易老化的缺陷，而半感应式和全感应式这两种方式是在前两种方式的基础上增加了车辆检测器并根据其提供的信息来调整周期长和绿信比，它对车辆随机到达的适应性较大，可使车辆在停车线前尽可能少停车，达到交通流畅的效果。
在现代化的工业生产中，电流、电压、温度、压力、流量、流速和开关量都是常用的主要被控参数。
例如：在冶金工业、化工生产、电力工程、造纸行业、机械制造和食品加工等诸多领域中，人们都需要对交通进行有序的控制。
采用单片机来对交通进行控制，不仅具有控制方便、组态简单和灵活性大等优点，而且可以大幅度提高被控制量的技术指标，从而能够大大提高产品的质量和数量。
因此，单片机对交通灯的控制问题是一个工业生产中经常会遇到的问题。
在工业生产中，有很多行业有大量的交通灯设备，在现行系统中,大多数的交通控制信号都是用继电器来完成的,但继电器响应时间长,灵敏度低,长期使用之后,故障机会大大增加,而采用单片机控制,其精度远远大于继电器,响应时间短,软件可靠性高,不会因为工作时间缘故而降低其性能,相比而言,本方案具有很高的可行性。
交通行业术语中英文对照
交通行业术语（中英文对照）Stop-line——停车线A congested link——阻塞路段Weighting factor——权重因子Controller——控制器Emissions Model——排气仿真the traffic pattern——交通方式Controller——信号机Amber——黄灯Start-up delay——启动延误Lost time——损失时间Off-peak——非高峰期The morning peak——早高峰Pedestrian crossing——人行横道Coordinated control systems——协调控制系统On-line——实时Two-way——双向交通Absolute Offset——绝对相位差Overlapping Phase——搭接相位Critical Phase——关键相位Change Interval——绿灯间隔时间Flow Ratio——流量比Arterial Intersection Control 干线信号协调控制Fixed-time Control——固定式信号控制Real-time Adaptive Traffic Control——实时自适应信号控制Green Ratio——绿信比Through movement——直行车流Congestion——阻塞，拥挤The percentage congestion——阻塞率The degree of saturation——饱和度The effective green time——有效绿灯时间The maximum queue value——最大排队长度Flow Profiles——车流图示Double cycling——双周期Single cycling——单周期Peak——高峰期The evening peak periods——晚高峰Siemens——西门子Pelican——人行横道Fixed time plans——固定配时方案One-way traffic——单向交通Green Ratio——绿信比Relative Offset——相对相位差Non-overlapping Phase——非搭接相位Critical Movement——关键车流Saturation Flow Rate——饱和流率Isolated Intersection Control——单点信号控制（点控）Area-wide Control——区域信号协调控制Vehicle Actuated (V A)——感应式信号控制The Minimum Green Time——最小绿灯时间Unit Extension Time——单位绿灯延长时间The Maximum Green Time——最大绿灯时间Opposing traffic——对向交通（车流）Actuation——Control——感应控制方式Pre-timed Control——定周期控制方式Remote Control——有缆线控方式Self－Inductfanse——环形线圈检测器Signal—— spacing——信号间距Though-traffic lane——直行车道Inbound——正向Outbound——反向第一章交通工程—— Traffic Engineering运输工程—— Transportation Engineering铁路交通—— Rail Transportation航空交通—— Air Transportation水上交通—— Water Transportation管道交通—— Pipeline Transportation交通系统—— Traffic System交通特性—— Traffic Characteristics人的特性—— Human Characteristics车辆特性—— Vehicular Characteristics交通流特性—— Traffic Flow Characteristics道路特性—— Roadway Characteristics交通调查—— Traffic Survey交通流理论—— Traffic Flow Theory交通管理—— Traffic Management交通环境保护——Traffic Environment Protection 交通设计—— Traffic Design交通统计学—— Traffic Statistics交通心理学—— Traffic Psychology汽车力学—— Automobile Mechanics交通经济学—— Traffic Economics汽车工程—— Automobile Engineering人类工程—— Human Engineering环境工程—— Environment Engineering自动控制—— Automatic Control应用数学—— Applied Mathematics电子计算机—— Electric Computer第二章公共汽车—— Bus无轨电车—— Trolley Bus有轨电车—— Tram Car大客车—— Coach小轿车—— Sedan载货卡车—— Truck拖挂车—— Trailer平板车—— Flat-bed Truck动力特性—— Driving Force Characteristics牵引力—— Tractive Force空气阻力—— Air Resistance滚动阻力—— Rolling Resistance坡度阻力—— Grade Resistance加速阻力—— Acceleration Resistance附着力—— Adhesive Force汽车的制动力—— Braking of Motor Vehicle 自行车流特性—— Bicycle flow Characteristics 驾驶员特性—— Driver Characteristics刺激—— Stimulation感觉—— Sense判断—— Judgment行动—— Action视觉—— Visual Sense听觉—— Hearing Sense嗅觉—— Sense of Smell味觉—— Sense of Touch视觉特性—— Visual Characteristics视力—— Vision视野—— Field of Vision色彩感觉—— Color Sense眩目时的视力—— Glare Vision视力恢复—— Return Time of Vision动视力—— Visual in Motion亮度—— Luminance照度—— Luminance反应特性—— Reactive Characteristics刺激信息—— Stimulant Information驾驶员疲劳与兴奋—— Driving Fating and Excitability 交通量—— Traffic V olume交通密度—— Traffic Density地点车速—— Spot Speed瞬时车速—— Instantaneous Speed时间平均车速—— Time mean Speed空间平均车速—— Space mean speed车头时距—— Time headway车头间距—— Space headway0交通流模型—— Traffic flow model自由行驶车速—— Free flow speed阻塞密度—— Jam density速度－密度曲线—— Speed-density curve流量－密度曲线—— Flow-density curve最佳密度—— Optimum concentration流量——速度曲线—— Flow-speed curve最佳速度—— Optimum speed连续流—— Uninterrupted traffic间断流—— Interrupted traffic第三章交通调查分析—— Traffic survey and analysis 交通流调查—— Traffic volume survey车速调查—— Speed survey通行能力调查—— Capacity survey车辆耗油调查—— Energy Consumption Survey居民出行调查—— Trip Survey车辆出行调查—— Vehicle Trip Survey停车场调查—— Parking Area Survey交通事故调查—— Traffic Accident Survey交通噪声调查—— Traffic Noise Survey车辆废气调查—— Vehicle Emission Survey平均日交通量—— Average Daily Traffic(ADT)周平均日交通量—— Week Average Daily Traffic月平均日交通量—— Month Average Daily Traffic年平均日交通量—— Annual Average Daily Traffic高峰小时交通量—— Peak hour V olume年最大小时交通量——Highest Annual Hourly V olume年第30位最高小时交通量——Thirtieth Highest Annual Hourly V olume 高峰小时比率—— Peak Ratio时间变化—— Time Variation空间变化—— Spatial Variation样本选择—— Selection Sample样本大小—— Size of Sample自由度—— Freedom车速分布—— Speed Distribution组中值—— Mid-Class Mark累计频率—— Cumulative Frequency频率分布直方图——Frequency Distribution Histogram85%位车速—— 85% Percentile Speed限制车速—— Regulation Speed服务水平—— Level of Service牌照对号法—— License Number Matching Method跟车测速—— Car Following Method浮动车测速法——Moving Observer Speed Method通行能力调查—— Capacity Studies饱和流量—— Saturation Flow第四章泊松分布—— Poisson Distribution交通特性的统计分布——Statistical Distribution of Traffic Characteristics驾驶员处理信息的特性Driver Information Processing Characteristics 跟车理论—— Car Following Theory交通流模拟—— Simulation of Traffic Flow间隔分布—— Interval Distribution二项分布—— Binomial Distribution拟合—— Fitting移位负指数分布—— Shifted Exponential Distribution排队论—— Queuing Theory运筹学—— Operations Research加速骚扰—— Acceleration Noise停车波—— Stopping Wave起动波—— Starting Wave第五章城市交通规划—— Urban Traffic Planning土地利用—— Land-Use可达性—— Accessibility起讫点调查—— Origin –Destination Survey出行端点—— Trip End期望线—— Desire Line主流倾向线—— Major Directional Desire Line 调查区境界线—— Cordon Line分隔查核线—— Screen Line样本量—— Sample Size出行发生—— Trip Generation出行产生—— Trip Production出行吸引—— Trip Attraction发生率法—— Generation Rate Method回归发生模型—— Regression Generation Model 类型发生模型—— Category Generation Model 出行分布—— Trip Distribution现在型式法—— Present Pattern Method重力模型法—— Gravity Model Method行程时间模型—— Travel Time Model相互影响模型—— Interactive Model分布系数模型—— Distribution Factor Model交通方式划分—— Model Split , Mode Choice转移曲线—— Diversion Curve交通量分配—— Traffic Assignment最短路径分配（全有全无）Shortest Path Assignment(All-or-Nothing) 多路线概率分配Probabilistic Multi-Route Assignment线权—— Link Weight点权—— Point Weight费用——效益分析—— Cost –benefit Analysis现值法—— Present Value Method第六章交通安全—— Traffic Safety交通事故—— Traffic Accident交通死亡事故率—— Traffic Fatal-Accident Rate交通法规—— Traffic Law多发事故地点—— High accident Location交通条例—— Traffic Regulation交通监视—— Traffic Surveillance事故报告—— Accident Report冲撞形式—— Collision Manner财产损失—— Property Damage事故档案—— Accident File事故报表—— Accident Inventory固定目标—— Fixed Object事故率—— Accident Ratelxy事故数法——Accident Number Method质量控制法——Quality Control Method人行横道——Pedestrian Crosswalk行人过街道信号——Pedestrian Crossing Beacon人行天桥——Passenger Foot-Bridge人行地道——Passenger Subway栅栏——Gate立体交叉——Underpass(Overpass)标线——Marking无信号控制交叉口——Uncontrolled Intersection让路标志——Yield Sign停车标志——Stop Sign渠化交通——Channelization traffic 单向交通——One-Way 禁止转弯——No Turn Regulation 禁止进入——No-Entry 禁止超车——Prohibitory Overtaking 禁止停车——Prohibitory Parking 禁止通行——Road Closed 安全带——Life Belt第七章交通控制与管理——Traffic Control and Management 交通信号——Traffic Signal 单点定时信号——Isolated Pre-timed Signal 信号相位——Signal Phase 周期长度——Cycle Length 绿信比——Split 优先控制——Priority Control 延误——Delay 流量比——Flow Ratio 有效绿灯时间——Effective Green Time 损失时间——Loss Time 绿灯间隔时间——Intergreen Interval 信号配时——Signal Timing (or Signal Setting) 交通感应信号——Traffic Actuated Signal 城市交通控制系统——Urban Traffic Control System 联动控制——Coordinated Control 区域控制——Area Control 时差—— Offset同时联动控制——Simultaneous Coordinated Control交变联动控制—— Alternate Coordinated Control绿波带——Green Wave连续通行联动控制—— Progressive Coordinated Control中心控制器—— Master Controller局部控制器—— Local——Controller实时—— Real Time联机—— On-line脱机—— Off-line爬山法——Hill-Climbing“小型高效”区域控制系统——Compact Urban Traffic Control System 道路控制系统—— Corridor Control System交通仿真—— Traffic Simulation时间扫描法—— Time Scanning事件扫描法—— Event Scanning。
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外文翻译当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。
因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤，违章控制等方面给予技术革新。
随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。
本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。
该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制：个路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期：对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。
在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。
而计算机技术怎样与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。
本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。
研究交通的目的是为了优化运输，人流以及货流。
由于道路使用者的不断增加，现有资源和基础设施有限，智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。
但是，智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。
例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的，但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。
交通仿真有几个不同的模型。
在研究中，我们着重于微观模型，该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为，从而模仿动态的车辆组。
由于低效率的交通控制，汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。
采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统，将会是非常有益的。
优化交通灯开关，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合，如模糊逻辑，进化算法，和聚类算法已经在使用，试图解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。
在我们的方法中，聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的，这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票，通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的，它希望在它往返的时候等待，如果灯是红色，或者灯是绿色。
等待，直到车辆到达目的地，通过有聚类算法的基础设施，最后经过监测车的监测。
我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。
绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器，监控交通流量统计，如平均等待时间，并测试不同的交通灯控制器。
结果表明，在拥挤的交通条件下，聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器，我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间，用以选择车辆通过市区的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。
DescriptionThe times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has：The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effec t’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only re alizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture. However, some limitations to the usage of intelligenttra?c control exist. Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation. In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles. Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol. Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial. Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions. Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary, and reinforcement learning (RL) have already been used in attemptsto solve it. In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light. The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage (or gain) of settingits light to green. The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator (GLD). GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers. The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperformall other tested non-adaptivecontrollers. We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes ofcars through the city (co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.。