9701 托福阅读真题
托福阅读真题第97篇Why_Did_Agriculture_Begin_（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第97篇Why_Did_Agriculture_Begin_（答案文章最后）Transitions from a glacial to interglacial world occurred many times during the last two million years. Through all but the most recent glaciation, people moved in response to environmental changes rather than staying put and adapting to a new ecosystem. Then,after living on the move for more than a million years, they started to settle down and become farmers. What was so different when the glaciers melted this last time that caused people to adopt a new lifestyle?Several explanations have been offered to account for this radical change. Some argue that the shift from a cool, wet glacial climate to less hospitable conditions put an environmental squeeze on early people in the Middle East. In this view, hunters began growing plants in order to survive when the climate warmed and herds of wild game dwindled. Others argue that agriculture evolved in response to an inevitable process of cultural evolution without any specific environmental pressure. Whatever the reasons, agriculture developed independently in Mesopotamia, northern hina, and Mesoamerica.For much of the last century, theories for the origin of agriculture emphasized the competing oasis and cultural evolution hypotheses. The oasis hypothesis held that the postglacial drying of the Middle East restricted edible plants, people, and other animals to well- watered flood plains.This forced proximity promoted social bonds, which eventually led to domestication. In contrast, the cultural evolution hypothesis holds that regional environmental change was unimportant in the gradual adoption of agriculture through an inevitableprogression of social development. Unfortunately, neither hypothesis provides satisfying answers for why agriculture arose when and where it did.fundamental problem with the oasis theory is that the wild ancestors of our modern grains came to the Middle East from northern frica at the end of the last glaciation. This means that the variety of food resources available to people in the Middle East was expanding at the time that agriculture arose-the opposite of the oasis theory. So the story cannot be as simple as the idea that people, plants, and animals crowded into shrinking oases as the countryside dried.nd because only certain people in the Middle East adopted agriculture, the cultural evolution hypothesis falls short.griculture was not simply an inevitable stage on the road from hunting and gathering to more advanced societies.The transition to an agricultural society was a remarkable and puzzling behavioral adaptation. fter the peak of the last glaciation, people herded gazelles in Syria and Israel. Subsisting on these herds required less effort than planting, weeding, and tending domesticated crops. Similarly, in entral merica several hours spent gathering wild corn could provide food for a week. If agriculture was more difficult and time-consuming than hunting and gathering, why did people take it up in the first place?Increasing population density provides an attractive explanation for the origin and spread of agriculture. When hunting and gathering groups grew beyond the capacity of their territory to support them, part of the group would split off and move to a new territory.Once there was no more productive territory to colonize, growing populations developed more intensive (and time-consuming) ways to extract a living fromtheir environment. Such pressures favored groups that could produce food themselves to get more out of the land. In this view, agriculture can be understood as a natural behavioral response to increasing population.Modern studies have shown that wild strains of wheat and barley can be readily cultivated with simple methods. lthough this ease of cultivation suggests that agriculture could have originated many times in many places, genetic analyses show that modern strains of wheat, peas, and lentils all came from a small sample of wild varieties. omestication of plants fundamental to our modern diet occurred in just a few places and times when people began to more intensively exploit what had until then been secondary resources.1.Transitions from a glacial to interglacial world occurred many times during the last two million years. Through all but the most recent glaciation, people moved in response to environmental changes rather than staying put and adapting to a new ecosystem. Then,after living on the move for more than a million years, they started to settle down and become farmers. What was so different when the glaciers melted this last time that caused people to adopt a new lifestyle?2.Several explanations have been offered to account for this radical change. Some argue that the shift from a cool, wet glacial climate to less hospitable conditions put an environmental squeeze on early people in the Middle East. In this view, hunters began growing plants in order to survive when the climate warmed and herds of wild game dwindled. Others argue that agriculture evolved in response to an inevitable process of cultural evolution without any specific environmental pressure. Whatever the reasons, agriculture developed independently inMesopotamia, northern hina, and Mesoamerica.3.Several explanations have been offered to account for this radical change. Some argue that the shift from a cool, wet glacial climate to less hospitable conditions put an environmental squeeze on early people in the Middle East. In this view, hunters began growing plants in order to survive when the climate warmed and herds of wild game dwindled. Others argue that agriculture evolved in response to an inevitable process of cultural evolution without any specific environmental pressure. Whatever the reasons, agriculture developed independently in Mesopotamia, northern hina, and Mesoamerica.4.For much of the last century, theories for the origin of agriculture emphasized the competing oasis and cultural evolution hypotheses. The oasis hypothesis held that the postglacial drying of the Middle East restricted edible plants, people, and other animals to well- watered flood plains.This forced proximity promoted social bonds, which eventually led to domestication. In contrast, the cultural evolution hypothesis holds that regional environmental change was unimportant in the gradual adoption of agriculture through an inevitable progression of social development. Unfortunately, neither hypothesis provides satisfying answers for why agriculture arose when and where it did.5. fundamental problem with the oasis theory is that the wild ancestors of our modern grains came to the Middle East from northern frica at the end of the last glaciation. This means that the variety of food resources available to people in the Middle East was expanding at the time that agriculture arose-the opposite of the oasis theory. So the story cannot be as simple as the idea that people, plants, and animals crowded into shrinkingoases as the countryside dried.nd because only certain people in the Middle East adopted agriculture, the cultural evolution hypothesis falls short.griculture was not simply an inevitable stage on the road from hunting and gathering to more advanced societies.6.The transition to an agricultural society was a remarkable and puzzling behavioral adaptation. fter the peak of the last glaciation, people herded gazelles in Syria and Israel. Subsisting on these herds required less effort than planting, weeding, and tending domesticated crops. Similarly, in entral merica several hours spent gathering wild corn could provide food for a week. If agriculture was more difficult and time-consuming than hunting and gathering, why did people take it up in the first place?7.The transition to an agricultural society was a remarkable and puzzling behavioral adaptation. fter the peak of the last glaciation, people herded gazelles in Syria and Israel. Subsisting on these herds required less effort than planting, weeding, and tending domesticated crops. Similarly, in entral merica several hours spent gathering wild corn could provide food for a week. If agriculture was more difficult and time-consuming than hunting and gathering, why did people take it up in the first place?8.Increasing population density provides an attractive explanation for the origin and spread of agriculture. When hunting and gathering groups grew beyond the capacity of their territory to support them, part of the group would split off and move to a new territory.Once there was no more productive territory to colonize, growing populations developed more intensive (and time-consuming) ways to extract a living from their environment. Such pressures favored groups that could produce food themselves to get more out of the land. In this view,agriculture can be understood as a natural behavioral response to increasing population.9.Increasing population density provides an attractive explanation for the origin and spread of agriculture. ⬛When hunting and gathering groups grew beyond the capacity of their territory to support them, part of the group would split off and move to a new territory.⬛Once there was no more productive territory to colonize, growing populations developed more intensive (and time-consuming) ways to extract a living from their environment.⬛Such pressures favored groups that could produce food themselves to get more out of the land. In this view, agriculture can be understood as a natural⬛behavioral response to increasing population.10.。
2023托福考试阅读真题
2023托福考试阅读真题本文档提供了2023年托福考试阅读真题的题目和选项，供考生参考备考。
题目一文章：The Benefits of Outdoor Exercise问题：What are the benefits of exercising outdoors?选项：A. Improved mental healthB. Increased vitamin D productionC. Enhanced physical fitnessD. All of the above题目二文章：The Importance of Biodiversity问题：Why is biodiversity important?选项：A. It supports ecosystem stabilityB. It enhances food securityC. It promotes natural resource availabilityD. All of the above题目三文章：The Impact of Social Media on Society问题：What is the impact of social media on society?选项：A. Increased connectivityB. Greater access to informationD. All of the above题目四选项：A. ConvenienceB. Wide selection of productsD. All of the above题目五文章：The Benefits of Learning a Second Language问题：What are the benefits of learning a second language?选项：A. Improved cognitive functionB. Increased cultural understandingC. Enhanced career opportunitiesD. All of the above以上是2023托福考试阅读真题的一部分，希望考生们能够认真准备，取得好成绩。
托福真题：《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》-托福真题
托福真题：《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》-托福真题《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》Question 1-7Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound theUnited States together. They were both creatures and creatorsof communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were already forming the habit of gathering from all corners of the nation for both public and private, business and pleasure purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, andhotels were distinctively American facilities making conven-tions possible. The first national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the National Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominatedHenry Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotelthat was then reputed to be the best in the country. Thepresence in Baltimore of Barnum s City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments helps explain why many otherearly national political conventions were held there.In the longer run, too. American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant and convivial.The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of groups - not only for political conventions,but also for commercial, professional, learned, andavocational ones - in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted for over a thirdof the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation, about eighteen thousand different conventions were held annuallywith a total attendance of about ten million persons.Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, who were nolonger the genial, deferential "hosts" of the eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a largestake in the community, they exercised power to make itprosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of thepublic", they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly shocked by thishigh social position.1. The word "bound" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) led(B) protected(C) tied(D) strengthened2. The National Republican party is mentioned in line 10 as an example of a group(A) from Baltimore(B) of learned people(C) owning a hotel(D) holding a convention3. The word "assembling" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) announcing(B) motivating(C) gathering(D) contracting4. The word "ones" in line 22 refers to(A) hotels(B) conventions(C) kinds(D) representatives5. The word "it" in line 30 refers to(A) European inn(B) host(C) community(D) public6. It can be inferred from the passage that early hotelkeepers in the United States were(A) active politicians(B) European immigrants(C) Professional builders(D) Influential citizens7. Which of the following statements about early American hotels is NOT mentioned in the passage?(A) Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them.(B) Conventions were held in them(C) People used them for both business and pleasure.(D) They were important to the community.Question 8-17Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humanspossessed, and the intimate relationship they had with theirowners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites. In thepast, as today, men, women, and children adorned them-selves with beads. In some cultures still, certain beads areoften worn from birth until death, and then are buried withtheir owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear altersthe surface features of beads, and if they are buried for long,the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is imparted to the bead both by use and theeffects of time.Besides their wear ability, either as jewelry or incorporatedinto articles of attire, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible, they are durable, portable, availablein infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today s market. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort them.Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to berevealed: their history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information onehopes to unravel. Even the most mundane beads may havetraveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences. The bead researcher must gather infor[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》mation frommany diverse fields. In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that areof ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniquenessof bead research. While often regarded as the "smallchange of civilizations", beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural sophistication.8. What is the main subject of the passage?(A) Materials used in making beads.(B) How beads are made(C) The reasons for studying beads(D) Different types of beads9. The word "adorned" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) protected(B) decorated(C) purchased(D) enjoyed10.The word "attire" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) ritual(B) importance(C) clothing(D) history11.All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT(A) durability(B) portability(C) value(D) scarcity.12.According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want to touch beads EXCEPT the(A) shape(B) color(C) material(D) odor13.The word "unravel" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) communicate(B) transport(C) improve(D) discover14.The word "mundane" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) carved(B) beautiful(C) ordinary(D) heavy15.It is difficult to trace the history of certain ancient beads because they(A) are small in size(B) have been buried underground(C) have been moved from their original locations(D) are frequently lost16.Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies done by which of the following?(A) Anthropologists(B) Agricultural experts(C) Medical researchers(D) Economists17.Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance of beads may change?(A) Lines 3-4(B) Lines 6-8(C) Lines 12-13(D) Lines 20-22.Question 18-31In the world of birds, bill design is a prime example of evolutionary fine-tuning. Shorebirds such as oystercatchers usetheir bills to pry open the tightly sealed shells of their prey, hummingbirds have stiletto-like bills to probe the deepestnectar-bearing flowers, and kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks. But few birds aremore intimately tied to their source of sustenance than arecrossbills. Two species of these finches, named for the waythe upper and lower parts of their bills cross, rather than meetin the middle, reside in the evergreen forests of North Americaand feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.The efficiency of the bill is evident when a crossbill locatesa cone. Using a lateral motion of its lower mandible, thebird separates two overlapping scales on the cone and exposesthe seed. The crossed mandibles enable the bird to exert apowerful biting force at the bill tips, which is critical for maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the scalesapart. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into the gapand draws out the seed. Using the combined action of the billand tongue, the bird cracks open and discards the woody seed covering action and swallows the nutritious inner kernel. This whole process takes but a few seconds and is repeated hundreds oftimes a day.The bills of different crossbill species and subspecies vary -some are stout and deep, others more slander and shallow. Asa rule, large-billed crossbills are better at securing seeds from large cones, while small-billed crossbills are more deft at removing the seeds from small, thin-scaled cones. Moreover,the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best.One anomaly is the subspecies of red crossbill known asthe Newfoundland crossbill. This bird has a large, robust bill,yet most of Newfoundland s conifers have small cones, thesame kind of cones that the slender-billed white-wings rely on.18.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The importance of conifers in evergreen forests(B) The efficiency of the bill of the crossbill(C) The variety of food available in a forest(D) The different techniques birds use to obtain food19.Which of the following statements best represents the type of "evolutionary fine - turning" me上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》ntioned in line1?(A) Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food supply(B) White - wing crossbills have evolved from red crossbills(C) Newfoundland s conifers have evolved small cones(D) Several subspecies of crossbills have evolved from two species20.Why does the author mention oystercatchers, hummingbirds, and kiwis in lines 2-5?(A) They are examples of birds that live in the forest(B) Their beaks are similar to the beak of the crossbill(C) They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food supply(D) They are closely related to the crossbill21.Crossbills are a type of(A) shorebird(B) hummingbird(C) kiwi(D) finch22.Which of the following most closely resembles the bird described in lines 8-11?(A) （图）(B) （图）(C) （图）(D) （图）23.The word "which" in line 16 refers to(A) seed(B) bird(C) force(D) bill24.The word "gap" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) opening(B) flower(C) mouth(D) tree25.The word "discards" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) eats(B) breaks(C) finds out(D) gets rid of26.The word "others" in line 25 refers to(A) bills(B) species(C) seeds(D) cones27.The word "deft" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) hungry(B) skilled(C) tired(D) pleasant28.The word "robust" in line 32 is closest in meaning to(A) strong(B) colorful(C) unusual(D) sharp29.In what way is the Newfoundland crossbill an anomaly?(A) It is larger than the other crossbill species(B) It uses a different technique to obtain food(C) The size of its bill does not fit the size of its food source(D) It does not live in evergreen forests.30.The final paragraph of the passage will probably continue with a discussion of(A) other species of forest birds(B) the fragile ecosystem of Newfoundland(C) what mammals live in the forests of North America(D) how the Newfoundland crossbill survives with a large bill31.Where in the passage does the author describe how a crossbill removes a seed from its cone?(A) The first paragraph(B) The second paragraph(C) The third paragraph(D) The forth paragraphQuestion 32-38If you look closely at some of the early copies of the De-laration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature ofJohn Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you willalso find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard.It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence,Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into troublewith his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper.Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore s first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonialpostal service. While he was in debtor s prison. Mary Katherine Goddard s name appeared on the newspaper s mastheadfor the first time.When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphiain 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the firstofficial version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continuedto publish Baltimore s only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies". She wasalso the city s postmaster from 1775 to 1789 - appointed by Benjamin Franklin - and is considered to be the first womanto hold a federal position.32.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) The accomplishments of a female publisher(B) The weakness of the newspaper industry(C) The rights of a female publisher(D) The publishing system in colonial America33.Mary Goddard s name appears on the Declaration of Independence because(A) she helped write the original document(B) she published the document(C) she paid to have the document printed(D) her brother was in prison34.The word "heralded" in line 7 is closest in meaning to上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》(A) influenced(B) announced(C) rejected(D) ignored35.According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she(A) was appointed by Benjamin Franklin(B) signed the Declaration of Independence.(C) took over her brother s printing shop(D) moved to Baltimore36.The word "there" in line 23 refers to(A) the colonies(B) the print shop(C) Baltimore(D) Providence37.It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was(A) an accomplished businesswoman(B) extremely wealthy(C) a member of the Continental Congress(D) a famous writer38.The word "position" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) job(B) election(C) document(D) locationQuestion 39-50Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe. Agalaxy is giant family of many millions of stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field. Most of the material universe is organized into galaxies of stars together withgas and dust.There are three main types of galaxy: spiral, elliptical,and irregular. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, a flattish disc of stars with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus. About one-quarter of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are well supplied with the interstellar gas in whichnew stars form: as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps aroundthe galaxy it compresses gas and dust, triggering the formationof bright young stars and in its arms. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical elliptical or spheroidal shape with no obviousstructure. Most of their member stars are very old and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them. The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universeare ellipticals with masses of about 1013 times that of the Sun, these giants may frequently be sources of strong radioemission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two- thirds of all galaxies are elliptical. Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in manysubclasses.Measurement in space is quite different from measure-ment on Earth. Some terrestrial distances can be expressed as intervals of time, the time to fly from one continent to anotheror the time it takes to drive to work, for example. By comparison with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to thegalaxies are incomprehensibly large, but they too are mademore manageable by using a time calibration, in this case the distance that light travels in one year. On such a scale thenearest giant spiral galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy, is twomillion light years away. The most distant luminous objects seenby telescopes are probably ten thousand million light yearsaway. Their light was already halfway here before the Eartheven formed. The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set outwhen reptiles still dominated the animal world.39.The word "major" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) intense(B) principal(C) huge(D) unique40.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?(A) The Milky Way(B) Major categories of galaxies(C) How elliptical galaxies are formed(D) Differences between irregular and spiral galaxies41.The word "which" in line 10 refers to(A) dust(B) gas(D) galaxy42.According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to(A) an explosion of gas(B) the compression of gas and dust(C) the combining of old stars(D) strong radio emissions43.The word "symmetrical" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) proportionally balanced(B) commonly seen(C) typically large(D) steadily growing44.The word "obvious" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) discovered(B) apparent(C) understood(D) simplistic45.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?(A) They are the largest galaxies.(B) They mostly contain old stars.(C) They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.(D) They have a spherical shape.46.Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage?(A) They are a type of elliptical galaxy.(B) They are usually too small to be seen with a telescope.(C) They are closely related to irregular galaxies.(D) They are not as bright as spiral galaxies.47.What percentage of galaxies are irregular?(A) 10%(B) 25%(C) 50%(D) 75%48.The word "they" in line 29 refers to(B) yardsticks(C) distances(D) galaxies49.Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy an上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》d the Andromeda galaxy in the third paragraph?(A) To describe the effect that distance has no visibility.(B) To compare the ages of two relatively young galaxies.(C) To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth.(D) To explain why certain galaxies cannot be seen by a telescope.50.The word "dominated" in line 37 is closest in meaning to(A) threatened(B) replaced(C) were developing in(D) were prevalent in <BR上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]。
托福阅读真题及答案精选
托福阅读真题及答案精选托福阅读中，无论是阅读速度还是解题技巧，亦或是长难句，每一种因素都会成为同学们阅读高分路上的重要障碍。
因此，大家最好的备考方式，就是利用真题练习，从整体上来备考，这样有助于我们提高整体的阅读水平。
店铺为大家推荐的是托福阅读真题精选，供大家练习。
托福阅读真题1Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbledthat they were all dead.Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order toillustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in theirgardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home8. The word they in line 20 refers to(A) tulips(B) plains(C) immigrants(D) plants9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens duringthe European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation oftulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB托福阅读真题2The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simplest of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promoteaggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity.Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.1. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones2. The phrase smooth operation in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) daily activity(B) effective functioning(C) delicate balance(D) permanent location3. According to the passage , carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?(A) It protects the queen.(B) It attracts other ant species.(C) It informs workers of possible danger.(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.4. The word cluster in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) organ(B) activity(C) group(D) cycle5. According to the passage , each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to(A) find the location of the nest in the dark(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants(C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack6. The word alert in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) allow(B) transport(C) warn(D) provide7. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be abandoned.(C) Pheromones control the speed at which ants move from one location to another.(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.8. The word scurrying in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) agreeing(B) appearing(C) competing(D) rushing9. The word others in line 21 refers to(A) private messages(B) species(C) trails(D) signals10. Why does the author mention dead insects in line 23?(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other insects(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) pheromones (line 2)(B) colony integrity (lines 12)(C) mass migrations (line 14)(D) private messages (lines 18-19)PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A托福阅读真题3Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term latent heat refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun's energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun's energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, itcan be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.1. The passage mainly discusses how heat(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth's atmosphere(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) can be measured and analyzed by scientists(D) moves about the Earth's equator2. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth's polar regions in which of thefollowing ways?(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere.(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun.(C) The strength of their large scale winds.(D) The strength of their oceanic currents.3. The word convert in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) mix(B) change(C) adapt(D) reduce4. Why does the author mention the stove in line 10?(A) To describe the heat of the Sun.(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored.(C) To show how energy is stored.(D) To give an example of a heat source.5. According to the passage , most ocean water evaporation occurs especially(A) around the higher latitudes(B) in the tropics(C) because of large-scale winds(D) because of strong ocean currents6. According to the passage , 30 percent of the Sun's incoming energy(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes(B) is transported by ocean currents(C) never leaves the upper atmosphere(D) gets stored as latent heat7. The word it in line 18 refers to(A) square meter(B) the Sun's energy(C) latent heat(D) the atmosphere8. The word primarily in the line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) chiefly(B) originally(C) basically(D) clearly9. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) essential(B) dominant(C) circular(D) closest10. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) low latitudes(line 1)(B) latent heat (line 5)(C) evaporate (line 7)(D) atmosphere (line 14)PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD托福阅读真题精选。
1997年1月托福阅读全真试题4
Question 29-39 Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color， and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body， which would involve the expenditure of water and energy， desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height， and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night， and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn， as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body， and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day. Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself， whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time， and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person，on the other hand， cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session， because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert， as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated， it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst. 29. What is the main topic of the passage？ （A） Weather variations in the desert （B） Adaptations of desert animals （C） Diseased of desert animals （D） Human use of desert animals. 30. According to the passage， why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals？ （A） It helps them hide from predators. （B） It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors. （C） It helps them see their young at night （D） It keeps them cool at night. 31. The word "maintaining" in line 4 is closest in meaning to （A） measuring （B） inheriting （C） preserving （D） delaying 32. The author uses of Grant's gazelle as an example of （A） an animal with a low average temperature （B） an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel （C） a desert animal that can withstand high body temperatures （D） a desert animal with a constant body temperature 33. When is the internal temperature of a large desert mammal lower？ （A） Just before sunrise （B） In the middle of the day （C） Just after sunset （D） Just after drinking 34. The word "tolerate" in line 13 is closest in meaning to （A） endure （B） replace （C） compensate （D） reduce 35. What causes water intoxication？ （A） Drinking too much water very quickly （B） Drinking polluted water （C） Bacteria in water （D） Lack of water. 36. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals？ （A） They do not need to eat much food. （B） They can eat large quantities quickly （C） They easily lose their appetites. （D） They can travel long distances looking for food. 37. Why does the author mention humans in the second paragraph？ （A） To show how they use camels. （B） To contrast them to desert mammals. （C） To give instructions about desert survival. （D） To show how they have adapted to desert life. 38. The word "obtain" in line 23 is closest in meaning to （A） digest （B） carry （C） save （D） get 39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adaptation of large desert animals？ （A） Variation in body temperatures （B） Eating while dehydrated （C） Drinking water quickly （D） Being active at night.。
2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案准备托福的阅读考试，考生们别忘了阅读考试的真题。
以下是由小编为大家精心整理的“2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案”，来看一看吧。
2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案R1人工智能下棋R2地下水R3欧洲城市计划R4洋流R5惠特尼发明的轧棉机R6蛇的分布R7意大利文艺复兴时期的一种戏剧1.托福阅读考试时间及题目数量托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇的题目，要想在这个基础之上取得高分，我们首先要做的就是对这些题目有一个清晰的认知。
这些题型虽然是文章的基础，但是在考试中，对于文章的理解能力和做题的速度要求都是比较高的，所以我们需要掌握文章的结构。
在文章的基础上，我们要学会分析文章的结构和作者的观点，这样才能在文章的开头段落中找到出处。
这样我们就可以清晰明白文章的结构是什么。
我们在进行阅读的过程中，首先要知道这些文章的结构是什么，在文章的开头段，一篇文章的开头，一般会问一下文章的结构是什么，然后我们来看一下文章结构是什么。
2.托福阅读一篇有几道题托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇实用的文章，要不要做题？新托福阅读有几个题型，每题的标准题、数量大概在1500到5000字左右。
新托福阅读有三篇文章，每篇文章有1000词左右的长难句；新托福阅读有四篇，每篇文章约800词。
新托福阅读有3篇，每篇约1000词左右；新托福写作有4篇，每篇约1000字左右；新托福阅读有四套。
每篇文章长度不够，建议先收藏再阅读。
第一篇文章长度大概是1500到1500字左右，需要花上3-4天阅读，每篇文章大概700-800字，需要2-3小时写作和2-3篇。
新托福写作有4个题，每篇文章长度是1个小时，有5-5个题目。
新托福独立写作是3篇，每篇长度在800-1200 字左右。
1.托福阅读题型有哪些托福阅读题目类型，托福阅读考试有哪些题型是不是很难？一起看看吧！托福阅读备考建议1.首先，我们要了解阅读考试题型，然后再分析一下题型，这样才能对托福阅读有更深入的了解。
托福阅读真题第10套
第10套Individual Performance and the Presence of OthersParagraph1：A person's performance on tasks can be enhanced or impaired by the mere presence of others,and a person's behavior as part of a group can be quite different from the person's behavior when acting alone.1..The word enhanced in the passage is closest in meaning to○interrupted○improved○influenced○hurt2..What role does paragraph1play in the passage○It introduces a common opinion that the rest of the passage challenges on the basis of scientific evidence.○It explains why the passage focuses on actions people take individually rather than on actions people take as part of a group.○It offers a specific example of a general principle discussed in the rest of the passage.○It describes two phenomena,possible explanations of which are considered in the rest of the passage.Paragraph2：In certain cases,individual performance can be either helped or hindered by the physical presence of others.The term social facilitation refers to any effect on performance,whether positive or negative,that can be attributed to the presence of others.Research on this phenomenon has focused on two types of effects:audience effects(the impact of passive spectators on performance)and coaction effects(the effect on performance caused by the presence of other people engaged in the same task).3..According to paragraph2,the term"social facilitation"refers to the phenomenon that a person's performance○is intended to help someone○is influenced by the presence of other people○is evaluated by other people○has an effect on others working on the same taskParagraph3：In one of the first studies in social psychology,psychologist Norman Triplett looked at coaction effects.He had observed in official bicycle records that bicycle racers pedaled faster when they were pedaling against other racers than when they were racing against the clock.Was this pattern of performance peculiar to competitive bicycling Or was it part of a more general phenomenon whereby peoplework faster and harder in the presence of others than when performing alone Triplett set up a study in which he told40children to wind fishing reels as quickly as possible under two conditions:alone or in the presence of other children performing the same task.He found that the children worked faster when other reel turners were present than when they performed alone.4..The phrase peculiar to in the passage is closest in meaning to○damaging to○unique to○rare in○new in5..The study conducted by Norman Triplett described in paragraph3supported the hypothesis that○coaction effects are stronger on the performance of children than they are on the performance of adults○coaction effects are limited to situations in which the time taken for a task matters ○people perform better when they know that their performance is being measured by someone○people perform better in the presence of others who are doing the same thing they areParagraph4：Social psychologist Robert Zajonc proposed an explanation for these seemingly contradictory effects.He reasoned that we become aroused by the presence of others and that arousal facilitates the dominant response the one most natural to us. On simple tasks and on tasks at which we are skilled,the dominant response is to perform effectively.However,on tasks that are difficult or tasks we are just learning, the incorrect response(making a mistake or not performing effectively)is dominant. This reasoning accounts for the repeated findings that,in the presence of others, performance improves on tasks that people do easily but suffers on difficult tasks. Other researchers have suggested that concern over the observers'evaluation is what most affects people's performance,particularly if they expect a negative evaluation.6..According to paragraph4,Robert Zajonc proposed that whether the presence of others hurts or helps a person's performance is determined by○how skilled the observers are in the task that they are observing○how closely the person is being watched○whether or not the person finds the task difficult○whether or not the person likes the people who are watching7..According to paragraph4,if other people are present,a person's performance on a task that he or she is just learning would most likely be○somewhat worse than if no one else is there○somewhat better than if no one else is there○completely unaffected by the presence of those other people○dependent on the number of people who are presentParagraph5：What happens in cooperative tasks when two or more people are working together instead of competing Do they increase their effort or slack off Researcher Bibb Latan used the term social loafing to refer to people's tendency to exert less effort when working with others on a common task than when they work alone.Social loafing occurs in situations where no one person's contribution to the group can be identified and individuals are neither praised for a good performance nor blamed for a poor one.In one experiment,Latan and others asked male students to shout and clap as loudly as possible,first alone and then in groups.In groups of two,individuals made only71percent of the noise they had made alone;in groups of four,each student put forth51percent of his solo effort;and with six students,each made only a 40percent effort.8..The word exert in the passage is closest in meaning to○put forth○waste○demand○accept9..According to paragraph5,people tend to engage in social loafing when they○prefer to work alone○fear being blamed for a poor performance○believe that their individual performance will not be identified○desire to be loyal to their group10..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph5about Bibb Latan¨¦'s research on social loafing○The less a person likes to work alone,the harder that person is likely to work as a member of a group.○The less a person contributes to a group,the more likely it is that person will be blamed if the group performs poorly.○The more people there are in a group,the more likely they are to compete with each other.○The fewer people there are in a group,the less likely it is that social loafing will occur.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expendextra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling,unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.Moreover,social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.11..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Social loafing does not occur when participants in the group believe that evaluating individual performance will improve the group's performance.○The loafing effect is eliminated if the members of the group accept the standard by which their performance and that of the group is evaluated.○Social loafing tends to disappear if the members of the group believe that their or the group's performance may be evaluated.○Researchers have found that when group members receive monitoring and evaluation of their performance,their performance improves.12..According to paragraph6,which of the following has NOT been shown to decrease social loafing○Participants know that fellow group members are willing,reliable,and competent.○The group's task is seen as a challenge.○Group members know and like each other.○Participants know that their group is being judged on its performance.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.【】When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expend extra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling, unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.（担心队友偷懒采取行动）【】Moreover, social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.【】It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.【】However,it appears to be most common in individualistic Western cultures such as that of the United States.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○When people are present,the performance of individuals generally improves on tasks they already do well but worsens on tasks they generally do poorly.○Studies show that bicycle racers pedal faster when they are competing against other racers,but children wind fishing reels slower when in the presence of others than when alone.○People's performance on a task is more affected by the presence of others when those others are engaged in the same task than when the others are passive spectators.○When people work together on a common task but no one's contribution is measured,there is a tendency for individuals to work less hard than if they were working alone.○Social loafing decreases under certain conditions,such as when the performance of the group or its members is evaluated or when a positive outcome matters to the participants.○While social loafing occurs in almost all groups across cultures,the extent to which it occurs in any particular group depends on the individual personalities of the group's members.The Identification of the Genetic MaterialParagraph1：The history of biology is filled with incidents in which research on one specific topic has contributed richly to another,apparently unrelated area.Such a case is the work of Frederick Griffith,an English physician whose attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia led to the identification of the material in cells that contains genetic information the information that determines an organism's characteristic structure.In the1920s,Griffith was studying the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae,or pneumococcus,one of the organisms that cause pneumonia in humans. He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness.He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus.A bacterial strain is a population of cells descended from a single parent cell;strains differ in one or more inherited characteristics.Griffith's strains were designated S and R because,when grown in the laboratory,one produced shiny,smooth(S)colonies or groups of bacteria,and the other produced colonies that look rough(R).1..The word apparently in the passage is closest in meaning to○seemingly○surprisingly○relatively○previously2..According to paragraph1,Griffith experimented with strains of the pneumococcus bacteria because he wanted to discover which of the following○A strain of bacteria that could be used to develop a vaccine○How bacterial strains developed under laboratory conditions○Why the strains of bacteria differed in appearance○Which bacterial strains were most infectious in humansParagraph2：When the S strain was injected into mice,the mice became diseased. When the R strain was injected,the mice did not become diseased.Bacteria of the S strain are virulent(able to cause disease)because they are surrounded by a protective jelly-like coating that prevents the mouse's immune defense mechanisms from destroying the bacteria before they can multiply.The R strain lacks this coating. 3..Why does the author provide the information that The R strain lacks this coating○To provide an example of variations within strains of pneumococcus bacteria○To explain why the R strain is not able to cause disease○To suggest that the R strain has other ways to defend itself from immune defense mechanisms○To explain why mice became diseased when injected with the R strainstrainParagraph3：With the hope of developing a vaccine against pneumonia,Griffith injected some mice with heat-killed S pneumococci.These heat-killed bacteria did not produce infection.Griffith assumed the mice would produce antibodies to the bacteria that would allow them to fight the virulent form if they were exposed to it.However, when Griffith inoculated other mice with a mixture of living R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria,to his astonishment,the mice became ill with pneumonia. When he examined blood from these mice,he found it full of living bacteria many with characteristics of the virulent S strain.Griffith concluded that,in the presence of the dead S pneumococci,some of the living R pneumococci had been transformed into virulent S-strain organisms.4..The word astonishment in the passage is closest in meaning to○alarm○surprise○disappointment○interest5..According to paragraph3,why did Griffith conclude from his experiment injecting both R and S strains pneumococci into mice that some of the R strain bacteriatransformed into disease-causing S strain pneumococci○All the living bacteria he found in the blood of the injected mice were S strain bacteria.○He already knew from earlier experiments that R strain pneumococci sometimes transform into S strain pneumococci.○He could tell from examining the bacteria under a microscope that some individual pneumococci cells had characteristics of both the S and R strains.○He observed living cells in the mice's blood with S strain characteristics,but the only living cells injected were R strain pneumococci.Paragraph4：Did this transformation of the bacteria depend on something the mouse did to the bacteria No.It was shown that simply putting living R and heat-killed S bacteria together in a test tube yielded the same transformation.Next it was discovered that a cell-free extract of heat-killed S cells also transformed R cells.(A cell-free extract contains all the contents of cells,but no intact cells.)This result demonstrated that some substance called at the time a chemical transforming principle from the extract of S pneumococci could cause a heritable change(a change that could be passed on to future generations)in the affected R cells.From these observations,some scientists concluded that this transforming material carried heritable information,and thus was the genetic material that scientists had been searching for.6..According to paragraph4,why was Griffith's experiment repeated in a test tube○To provide additional support for the transformation of R-strain into S-strain pneumococci○To establish whether or not the transformation of R cells was caused by something the mouse's body did○To determine why the S-strain pneumococci somehow survived if they were in the presence of the R-strain○To test the results of adding a cell-free extract to the mixture7..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○This result showed that the chemical transforming principle in S pneumococci was passed on to future generations of S pneumococci.○After exposure to the cell-free extract from the S pneumococci,R pneumococci strain cells acquired the ability to transform themselves into S pneumococci.○The transformation of R cells by a cell-free extract of S pneumococci demonstrated the existence of a chemical transforming principle that brought about heritable change.○This transformation showed that the characteristics that the S pneumococci possess are superior to the characteristics of R pneumococci.Paragraph5：The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology,accomplished over a period of several years by Oswald Avery and his colleagues at what is now Rockefeller University.They treated samples of the transforming extract in a variety of ways to destroy different types of substances proteins,nucleic acids,carbohydrates,and lipids and tested the treated samples to see if they had retained transforming activity.The answer was always the same:If the DNA(deoxyribo nucleic acid)in the extract was destroyed,transforming activity was lost;everything else could be eliminated without removing the transforming ability of the extract.As a final step,Avery,with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty,isolated virtually pure DNA from a sample of pneumococcal transforming extract and showed that it caused bacterial transformation.8..According to paragraph5,why did Oswald Avery and his colleagues treat the transforming extract in a variety of destructive ways○They hoped to destroy the virulent part of the transforming extract.○They wanted to identify the substance responsible for the transforming activity.○They wanted to identify which methods would destroy particular substances in the transforming extract.○They needed to determine which treatments were most successful in destroying DNA.9..The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to○perfectly○nearly○partially○relativelyParagraph6：In retrospect,the work of Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty,published in 1944,was a milestone in establishing that DNA is the genetic material.However,at the time,it had little impact on scientists'view about the physical basis of inheritance. The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive. So during the first half of the twentieth century,the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein.Nucleic acids,by contrast,were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.10..The phrase In retrospect in the passage is closest in meaning to○By general agreement○In reality○Looking back○Practically speaking11..According to paragraph6,why did scientists continue to believe that the hereditary material was a protein○Scientists thought that the research of Avery and his colleagues provided insufficient information about the nature of DNA.○Scientists believed that only proteins were complex enough to carry genetic information.○Scientists thought Avery and his colleagues had little understanding of the physical basis of inheritance.○Scientists ignored important milestones that indicated the chemical complexity of DNA.12..Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the transformed R-strain pneumococci○They had acquired the genetic information for producing a protective coating.○They were unable to cause transformation in other strains of pneumococci.○In the presence of heat-killed R-strain bacteria,they lost their virulence.○They did not multiply as quickly as nontransformed cells did.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.WhyWhere would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.此题被插入句不完整，无法做14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○From the1920s through1944,researchers used pneumococcus bacteria to discover the properties of DNA because the bacteria was relatively simple,having only two strains.○Frederick Griffith discovered that a nonvirulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain by being exposed to dead cells from the virulent strain.○By selectively destroying various substances in the cells of pneumococci bacteria, Oswald Avery and his colleagues identified DNA as the substance that caused bacterial transformation.○Oswald Avery injected the combination of heat-killed,virulent cells and nonvirulent cells into mice because he hoped this would lead to a vaccine for pneumonia.○Avery and his colleagues were able to isolate Griffith's transforming principle by injecting mice with the extract that contained the transforming principle.○Scientists did not initially recognize the importance of the discovery that DNA could cause genetic transformation because the hereditary material was assumed to be a protein.How Birds Acquire Their SongsParagraph1：Most songbirds hatch in the spring and then merely listen to the songs of adult male birds until sometime in late summer or autumn,when the adults stop singing,not to resume until the end of winter the following year.It is usually male birds that are doing the singing in northern latitudes,though female singing is common in the tropics.Many young songbirds do no singing of their own until nearly a year after their birth.With the coming of their second spring,their testosterone levels rise and this in turn prompts them to begin singing,with their song development following a predictable pattern over a period of weeks.At first,their songs may be a quiet,jumbled series of chirps and whistles.Over time,young birds begin to use the syllables of their species'songs,though the order in which these syllables appear will vary.Finally,their songs crystallize(take form)into the clear, orderly song of their species.1..The word prompts in the passage is closest in meaning to○stimulates○strengthens○prepares○forces2..According to paragraph1,which of the following is true of male songbirds in the first year of life○They do not begin singing until sometime in late summer or autumn.○They begin singing earlier in the tropics than in northern latitudes.○They listen to songs of adults for an extended period of time before they themselves sing.○Their earliest songs contain the characteristic order of syllables for their species. Paragraph2：There is a songbird,called the white-crowned sparrow,whose song development follows this general script while providing some variations that are instructive about the interplay of internal influences and learning in birdsong. White-crowned sparrows raised in captivity will follow the pattern of song acquisition just described:they listen to songs in their first spring and summer but do not themselves begin singing until they are perhaps six months old.In nature,however, things are different.For example,the white-crown found year-round in the San Francisco area sings a particular regional variant or dialect of the basic white-crown song and begins singing within six weeks or so of birth and may progress to fully crystallized song as early as three months after birth,meaning about September. 3..The word particular in the passage is closest in meaning to○popular○specific○well-known○complexParagraph3：Why would there be a difference between singing in nature and singing in the laboratory█The pressures of nature.█As year-round residents,the San Francisco white-crowns do not fly into an area in spring and then establish territories.█Rather,they establish territories as early as their first autumn.█One function of birdsong is to announce,I have a territory here.Young white-crowns,like many species,will extend this practice by counter singing,meaning a male,upon hearing the song of a nearby male of its species,will repeat the exact song he has heard,thus setting off a back-and-forth duel,like two children in an argument,each of them saying,I'm still here.4..According to paragraphs2and3,all of the following are true about San Francisco white-crowns EXCEPT:○They do not migrate to another area in spring to establish territories.○They completely acquire their song as early as three months after birth.○They establish territories in their first autumn.○They begin singing much earlier in captivity than they do in nature.5..In paragraph3,the author points out that San Francisco white-crowns establish their territories in the area in which they are born in order to explain which of the following○Why they practice counter-singing○Why they get better territories than white-crowns that establish territories in areas in which they are not born○Why they are more competitive than white-crowns raised in captivity○Why in their natural habitat they start singing earlier than white-crowns raised in captivity6..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Many species,including white-crowns,use a dueling technique to spread the practice of countersinging to other males of the species.○A young white-crown male uses countersinging to learn the songs of nearby males by repeatedly practicing them.○A young white-crown male engages in countersinging with a nearby male in order to assert its continuing presence in its territory.○Young white-crown males,much like young children,are competitive.Paragraph4：Internal influences and learning are also on display in white-crowns in the way they acquire their songs.We know that there is often a so-called sensitive period for animal learninga kind of window in which an animal is able to acquire certain skills or information.In laboratory-raised white-crowns,the sensitive periodstarts at about ten days after birth and extends until about fifty days after birth.A white-crown that became deaf prior to the opening of the sensitive period eventually will sing individual notes,but it will never learn to sing its species'song.Meanwhile, white-crowns that are raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then taken to the laboratory will begin singing the following winter in the dialect of the area in which they were hatched.Two points are worth observing about this.First, note that these birds are learning the white-crown song months before they ever start practicing it themselves.Indeed,the learning window will be closed completely(in their first summer)before these lab-reared birds ever sing a note(the following winter).Second,learning is important enough in song acquisition that white-crowns learn not just their species'song but local or regional variants of it,which they are able to recall months after last hearing them.7..The word eventually in the passage is closest in meaning to○generally○probably○in the end○at the least8..The word recall in the passage is closest in meaning to○repeat○remember○recognize○complete9..According to paragraph4,white-crowns with which of the following life histories demonstrate the importance of memory in song acqusition○White-crowns that learn a dialect before they learn their standard song○White-crowns that first heard a dialect of the white-crown song before they were ten days old○White-crowns that were moved from where they were born to a different region during their sensitive period○White-crowns that were raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then transferred to the laboratory10..What can be inferred from paragraph4about the local dialect of the species song that a white-crown sings after the sensitive period has closed○Those dialects must be learned during the sensitive period and are retained thereafter even in new environments.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if they are common in the local area.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if the birds are raised in the laboratory.○Those dialects are learned during the sensitive period and afterward used only when。
1997年1月托福阅读全真试题
1997年1月托福阅读全真试题1997年1月托福阅读全真试题Question 1-8Both the number and the percentage of people in theUnited States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domainsof transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.The development of the railroad and telegraph systems duringthe middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipmentsand communications, making possible a fundamentaltransformation in the production and distribution of goods.In agriculture, the transformation was marked by theemergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, thewarehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to somany of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracyagainst them. In manufacturing, the transformation wasmarked by the emergence of a "new factory system" in which plants became larger, more complex, and more systematicallyorganized and managed. And in distribution, the transformationwas marked by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler,and the mass retailer. These changes radically alteredthe nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920.To be sure, there were still small workshops, whereskilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from news-papers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshopsin city tenements, where groups of men and women inhousehold settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piece-work basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted withina single buildings. But as the number of wage earners inmanufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 18。
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97年1月TOFEL阅读(Page 161-163)CQuestion 1-8Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In manufacturing, the transformation was marked by the emergence of a "new factory system" in which plants became larger, more complex, and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler, and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920. To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single buildings. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant. (The Baldwin Works had 600 employees in 1855, 3,000 in 1875, and 8,000 in 1900.) By 1920, at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation's manufacturing wage earners were concentrated, three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than 1,000 employees.1. The word "domains" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) fields(B) locations(C) organizations(D) occupations2. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after theCivil War?(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.3. The word "fundamental" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) possible(B) basic(C) gradual(D) unique4. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the "new factory system?"(A) A change in the organization of factories.(B) A growth in the complexity of factories.(C) An increase in the size of factories.(D) An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products.5. Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from thepassage?(A) Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.(B) Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.(C) The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.(D) Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nation's economy.6. The word "skilled" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) hardworking(B) expert(C) well-paid(D) industrial7. The word "presided over" in line 20 are closest in meaning to(A) managed(B) led to(C) worked in(D) produced8. The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines 23-24 because it was(A) a well-known metal-works(B) the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia(C) typical of the large factories that were becoming more common(D) typical of factories that consisted of a single buildingQuestion 9-19Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is spherical. Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings), tailed comets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, and so on. But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the universe. These are the double radio sources, galaxies with huge clouds of radio emission that dwarf the visible galaxies, sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more. Stretching over distances greater than a million light-years, these radio-emitting regions resemble twin turbulent gas clouds, typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible galaxy (when it is visible) in the center.These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle. Their radio emission arises from the synchrotron process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed of light move through magnetic fields. However, in view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years as their electrons slow down and cease producing radiation. Somehow new electrons must be continually accelerated to nearly the speed of light, otherwise, by now almost none of the double radio sources would be observed.With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear: the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in opposite directions from the center of galaxy. Remarkably narrow and highly directional, the jets move outward at speeds close to the speed of light. When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that permcales intergalactic space, the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from. Why should a galaxy eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets? And why are such jets not seen in the Milky Way?9. The word "celestial" in line 1 could best be replaced by(A) visible(B) astronomical(C) glowing(D) scientific10. The word "entities" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) factors(B) processes(C) objects(D) puzzles11. In the first paragraph, the author describes objects in the universe in terms of their(A) color(B) origin(C) location(D) shape12. Which of the following is the best representation of the clouds of radio emissiondescribed in the first paragraph?(A) （图）(B) （图）(C) （图）(D) （图）13. According to the passage, scientists do not fully understand why double radio sources(A) have not eventually disappeared(B) cannot be observed with a telescope(C) are beginning to slow down(D) are not as big as some planets and stars14. The word "their" in line 22 refers to(A) speeds(B) directions(C) electrons(D) clouds15. According to the passage, what happens when electrons and gas collide in space?(A) The gas becomes more condensed(B) The gas becomes less radiated(C) The electrons disperse(D) The electrons become negatively charged16. The author suggests that astronomers consider the study of cosmic jets to be(A) an obsolete scientific field(B) an unprofitable venture(C) an intriguing challenge(D) a subjective debate17. In what lines does the passage compare the size of double radio sources with that of othergalaxies?(A) Lines 4-6(B) Lines 12-14(C) Lines 19-20(D) Lines 23-2418. Where in the passage does the author mention a technology that aided in theunderstanding of double radio sources?(A) Line 2(B) Line 7(C) Line 17(D) Line 2119. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses(A) specific double radio sources(B) an explanation of the synchrotron process(C) possible reasons for the presence of cosmic jets(D) the discovery of the first double radio sources.Questions 20-28The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches-as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose - either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans - originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers - attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.20. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.(C) Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.(D) American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.21. The word "motifs" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tools(B) prints(C) signatures(D) designs22. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?(A) European sculptors(B) Carpenters(C) Stone carves(D) Cabinetmakers23. The word "other" in line 6 refers to(A) craftspeople(B) decorations(C) ornamentations(D) shop signs24. The word "distinct" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) separate(B) assembled(C) notable(D) inferior25. The word "rare" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) festive(B) infrequent(C) delightful(D) unexpected26. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.(B) He was well known for his wood carvings(C) He produced sculpture for churches.(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.27. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.(C) Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.(D) The materials found abroad were superior.28. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?(A) It was less time-consuming(B) It was more dangerous.(C) It was more expensive.(D) It was less refined.Question 29-39Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight aswater without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.29. What is the main topic of the passage?(A) Weather variations in the desert(B) Adaptations of desert animals(C) Diseased of desert animals(D) Human use of desert animals.30. According to the passage, why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals?(A) It helps them hide from predators.(B) It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.(C) It helps them see their young at night(D) It keeps them cool at night.31. The word "maintaining" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) measuring(B) inheriting(C) preserving(D) delaying32. The author uses of Grant's gazelle as an example of(A) an animal with a low average temperature(B) an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel(C) a desert animal that can withstand high body temperatures(D) a desert animal with a constant body temperature33. When is the internal temperature of a large desert mammal lower?(A) Just before sunrise(B) In the middle of the day(C) Just after sunset(D) Just after drinking34. The word "tolerate" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) endure(B) replace(C) compensate(D) reduce35. What causes water intoxication?(A) Drinking too much water very quickly(B) Drinking polluted water(C) Bacteria in water(D) Lack of water.36. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?(A) They do not need to eat much food.(B) They can eat large quantities quickly(C) They easily lose their appetites.(D) They can travel long distances looking for food.37. Why does the author mention humans in the second paragraph?(A) To show how they use camels.(B) To contrast them to desert mammals.(C) To give instructions about desert survival.(D) To show how they have adapted to desert life.38. The word "obtain" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) digest(B) carry(C) save(D) get39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adaptation of large desert animals?(A) Variation in body temperatures(B) Eating while dehydrated(C) Drinking water quickly(D) Being active at night.Questions 40-50Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability - rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.40. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.(B) Causes and effects of rent control(C) The fluctuations of rental prices(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.41. The word "They" in line 9 refers to(A) the tenants(B) their leases(C) places(D) rent controls.42. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in SantaMonica, California?(A) Rapid population growth(B) Inflation(C) Economic conditions during wartime(D) Record-high housing prices43. The phrase "roll back" in lines 11-12 is closest in meaning to(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce44. The word "stimulating" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging45. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to(A) protect tenants(B) promote construction(C) increase vacancy rates(D) decrease sales of rental units46. The word "depressed" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated47. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.48. According to the passage, which of the following cities does NOT currently have rentcontrols?(A) Santa Monica(B) Dallas(C) San Francisco(D) New York City49. The word "stringent" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient50. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?(A) Luxury apartments(B) Commercial development(C) Moderately priced apartments(D) Office space.。