文献翻译-中国大气污染现状

Air pollution state of china1 Urban air quality situation of chinaIn recent years, our urban air quality is stability, the trendy is improving. There are 660 cities officially designated in the monitoring of 343 cities, the air quality of secondary and tertiary levels and the urban poor around one third of each volume. Ultra-slight decline in the proportion of urban standards, particles from pollution broader, serious pollution in some cities sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide are all urban pollution. The areas affected by acid rain and pollution stability, the South acid rain polluted areas, the acid rain control zone of the city has more than 90% acid rain113 air pollution control in key cities, the air quality of Grade 2, Grade 3 and the number of urban poor levels respectively 40, 41 and 32, respectively 35.4%, 36.3% and 28.3%. Of these, 36 cities where sulphur dioxide and particulate emissions standard urban 73. Our air quality urban environment with the following features :First, the particles are still the primary pollutants. Particle emissions are the main pollutants affecting air quality in 343 monitored cities, 60% of particles from urban concentration limit, 64.6% of the city where major cities. Particle pollution from the northern city overall in the South-cities, particles from polluted cities mainly in the northwest, north China, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and other provinces and regions of the particle pollution are more prominent.The sulfur dioxide discharges the current situation:with the fast development of the economy of our country, coal consumption is increasing constantly. National coal consumption rises to 1,280 million tons in 1995 from 980 million tons in 1990, the sulfur dioxide discharges the total amount to increase sharply with growth of the volume of consumption of coal. The discharge general quantity of national sulfur dioxide reaches 23,700,000 tons by 1995. Discharge in the source in all kinds of sulfur dioxide, the power plant and emission of industry boiler account for 70%, becoming the discharge rich and influential family, all kinds of percentage of discharging the sulfur dioxide of pollution sources is formed as follows: Civil cooking utensils 12%, industrial kiln 11%, boiler 34% of industry, boiler 35% of hydropower station, other 8%.The smoke and dust ，dust discharge the current situation:the total amount of smoke and dust thatthe national fire coal was discharged was 14,780,000 tons in 1995, among them the thermal power plant and emission of industry boiler accounted for more than 70%. In discharging, local power plant the dust remover of poor efficiency because of use basically in thermal power plant, tons of coal discharge smoke and dust national 50 of power plant, emission its account for power plant total 65% of emission.The emission of dust of national industry was about 6,390,000 tons in 1995. Among them. Steel is it arrange dust account for 15% of total amount, cement is it arrange dust account for 70% of total amount to produce to produce. Is it arrange dust to produce in cement, local cement plant arrange dust account for 80%, become to mainly discharge the source industry 12 dust.In recent years, villages and towns national township industry pollution sources investigation result indicate fast 1996 such as mouth such as industrial development, national township industry sulfur dioxide in 1995, smoke and dust and industry dust emission account for national industrial sulfur dioxide, smoke and dust , industry dust discharge 28.2% , 54.2% and 68.3% of jade-like stone in that year respectively. The disposal of pollutants of township industry has already become the important factor of environmental pollution of our country.Exhaust pollution current situation of motor vehicle:From behind the eighties, promoted by economic growth, the quantity of motor vehicle of our country increased rapidly. The recoverable amount annual growth of national automobile keeps in 13%, especially some large-scale and super-huge city such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu , Shanghai city motor vehicle quantity increase speed far higher than the average national level. By 1995, the recoverable amount of the national automobile has already exceeded 10,500,000, increase than 1990 4,200,000 3 nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide , hydrocarbon that automobile discharge discharge total amount rise year by year. Because city densely populated, traffic volume relatively heavy traffic have, motor vehicle exhaust pollution proportion rise constantly in urban air pollution.2 reason for severe environmental pollution and destruction2.1 Weak environmental awareness insufficient understanding of sustainable development strategyThe atmospheric environment is valuable resources that the mankind depended on for existence, the destruction of the atmosphere and environmental resources is a kind of irreversible course, resume good urban air quality prevent and cure air pollution pay more economic cost fundamentally taking measures. But the idea for a long time some department and some district sufficient understanding and know. They only considered recently, some economic development needs, lack to protecting the consideration of the atmospheric environment in making some comprehensive economic policy, industrial policy and urban construction development plan, Fast development that often regards sacrificing the environment as the cost and gains economy, have formed and expanded the production scale blindly, spread stand, repeated construction , technical equipment low , energy resource waste heavy , township enterprise unordered development , inferior coal circulate state such as being out of control arbitrarily. So is it lack to local issue of policy that environmental protection consider to say, itself to is it aggravate inducement of air pollution to cause, it is difficult to retrieve that the environments caused are endangered with losses.2.2 Energy use are unreasonable, the energy is wasted seriouslyThe energy unreasonable to utilize and serious waste of energy to cause of our country atmosphere seriously polluted reason one of, behave as follows mainly:In a energy consumption structure of our country, the coal accounts for 75%, and the coal amount used for generating electricity only accounts for 35% of total coal quantity, other coals are used in industry and burn civilly, 84% of the coals are burnt directly, this kind of consumption of coal is formed to hate the unreasonable one.Of our country coal production excessive to pay attention to increase of output, to control high sulphur coal issue pay attention to enoughly, display washing rate in coal low and high sulphur coal output of area increase too fast mainly. Meanwhile, because of the limitations of construction fund of coal washery, coal washing price unreasonable and railway transportation and restriction flowing into, washing, the growth of coal ability lags behind the amount of production of raw coal and increases, can be brought to select the factory production capacity into full play to wash originally. At present, it is 22% that the coal of our country enters the washing rate, there are generally developed countries in 60% more. Power coal is it select washing of factory utilization rate of equipment and installations 69% only to wash.All kinds of burning equipment technology and manufacture level are relatively low, the energy utilization ratio is not high, it is great and equivalent to phenomenon of burningequipment extending service in the army and general in high blowdown amount to use energy consumption. 500, 000 boilers of national industry, average thermal efficiency is only about 60%; The average thermal efficiency of industrial kiln is about 40%; Coal-fired thermal efficiency is only about 22% equally that urban residents live a life.The township industry develops rapidly, production technology, craft that most enterprises adopt are relatively backward, the production equipment is simple and crude, the resource energy utilization ratio is extremely low, the air pollution caused is surprising, the fund input of prevention and control of air pollution is insufficientThe township industry develops rapidly, production technology, craft that most enterprises adopt are relatively backward, the production equipment is simple and crude, the resource energy utilization ratio is extremely low, the air pollution caused is surprising, the fund input of prevention and control of air pollution is insufficientThe starting point of the industrial development of our country is low, the integral level of basic industries improves slower, technological transformation degree of difficulty heavy, pollution owes a debt more. Industrial technology and equip a lot of 500 times level, resource, consume high by energy. But because the whole transformation of industry is limited by fund, delay carrying on the whole transformation and pollution control, a number of technical equipment backward industrial enterprise long-term quite discharge a large amount of pollutant in not producing, cause and pollute seriously.The country pursueing and cleaning the coal policy、The measure of improving the energy structure is like the dressing of coal by washing of coal, The dynamics of investment in coal briquette , coal-fired desulphurization , using the clean energy ,etc. is too weak, far from satisfying the demand.Basic construction projects, such as central heating of the city, gas etc. are the main measure of solving the urban atmosphere environmental pollution. But many areas still develop slowly, the key is still the uncomplete question of fund input. Some cities have finished building heat and power plant, but lack fund and build the heating pipe network, dispersing the heat source still exist, not only has not reduced pollution, has increased the emission instead.Blowdown expenses standard too low, make enterprise with heavy pollution would rather pay blowdown fee, and unwilling to spend money control. For example, the sulfur dioxideexpenses standards of " two provinces and nine cities " are too low, generally within 0.20 yuan for each kilogram sulfur dioxide, far lower than desulphurization cost of about 1 yuan per kilogram, can not impel the enterprise investment to manage for the sulfur dioxide. Causing it at present, there are few desulphurization facilities built of model region of nine cities of two provinces.2.3 Not strict enforcing lawThough build and make very great progress in regulation standard of prevention and control of air pollution of our country, but laws are not fully observed, not strict in enforcing the law, the phenomenon refraining from punishing law-breakers is still very serious.Some local government interference environmental protection departments enforce the law, is it build short-term economy profitable but energy resource consumption heavy, to atmosphere seriously polluted industrial project to sanction; Carry out regulation that country " appraise, build first , appear some new unreasonable overall arrangement and pollute construction project that exceed standard; Often leave the shortfall or divert the fund to other purpose in investment in the measure of prevention and control of air pollution.Local power plant, local cement plant and township enterprise are not strict in enforcing the law, the phenomenon is more general to exceed standard.Because all parts monitor the organization and is limited by funds, can't generally monitor the regular supervision to the pollution sources, thus weakened the daily supervision to the pollution sources of environmental protection department to manage. It is worse that environmental protection facilities operate management, the running rate is low actually. Though a lot of projects can be up to standard of to go into operation while confirming, exceed standard to discharge while running actually. It is estimated the whole country industry boiler smoke and dust discharge exceeding standard rate 30% on average at present, industrial kiln 50% on average, local cement dust of trade discharge exceeding standard rate 40%.Motor vehicle it is late for prevention and control of pollution to start, exhaust supervisionand management system set up really yet, supervise law enforcement agency duty unclear, is it do one's best to supervise each, especially to car making, sell , use , scrap overall pollution not to supervise management to be very much weak even, the exhaust pollution of motor vehicle is supervised and monitored and has not included in national urban air quality and routine monitoring system of the pollution sources yet, thus lack the effective supervision to exhaust pollution of motor vehicle.2.4 Lack practical administration technologyReseach, development, respect of popularizing and using in atmospheric pollution control technology and equipment in our country, though do much work, and atmospheric demand of pollution control disparity even relatively heavy, input of the fund, manpower and degree that the practical technique commercialize are not so good as the developed country far. More weak field is the clean coal technology; The industrial kilns of such trades as metallurgy, chemical industry, building materials etc. and production facility discharge the administration technology of pollution; Cleaning technology ,etc. in motor vehicle machine. The shortage of the practical technique has influenced the process and result of atmospheric pollution control directly.At present, the air pollution of our country has already endangered people's health. Studies have shown, cause the main decisive factor of the chronic obstacle breathing problem to be the air pollution in China. The air pollution has cause the enormous economic losses, has restricted the development of economy. The economic losses caused in acid rain reach 116,500 million yuan alone (1995), account for 2% of gross national product of those years. The seriously polluted state of atmosphere becomes one of the factors discontended with society of people, have even influenced the social stability of some areas. Meanwhile, the air pollution degree of our country caused bad influence in the world too, Capital of Beijing has already been classified as one of the most serious cities of the air pollution by World Health Organization . This will bring the adverse effect on socialist modernization drive and international association of our country.South acid rain polluted areas, some cities sulphur dioxide pollution seriously. Acid rain mainly in the south of the Yangtze River, east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin region, acid rain has increased in recent years local area. Sulphur dioxide pollution seriouslycities mainly in Shanxi, Hebei, Guizhou, Sichuan, Gansu province and the city of Chongqing.Big city, air pollution is more seriouse than in small and medium cities, particularly the large population size in the 100-200 million urban air pollution most. Major air pollutant particles and sulphur dioxide concentration limit from th e big, mega-cities is markedly higher than the proportion of small and medium-sized cities, urban air quality standards are lower than the proportion of small and medium-sized cities.From the crowd exposed to the air quality standards of the urban population accounted for the total urban population statistics 26.3%; not exposed to the air quality standards of the urban population accounts for nearly three quarters of the urban population statistics.2002 all monitoring cities nitrogen dioxide levels have reached national environmental standards for air quality, but relatively high concentrations of the major cities.3 particles pollution prevention, source host status and prospects 3.1 particles pollution control situationParticle emissions are primary pollutants affecting our urban air quality , is phase objectives in113 key cities in 2005, a comprehensive set of the greatest obstacles in 2010. Particle emissions, especially small particles from entering the body is the carrier of other pollutants can be inhaled directly into the pulmonary alveolus blood, seriously endangering human health. The study shows that in conventional pollutants, particulate emissions on human respiratory hazards are greatest. Small particles are also an important factor affecting urban atmospheric visibility. To promote urban air quality standards, high priority must be given to particles from pollution control. Compared with the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, particulate emissions source broad components of complex control difficult. From the source point of view, the main source of urban air particles from the soil wind sand dust, coal dust, construction grass, dust, a motor vehicle tail gas pollution sources, including urban road traffic, two massive pollution sources. From my experience of looking at many cities, particle pollution control requirements are multi-pronged, multi-sectoral participation, environmental protection departments unified supervision and management, urban construction, municipal, environmental, landscape and transport sector, a comprehensive control measures.These years, our research has strengthened the particles from pollution prevention research,and achieved some significant results application. Along with urban air pollution prevention and control work in-depth, coal dust pollution is checked, all levels of management in recent years to strengthen the integrated pollution prevention and control particle emissions. 2001, the State Administration of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Construction jointly issued document "on the effective control of urban massive pollution Circular", and asked all localities to strengthen massive pollution prevention ;2001 part of the State Administration of Environmental Protection organized a key cities particles from sources describe technology applications training courses; 2002 organized by the "urban air particles from pollution prevention seminars" called ;2003 years in key cities approved urban environmental capacity of the atmosphere from sources describe the work undertaken particles, and allow all sources accounts for PM10 emissions. In the future, the State Administration of Environmental Protection will adopt a variety of measures to promote integrated urban particles from pollution prevention and control work.Particles from the source-the need to use science to guide practical management, particles from sources describe qualitative or quantitative research is the source of atmospheric particles from the technology. In the State Administration of Environmental Protection's promotion, all particles are strengthened sources explain, in recent years, there have been in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenyang, Jinan, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Zhengzhou, Urumqi, 20, Tangshan several cities, have been carrying out the particles from sources describe research for the prevention of pollution from particles provided valuable scientific guidance3.2 the State requirement for particles sources describe workGiven the complex sources of particle emissions, control is very difficult, to improve environmental management and pollution control scientific and targeted, the State Administration of Environmental Protection for the key cities continue to carry out the particles from sources explain, in a separate report, the capacity of which are based particle sources analyzed sections. Sources have not yet carried out the actual work of city, the first reference to the work of the "urban environment coal dust air credits (shared rate) assessment method," a simple estimation. Sources describe the basis of determining particulate emissions from major fixed contribution rate and total control, the other particle emissions by sources from the totalrequest, but clearly control measures to promote urban environmental air particles are set.3.3 suggestion for particles sources describe workParticles from sources describe the main techniques used acceptor model, the chemical mass balance (CMB) model is the current location of the most widely applied models. At present, major cities in the country for finding sources of particle emissions, particulate emissions for the better sources for finding particles from pollution prevention and control services, the need to address the following questions :1)Simplify particles from sources describe technology. Particles from sources describe the work needs more time and more money to spend because of the timeliness of the results strong analytic sources, must be completed in the near future sources analyzed in order to better serve management services. At present, major cities in the country for finding sources of particle emissions, the need for simple and rapid particles from sources describe techniques2) Sources and receivers components spectral database should gradually be establish. National, regional, city-source component spectral database should be established for particles from the cross-regional and cross-regional pollution control transport support can save particles from urban sources describe the work of time.3)To analyze the results of an in-depth analysis of sources, a clear analysis of the contribution of different sources of reasons, the results of analysis of the impact of clear weather.4)Sources describe working with particles from pollution control measures should closely integrated. Sources describe the end result is particle emissions and responses to propose practical, workable approach control5)To the gradual establishment of atmospheric particles from sources describe routine system. The rapid development of China's urban construction, particles from sources change soon. Analytical work was carried out sources and the economic base of a certain city, a pilot conventional sources can be analyzed system, for an annual or biennial atmospheric particles from sources explain, for policy makers to provide effective support.6)Strengthening local environmental protection departments at all levels to combat pollution from particles manager training. Particles from the State Administration of Environmental Protection will be the focus of serious pollution of urban related training7)Preparing comprehensive urban atmospheric particulate pollution prevention technical guidance from manual to facilitate better guidance for particulate emissions throughout Combat.3.4 the urban environment air quality standards of functional areasParty "16th Party Congress" to make a comprehensive building of a comfortable society development objectives, environmental quality improved noticeably as one of its key indicators. According to the State Council approved 113 air pollution control programme for the demarcation of key cities, in order for these environmental quality in key cities have markedly improved, and I Board are 113 key cities for overall environmental quality standards andrequirements in the 2010 air quality urban environment comprehensive functional areas required: Reasonable division of the functional areas of environmental air quality:air quality urban environment is a comprehensive set of functional divisions of the infrastructure work. My current process of rapid urbanization, urban construction and development of speed, the original functional area may have been inconsistent with the environmental requirements, the need to make proper adjustments. Cities should be based on the urban socio-economic development conditions, adjusting and improving the environmental functions of divisions, and I Board reported for the record.Urban environmental planning to meet air quality standards for ambient air quality basicobjective to control sources of pollution as the main means to focus on major pollutants andmajor sources of pollution, the use of control and the total concentration of combining control,structural adjustment and technological improvements to the integrated combination of means todevelop the urban environment planning air quality standards, promoting sustainable urbandevelopment and achieving economic and environmental "win-win". Urban environmentcomprehensive set of air quality planning major cities including atmospheric environmentalquality assessment of the situation and development trend forecasting, atmosphericenvironmental functions Division, the total control plan targets and atmospheric environmentalprotection objectives analysis, atmospheric pollution control strategies and security measuresfour parts.4 Establish environmental system4.1 Implementation of sustainable development choicesChina's modernization drive has been launched in the following conditions: The country has a large population base, its per-capita average of natural resources is low, and its economic development as well as scientific and technological level remain quite backward. Along with the growth of China's population, the development of the economy and the continuous improvement of the people's consumption level since the 1970s, the pressure on resources, which were already in rather short supply, and on the fragile environment has become greater and greater. Which road of development to choose has turned out, historically, to be an issue of paramount importance to the survival of the Chinese people as well as their posterity.The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the country's population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the environment an important aspect of the improvement of the people's living standards and quality of life. In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection in the 1980s.Making environmental protection one of China's basic national policies. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources are of vital importance to the country's overall interests and long-term development. The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental protection.Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; and carrying out the three major policies of ``prevention first and combining prevention with control,'' ``making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it and intensifying environmental management.Promulgating and putting into effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental laws and regulations.Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and management under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated development.Establishing and improving environmental protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments' role in environmental supervision and administration.Accelerating progress in environmental science and technology. Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing prac"itical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environmental protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research system.。