2016高考复习动词时态语态导学案

English Basic Tenses (时态)& Voices(语态）

实义动词和系动词:

系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

实义动词意思完全，能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词（及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词）即行为动词,表示动作的动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种。

实义动词verb: 表示动作和状态的词，动词有时态，语态，人称，语气的变化。

动词的分类:

1）实义动词

1.1 及物动词（vt.）

动词后要求有宾语，否则意思不完整。及物动词可有被动结构。

She studies English very hard.

I always review my lessons in the evening.

及物动词的另两种结构：

a. 接双宾语S+V+O+O

I will tell you a story about LeiFeng.

这类动词有leave, show, bring, lend, teach, tell, hand, write...

He gave me a dictionary yesterday. Miss Li teaches us English .

b. 动词加宾补S+V+O+C

They call him LaoWang. We make our school beautiful.

He asked me to send him a message. We selected him our monitor.

此句也可以换为：

He was selected our monitor.（本句是被动句，our monitor 是he 的补语，也称为主语补足语）

不及物动词指不可带宾语的动词。不可以有被动语态。

The sun rises in the east. He came last month. He works hard.

系动词link verb

连系动词只起连系作用，虽有意义但是不能单独作谓语。后面必须加表语一起构成谓语。

①变化类become (成为)，get(变得) ，turn（变为），grow（变得），come(成为)，go(变成，进入...的状态)，fall(变成)

go bad, hungry, mad, wrong, fall ill/ asleep ,Your dream will come true one day.

②感官类look(看起来)，sound（听起来），feel（觉得），taste(尝起来)，smell(闻起来) Roses smell sweet. She felt a bit tired.

You look so beautiful today. This song sounds familiar to me.

③显得类seem, appear, look

It looks as if ....It seems that...It appears that..

④状态类keep, stay, remain, lie, sit ,stand

The weather will remain hot for another two days.

时态和语态的主要考点

1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般将来时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、

过去将来时等。

2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态；主从句时态呼应问题。

3、延续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。

4、及物动词（vt.)的被动语态。

5、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法。

Fill in the blanks.

I _____ (study) hard abroad every day and I _____ (get) along well with my roommates, but sometimes I _____ (miss) my families.

一般现在时( The Present Indefinite )

1)表经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，常与表示频率的时间状语连用，如always, often/ usually/frequently, sometimes, every…, at …,on Sundays/….

Correct the sentence.

The geography teacher told us that the earth moved around the sun. _______

2)表客观事实、普遍真理。

注意：主语为第三人称单数（he/she/it或单个的人名、单个的事物名称）谓语动词+s/es,其余人称作主语谓语动词用原形.

The shop will close at 9:00 p.m. _____

3) 表示按计划、规定，时间表将要发生的动作或存在的状态, 一般用于be, come, go, start, begin, leave, arrive, return等位移/终止性动词，常与时间状语连用．

The train leaves at 6 tomorrow morning.

When does the bus start? It starts in 2 minutes.

现在进行时(The Present Continuous Tense)

1) 表示现在这个时刻( 指说话时)正在发生的事情。

We ___________ (have) English class now.

2) 表示目前这段时间内正在进行的动作,但说话时动作未必正在进行。

She ___________ (learn) piano under Mr. Smith at present.

Translate the sentence.

The girl is always talking loud in public.这个女孩老是在公共场所高谈阔论。

★进行时态与always, often/usually/ frequently/ constantly/all the time等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或说话人赞叹或厌恶等感情色彩

3) 现在进行时用来表示按计划即将发生的

动作,多用于位移/终止性动词,如: come, go, arrive, leave, stay, fly, take off.

I____________ (leave) tomorrow._____ you _______ (stay) here till next week?

4.现在进行时可以表示现在不断发展变化的事情。

It’s late Autumn. The weather is getting colder and colder.

Correct the sentence.

All the students here is belonging to No.1 Middle School. ________

一般情况下，下面4类动词无进行时态：

(1)表心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(2) 表存在的状态动词：have, appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。(3) 瞬间动词：begin/start, allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(4)感官动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。

Tips:现在进行时的标志：Now, right now, at this moment, look, listen…

现在进行时和一般现在时的比较

①暂时性动作和经常性动作

The computer is working perfectly. 计算机运转得很好。（暂时）

The computer works perfectly. 计算机运转很好。（一直如此）

②持续性动作和短暂性动作

The bus is stopping. 车停了下来。（渐渐地）

The bus stops. 车停了。（迅速）

③暂时性动作和永久性动作

She is living in the country. 她现在住在农村。（暂时）

She lives in the country. 她住在农村。（永久）

④有感情色彩和没有感情色彩

He is doing well at school. 他在学校表现很好。（赞扬）

He does well at school. 他在学校表现很好。（一般事实）

现在完成时(The present Perfect Tense)

1). 现在完成时表示从过去开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态, 通常用于延续性动词. 常与表一段时间的状语连用,如:so far, up to/till now, lately/recently, in/during/over the last/past …, since…, for … 等．

He __________ (live) in Guiyang over the past 6 years.

2).表示过去的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语有: just ,already, yet, ever, never, once，twice，many times等.

We _______ (finish) our lunch already.______ you ever _____ (try) this method?

注意：非延续性/瞬间/终止性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用于完成时态中，即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

如：begin/start, find, see, marry, buy，borrow, return, die, get等。

I have received his letter for a month. （错）

I haven't received his letter for almost a month. （对）

Let’s practice

1.Daniel __________ (live) in Beijing since he came to China.

2.The boys are tired. They _______________ (just play) a ball game.

3. I went to Egypt in 1986. Then in 2004 I went there again. I ________ (be) to Egypt twice. since和for 填空

since +______ , 用来说明动作起始时间, for+_______ , 用来说明动作延续时间。

I have lived here ____ at least twenty years. I have lived here ____ I was born.

Tips:固定的特殊句型：

1).It is (has been) +一段时间+since-clause.

2)This (That/It) is the first (second…) time + that-clause (现在完成时).

例子：It has been a long time since I saw you in UK.

This is the first tine that I have been to Mazhang.

Multiple choice

--- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.

--- I am tired. I _____ the living room all day.

A. painted

B. had painted

C. have been painting

D. have painted

Now that she is out of a job, Lucy______ going back to school, but she _______ yet.

A. had considered, hadn’t decided

B. has been considering, hasn’t decided

C. considered, didn’t decide

D. is going to consider, won’t decide

现在完成进行时表示从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，而且还在进行当中。强调的是“从过去到现在一直在进行”。其时间的判定由具体的时间段或上下句的语境决定。现在完成时和现在完成进行时的对比：

现在完成时和现在完成进行时都表示动作从过去开始，但现在完成时可表示事件或动作刚结束，而现在完成进行时则强调动作仍在继续。

Li Jia __________ (read) a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.)

Li Jia ______________ (read) a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.) 一般过去时( The Simple Past Tense )

1.表过去发生了的动作或存在的状态。常与表过去的时间连用。如yesterday, last …, … ago, in …, then, just now, the other day等。

I _______ (spend) my childhood happily with my old friends in the countryside

several years ago.

注意：2.表示说话人始料未及的事情，要用一般过去时。

I didn’t know it was you. / I never expected you would bring me a gift.

高考题点击：

1. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.--- But she _____!

A. promises

B. promised

C. will promise

D. had promised

2. My uncle _____ until he was forty-five.

A. married

B. didn’t marry

C. was not marrying

D. would marry

说明：until 修饰的动词必须是延续性动词并且为肯定形式，表示该动作一直持续到until 后的时间为止；终止性动词只能用在否定句中，表示直到此时该动作才开始。

3. --- You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?

--- I’m sorry I _______ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.

A. wasn’t saying

B. don’t say

C. won’t say

D. didn’t say

4.I think the film was interesting, but it isn’t._________（改错题）

过去进行时The past continuous tense

规则1：过去某一时刻或某一阶段内正在进行或频繁发生的动作.

(1) During the summer of 2010 she ___________ (travel) in Europe.

规则2：某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，常用于由when/while, as引导的时间状语从句中.(2) I met Diana while I ____________ (shop) this morning.

规则3：过去进行时可以表示委婉语气.

(3) I ____________ (wonder) if you could give me a lift. (仅限于wonder，want, hope等，用于提出请求)

5. As she ____ the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep.

A. read … was falling

B. was reading … fell

C. was reading … was falling

D. read … fell

说明：一般来说在复合句中的两个动作，延续性的动作大都用进行时，短暂性的动作用一般时，表示在某个动作进行的过程当中另一个动作发生了。

过去完成时 (The past perfect Tense)

表示过去的过去，即过去某个时间或动作之前发生的事情或存在的状态。

7. The little girl ____ her heart out because she ____ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it.

A. had cried, lost

B. cried, had lost

C. has cried, has lost

D. cries, has lost

8. — Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.

— Oh! I thought they ______ without me.

A．went B．are going C．have gone D．had gone

规则1：在by, by the end, by the time, until, before后接表示过去某一时间或动作，其（主句）谓语动词则表示在这一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”,用过去完成时。

改错：By the end of last month we have viewed scores of websites. _____

规则2：表示未曾实现的愿望、打算、意图、承诺等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected(＋that…/to do)或用上述动词的过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned… ＋to (have done)。

改错：We arrived earlier than we_________________ (expect).

过去完成进行时The past perfect continuous tense

结构：had been + v-ing 表示过去某个时间或动作之前一直进行的事情。

They had been learning abroad for 6 years till last month.

Bob __________________(serve) in the army before he became a journalist.

一般(过去)将来时( The Simple/Past Future Tense )

1. will/would +v. 表(过去)计划、安排、打算、预测将要做某事。

The employer _________________ (interview) all the employees next Wednesday.

2. am/is/are(was/were) going to +v. 表(过去)计划、安排、打算、预测将要做某事。Professor Smith ____________________ (lecture) on modern drama tonight.

The dark clouds is/was gathering. There ________________ (be) a storm.

3. am/is/are(was/were) to do sth.表按计划、安排(过去)即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等.

They will say/said goodbye, little knowing they _____________ never _________ (meet) again.

4. am/is/are(was/were) about to do sth. (when…) “正/就要做某事” 不与具体时间连用He ________________ (apologize) to me when someone gave a sudden blow on his shoulder. 将来进行时The Future Continous Tense

表将来某个时间正在进行的动作will be +v-ing

I ______________ (enjoy) the beautiful sunshine bath in Florida this weekend.

将来完成时The Future Perfect Tense

表将来某个时间已经完成的事情will have +v.pp

We ________________ (accomplish) the service task in this community before next Saturday. 动词时态语态一览表(以do为例）

时态主动被动

一般现在时do/does am/is/are done

现在进行时am/is/are doing am/is/are being done

现在完成时have/has done have/has been done

一般过去时did was/were done

过去进行时was/were doing was/were being done

过去完成时had done had been done

一般将来时will do will be done

将来完成时will have done will have been done

动词的语态(voices)

动词语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的承受者为被动语态。动词谓语部分结构：be + v.pp

及物动词(vt.)有被动语态，不及物动词(vi.)或短语无被动语态.

比较：rise是不及物动词；raise是及物动词。

1. The price has been risen.

2. The price has risen.

1. The accident was happened last week.

2. The accident happened last week.

主动和被动

一、get done

The patient got treated once a week.

He got injured while searching for the lost boy in the woods.

Try to avoid _____________ (get hurt) while being in love with others.

Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____ by the hour.

A. pay

B. paying

C. paid

D. to pay

二、主动形式表被动意义

1. 连系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + adj. 构成系表结构,主动表被动。

The steel feels cold. His plan proved (to be) practical.

The yogurt in the fridge ______________ (go bad)（已经变质）.

2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如:begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move 等主动表被动。

Work began at 7 o’clock this morning. The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day.

3. need / want / require doing, be worth doing, be to blame主动表被动。

The equipment in the corner requires ________________(repair) (需要修理).

Who do you think ____ for the failure of their marriage?

A. to blame

B. to be blame

C. is to blame

D. is to be blamed

I feel it is your husband who ______ for the spoiled child.

A. is to blame

B. is going to blame

C. is to be blamed

D. should blame

4. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink.这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。The cloth washes well. His book does not sell.

1. This coastal area ______ a national wildlife reserve last year.

A. was named

B. named

C. is named

D. names

2. The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month.

A. has been designed

B. had been designed

C. was designed

D. would be designed

3.Rainforests _____ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the

near future.

A. cut

B. are cut

C. are being cut

D. had been cut

翻译（被动语态）

1、对于这个问题，关注很少。Little attention was paid to this problem.

2、课堂上应该鼓励小组讨论。Group discussion should be encouraged in class.

3、据报导，这里将修建一条新的马路。It is reported that a new road will be built here.

4、必须采取措施来防止河流受到污染。

Measures should be taken to stop the river from being polluted.