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INHIBITING CORROSION AND SCALING OF SURFACES CONTA

专利名称：INHIBITING CORROSION AND SCALING OF SURFACES CONTACTED BY SULFUR-CONTAINING MATERIALS发明人：Liang-tseng Fan,Mohammad RezaShafie,Julius Michael Tollas,William ArthurFitzhugh Lee申请号：US12742345申请日：20100310公开号：US20110174334A1公开日：20110721专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A method of treatment for inhibiting sulfur-based corrosion or scaling or for removing scaling from a surface including inhibiting corrosion caused by sulfur-containing materials, reducing corrosion caused by sulfur-containing materials, inhibiting scaling caused by sulfur-containing and sulfur-containing materials in gas, liquid or solid phase or any combination of multiple phases of materials, reducing scaling caused by sulfur-containing and sulfur-containing materials, and removing scaling caused by sulfur-containing and sulfur-containing materials. The method involves contacting sulfur-containing materials with a composition containing a turpentine liquid. The method also involves contacting corrodible surfaces or surfaces prone to scaling with a composition containing a turpentine liquid.申请人：Liang-tseng Fan,Mohammad Reza Shafie,Julius Michael Tollas,William Arthur Fitzhugh Lee地址：Manhattan KS US,Manhattan KS US,The Woodlands TX US,McLean VA US国籍：US,US,US,US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete(2007)

Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steelin concreteKi Yong Ann,Ha-Won Song*School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Yonsei University,Seoul 120-749,Republic of KoreaReceived 8May 2006;accepted 3May 2007Available online 3June 2007AbstractThe steel rebar inside reinforce concrete structures is susceptible to corrosion when permeation ofchloride from deicing salts or seawater results in the chloride content at the surface of the steelexceeding a chloride threshold level (CTL).The CTL is an important inﬂuence on the service lifeof concrete structures exposed to chloride environments.The present study discusses the state ofart on the CTL for steel corrosion in concrete,concerning its measurement,representation,inﬂuen-cing factors and methods to enhance the CTL.As the CTL values reported in the majority of previousstudies were varied with experimental conditions,corrosion initiation assessment method,the way inwhich the CTL was represented,direct comparison between the results from diﬀerent sets and eval-uation was subjected to the diﬃculty.As a result,total chloride by weight of cement or the ratio of[Cl À]:[H +]is the best presentation of CTL in that these include the aggressiveness of chlorides (i.e.free and bound chlorides)and inhibitive nature of cement matrix.The key factor on CTL was foundto be a physical condition of the steel–concrete interface,in terms of entrapped air void content,which is more dominant in CTL rather than chloride binding,buﬀering capacity of cement matrixor binders.The measures to raise the CTL values using corrosion inhibitor,coating of steel,and elec-trochemical treatment are also studied.Ó2007Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:A.Steel reinforced concrete;B.Modelling studies;C.Chloride-induced corrosion0010-938X/$-see front matter Ó2007Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2007.05.007*Corresponding author.Tel.:+82221232806;fax:+8223645300.E-mail address:song@yonsei.ac.kr (H.-W.Song).Available online at Corrosion Science 49(2007)4113–4133/locate/corsci4114K.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song/Corrosion Science49(2007)4113–41331.IntroductionThe importance of chloride ions in the corrosion of steel in concrete has led to the con-cept of a chloride threshold level(CTL).The CTL can be deﬁned as the content of chloride at the steel depth that is necessary to sustain local passiveﬁlm breakdown and hence ini-tiate the corrosion process[1].It is usually presented as the ratio of chloride to hydroxyl ions,the free chloride content or the percentage of the total chloride content relative to the weight of cement.Assessment of the CTL is a key element in predicting the service life of structures exposed to chlorides.One possible deﬁnition of the service life is the time required for transport processes to raise the chloride level at the depth of the steel to the CTL.Theﬁrst measurement of CTL was performed by Haussman[2]using a synthetic concrete solution with a[ClÀ]:[OHÀ]ratio of0.6.The CTL measured for bridges in the UK ranges from0.2 to1.5%by weight of cement,when expressed as total chloride[3];the British Standard[4] limits the chloride content to less than0.4%for reinforced concrete structures and0.1% for prestressed concrete structures.However,CTL in free chloride content alone has rarely been measured,compared to total chloride content or the ratio of[ClÀ]:[OHÀ].Despite the importance of the CTL,conservative values such as0.2%or0.4%by weight of cement have been used in predicting the corrosion-free life,because of the uncertainty regarding the actual limits in various environments for chloride-induced corrosion[5–9].A considerable amount of research has focused on quantifying the CTL for steel cor-rosion,but the measured values cover an extremely wide range.The reasons for the wide range of reported CTL include the method of measurement,method of presentation of CTL,condition of the steel–concrete interface and the inﬂuence of environmental factors. For example,the assessment of the CTL using a solution to replicate concrete produces errors when applied to steel in hardened concrete.The present study concerns the methods of measuring the CTL,including its representation,inﬂuencing factors as well as to raise the CTL.2.Measurement2.1.Corrosion initiationTo measure the CTL,the time of onset of corrosion and the chloride content at the steel depth must be identiﬁed.The onset of corrosion can be detected by monitoring the mac-rocell current between an anode and a cathode,measuring half-cell potential or monitor-ing the corrosion rate measured by the polarisation technique or AC impedance method.Macrocell devices are widely used(ladder systems are common)to monitor the risk of reinforcement corrosion,with corrosion initiation shown by a sharp increase in the mac-rocell current.A macrocell consists of steel anodes and a single,nobler cathode usually made from titanium mesh,graphite or stainless steel;in practice,the whole macrocell is embedded in the concrete cover above the reinforcement.The measured macrocell current, however,does not provide a direct corrosion rate reading,and may give an incorrect read-ing in dry concrete conditions.Half-cell potential measurement is probably the most common method used for mea-suring the risk of reinforcement corrosion[10–12].In practice,the potential is measured at various points on the concrete surface on a grid pattern relative to the reinforcementK.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song/Corrosion Science49(2007)4113–41334115 and a potential map plotted.Areas of high potential are indicative of a greater risk of reinforcement corrosion.The method,however,is often inconclusive because it depends on the condition of the concrete such as moisture level,the amount of carbon-ation and salt concentration,which will aﬀect the reading and can lead to an erroneous judgment.Measurement of the corrosion rate by electrochemical polarisation or AC impedance methods gives the most accurate information on corrosion.These methods provide a direct reading of corrosion rate,but the relationship between corrosion rate and the onset of corrosion is not clear-cut and can vary over a wide range,in turn aﬀecting the precision of the CTL.The corrosion rate of reinforcing steel is often regarded as being signiﬁcant when it exceeds1–2mA/m2[13].Uncertainty surrounds depassivation,however,which cannot be detected by visual observation because it may take some time for the coloured oxides resulting from corrosion to appear.Mass loss of steel bar due to corrosion,although not giving the time to corrosion,can also be used to determine the CTL[3,14,15].The mass loss is calculated by weighing the bar before installation in concrete,then removing it after a set time,cleaning oﬀthe rust and re-weighing.The method is only applicable where a signiﬁcant amount of visible cor-rosion has occurred.It does not indicate pitting corrosion where little mass loss occurs. Table1shows methods used for detecting the onset of corrosion,as well as the CTL inferred from published data.2.2.Chloride contentMeasurement of the chloride content or proﬁle to determine the CTL is performed after corrosion initiation.There are two stages in measuring the chloride content:sampling and analysis.Sampling generally involves grinding the concrete and collecting dust at various depths.It is essential to ensure that there is an approximately equal portion of cement paste in each sample,compared to a bulk concrete,as there is a risk of the sample being dominated by large aggregate sizes.The free(water soluble)chloride concentration is measured from a solution obtained by boiling the extracted dust concrete/mortar sample in water[16].The concentration of chlo-ride can be determined using potentiometry or a chloride ion sensitive electrode;the chlo-ride concentration is expressed as percentage of the weight of cement or concrete.Water soluble chloride measured by water extraction is dependent on theﬁneness of the pulver-ised sample,amount of added water,temperature,agitation method and time allowed for extraction[17].The pore press method involves extracting the pore solution from the cement paste under high pressure,and is more accurate than the water extraction method [18].However,in this procedure,bound chlorides may be freed so that the free chloride content can be overestimated[19,20].The most widely adopted method for measuring total chloride content uses acid soluble extraction,in which it is assumed that both bound and free chlorides are soluble in acid. Measurement of acid soluble chloride(total chloride)may be made using a chloride ion sensitive electrode or by titration,for example as described in British Standard1881Part 124[21].X-rayﬂuorescence can also be used to determine the chloride content[22,23].However, the equipment is costly and requires a high level of expertise to operate,and for these rea-sons its use is conﬁned to specialist laboratories.Table1Chloride threshold level reported by various authors with varying conditionsCondition Threshold values Detection method Reference Total chloride(%,cem.)Free chloride(%,cem.)[ClÀ]/[OHÀ]Pore solution0.6Half-cell potential[2]0.3Polarisation[33] Specimen+internal ClÀ8–63Polarisation[34]0.5–2.0Macrocell current[1]0.079–0.19AC impedance[81]0.32–1.9Mass loss[14]0.78–0.930.11–0.120.16–0.26Half-cell potential[12]0.45(SRPC)0.100.270.90(15%PFA)0.110.190.68(30%PFA)0.070.210.97(30%GGBS)0.030.230.35–1.000.14–0.22ClÀ/OHÀ=0.3[48] Specimen+external ClÀ0.2270.364 1.5Polarisation[28]0.5–1.5Half-cell potential[11]0.70(OPC)Mass loss[15]0.65(15%PFA)0.50(30%PFA)0.20(50%PFA)1.8–2.9Polarisation[26]0.5–1.4Not mentioned[25]0.6–1.4Macrocell[50]Structure0.2–1.5Mass loss[3] Note:SRPC:sulphate resistant Portland cement,PFA:pulverisedﬂy ash,GGBS:ground granulated blast furnace slag,OPC:ordinary Portland cement.4116 K.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song/Corrosion Science 49 (2007) 4113–4133K.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song/Corrosion Science49(2007)4113–41334117 3.Representations3.1.Free chloride contentThe representation of CTL reﬂects the aggressive ion content and inhibitive properties of the cement matrix.Chloride ions which are removed from the pore solution as the result of an interaction with the solid matrix(bound chloride)are relatively immobile and may not be transported to the steel surface.This should in theory favour the use of the free chloride content(water soluble chloride)to represent the CTL[24,25].Results by Petter-son[26]show a wide range of the CTL values in terms of free chloride concentration,rang-ing from0.28to1.8M in mortar specimens with water/cement ratios between0.3and 0.75.More recent works by Alonso et al.[27,28]reported CTL values in terms of free chlo-ride content by weight of cement,ranging from0.3%to2.0%.Early works suggested that only the free chloride contributes to the corrosion process [29]and hence the free chloride content was regarded as the best expression of this.This proposals have been challenged by current thinking,when considering that(1)bound chlorides at the steel depth are released to form free chlorides when the pH drops due to depassivation[30],and(2)cement hydration products such as calcium hydroxide resist a fall in pH at a particular value of the pH[31,32].It should be noted that current guide-lines and standards do not address the free chloride content in relation to corrosion risk, largely for the reasons mentioned above.The free chloride content is more often expressed as a function of hydroxyl ion concentration in the pore solution,or the mole ratio of chlo-ride to hydroxyl ions.3.2.[ClÀ]:[OHÀ]This approach assumes that bound chlorides are not a risk to corrosion,and that the hydroxyl ion concentration reﬂects the inhibitor content of the environment by sustain-ing the high pH of the pore solution.In early works,the relation between free chloride and hydroxyl concentration was used to express the CTL in terms of the ratio of free chloride to hydroxyl concentration[2,33].This expression of the CTL is still currently used[27,34–37].A threshold ratio varying from0.3to40.0,as given in Table1,was reported.Expressing CTL as the[ClÀ]:[OHÀ]ratio implies that the hydroxyl ion concentration reﬂects the inhibitor content of the environment;it indicates the ratio of aggressive to inhibitive ions causing corrosion initiation in a solution environment.Gouda[33] described the relationship between chloride and hydroxyl ions by the following equation.pH¼n log½ClÀ þKwhere n and K are constants.This implies that the ratio[ClÀ]n:[OHÀ]represents a constant with n%0.8for corrosion prevention.The ratio of[ClÀ]:[OHÀ]has been considered functional,because it reﬂects the corro-sion risk that is induced by either chloride alone,or carbonation and chloride in combina-tion.Carbonation helps release the bound chloride,thereby increasing the concentration of free chloride as the pore solution pH falls.As a result,the ratio of chloride to hydroxylconcentration increases signiﬁcantly and the threshold ratio may exceed the CTL,which indicates a higher corrosion risk.The ratio of [Cl À]:[OH À],however,may not represent the CTL well since it ignores the inhibitive eﬀect of the cement matrix,which may include a relatively denser hydration product layer on the steel surface.Precipitated calcium hydroxide forms a continuous layer which prevents the pH from falling below 12.6[38].This can be conﬁrmed if the ratio measured is not diﬀerent between solution and concrete.As seen in Table 1,the ratio determined in the simulated pore solution ranges from 0.25to 1.0,whereas the threshold ratio expressed in mortar specimens is higher and varies more widely,ranging from 1to 40.Moreover,the ratio of [Cl À]:[OH À]does not consider the dependence of chloride bind-ing capacity on the hydroxyl concentration.The alkaline environment within concrete is caused primarily by the presence of metal hydroxides (KOH or NaOH).An investigation carried out by Page and Treadaway [38]indicated that the pore solution is more likely to be in the pH range 13–14,rather than 12.6.This is due to the fact that pore ﬂuid consists of NaOH and KOH in addition to Ca(OH)2solution (pH 12.6).The reduction of alkalinity may destabilise the chloro aluminate,thus releasing chloride into the pore solution.How-ever,an increase in the pH above 12.6has been observed to produce a remarkable decrease in the level of the bound chloride [39,40].An analysis of the data by Tritthart [39],as given in Fig.1,showed that an increase in the pH is accompanied by an increase in the[Cl À]:[OH À]ratio at a ﬁxed level of total chloride.This means that an increase in corrosion risk accompanies an increase in hydroxyl ions,in spite of the inhibitive eﬀect of hydroxyl ion.3.3.Total chlorideThe representation of the CTL by the total chloride level is the most widely used approach,and is the approach adopted in standards [4,41–43].Table 2gives the limit of the total chloride content of concrete from eachstandard.4118K.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song /Corrosion Science 49(2007)4113–4133The representation of the CTL as the total chloride content as a percentage by weight of cement,is favoured because it is relatively easy to determine and because it involves the corrosion risk of bound chloride and the inhibitive eﬀect of cement hydration products.At the stage of corrosion initiation,the pH in the vicinity of the steel falls locally as a result of an electrochemical reaction with chloride and ferrous ions during pit nucleation.Cor-rosion is initiated in the form of pitting where the local pH falls below 10.The drop in pH releases at least 90%of the total surrounding chloride ions to participate in the corrosion process [30,31,44]with access to oxygen and water as well as chloride accelerating the rate of corrosion.This suggests that the total chloride content is a more accurate indicator of corrosion risk and the inhibitive nature of cement may thus be better reﬂected by the total cement content rather than the pore solution pH.Hence,the total chloride content to cement weight is the better representation of the CTL because (1)the inhibitive properties of cement matrix are reﬂected by its cement content and (2)the total aggressive potential of chloride ions is represented.As seen in Table 1,the wide range of CTL values reported in terms of the total chloride content is due to a number of factors.The importance of individual factors is not always clear and no work has successfully modelled the variation in CTL as a function of a single parameter.3.4.[Cl À]:[H +]In a recent work,it was suggested that a more appropriate representation of the inhib-itive and aggressive properties of concrete is provided,respectively,by its acid neutralisa-tion capacity (ANC)and acid soluble chloride content [31,45].The acid neutralisation capacity has been used to quantify the buﬀering capacity of concrete.The content of acid needed to reduce the pH of concrete and cement paste suspended in water,up to a partic-ular value,has been reported by Sergi and Glass [45].The acid (moles H +/kg binder)required to reduce the pH to 10was determined as 18.9,17.5,15.4and 14.5mol/kg for OPC,sulfate resisting Portland cement (SRPC),30%pulverized ﬂy ash (PFA)and 65%ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS),respectively.Thomas [15]determined the CTL of OPC and 30%PFA content as 0.7%and 0.5%by weight of cement,respectively.Based on these data,the CTL for OPC and 30%PFA equate to the same mole ratio of 0.01[Cl À]:[H +].A mole ratio of 0.01also approximates to 0.65%and 0.5%chloride by weight of cement in SRPC and 65%GGBS concretes,respectively.The ratio of total chloride to ANC is probably the best representation of the CTL,since it considers all potentially important inhibitive (cement hydration products)and aggressive (total chloride)factors.Table 2Maximum chloride content values set by various ACI and BS documentsTypeMaximum chloride content (%,cem.)BS 8110ACI 201ACI 357ACI 222Prestressed concrete0.100.060.08Reinforced concrete exposed to chloride in service0.200.100.100.20Reinforced concrete that will be dry or protected frommoisture in service0.40Other reinforced concrete 0.15K.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song /Corrosion Science 49(2007)4113–413341194120K.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song/Corrosion Science49(2007)4113–41334.Inﬂuencing factors4.1.Chloride bindingIt is well known that C3A and C4AF bind chlorides to form3CaOÆAl2O3ÆCa-Cl2Æ10H2O(Friedel’s salt)and3CaOÆFe2O3ÆCaCl2Æ10H2O,respectively.Chloride binding can be deﬁned as the interaction between the cement matrix and chloride ions, which results in the removal of chlorides from the pore solution[46].Binding capacity has been regarded as important in the corrosion of steel in concrete structures because of the conventional view that chemically bound chlorides do not participate in the corro-sion process[47].Hence,it has been thought that a higher binding capacity is associated with less corrosion risk.Several investigations have addressed the inﬂuence of the chloride binding capacity on the CTL,particularly in terms of the C3A content.Hussain et al.[48]found that the CTL increased with C3A content;three plain cements with C3A contents of2.43%,7.59%and 14%were tested and CTL values for those cements were0.35%,0.62%and1.00%,respec-tively,as the time to corrosion was determined using[ClÀ]:[OHÀ]ratio to reach0.3.The strong relationship shown between the CTL and C3A content is supported by corrosion potential monitoring which found that OPC concrete with11.2%of C3A produced a CTL of>1%by weight of cement,while SRPC with1.41%C3A lowered the CTL[49].On the other hand,concrete specimens made from cement with a low proportion of C3A,such as SRPC,do not always show a lower CTL when the corrosion state is mon-itored with a macrocell.Analysis of the CTL obtained by Hansson and Sorenson[50] shows no correlation between the CTL and chloride binding capacity.Breit and Schiessl [51]reported similar CTL values for OPC and SRPC concretes,ranging from0.2%to 0.4%.This suggests that chloride binding capacity has less inﬂuence on the CTL for a sus-tained corrosion process,possibly due to the participation of bound chloride in the corro-sion initiation process[31].The inﬂuence of the binding capacity on the CTL is unclear;one possible reason may be the inaccuracy of the methods used to detect the onset of corrosion.The half-cell potential monitoring for corrosion is complicated by other variables aﬀecting the corrosion poten-tial(see Table1),and the time for threshold ratio of[ClÀ]:[OHÀ]to reach0.3,obtained from a beaker test,may not be applicable to judge the corrosion initiation.Despite the uncertainty concerning the eﬀect of chloride binding on the CTL,chloride binding does reduce chloride transport in concrete and lower corrosion rate.Also,chloride binding aﬀects the chloride transport by immobilising a portion of chloride ions[52].The corrosion rate for SRPC concrete(which has less chloride binding)is much higher than for OPC concrete because of the higher free chloride levels[53].4.2.Buﬀering capacityThe pH dependent dissolution behaviour of cement hydration products can be deter-mined from ANC testing which measures the resistance to a fall in pH.In this method, the titration curve(pH against molar equivalent of acid)shows several plateaus(in spite of a continuous supply of acid),representing the inhibitive eﬀect arising from the resis-tance of diﬀerent cement hydration products to a pH reduction.One of the peaks,occur-ring at about pH12.6,represents the buﬀering of calcium hydroxide[54].K.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song/Corrosion Science49(2007)4113–41334121Glass et al.[31]performed the ANC test on chloride contaminated concrete specimens and also measured the change in free chloride content as the pH was decreased.Fig.2 gives the pH dependent release of chloride and ANC analysis plot[31].It is evident that most of the bound chloride is released as the result of dissolution of several hydration phases.Since the pH value is about10at the stage of corrosion initiation,it can be said that the bound chloride released by such a local pH reduction may also participate in cor-rosion initiation.This hypothesis is supported by Reddy[44]who reported that SRPC has similar values of CTL to those of OPC,30%PFA or65%GGBS concretes at a given inter-facial air void content,while a mixture of OPC and calcium aluminate cement(CAC), associated with a high level of ANC,has a much higher CTL.Table3gives the buﬀering capacity up to pH10,measured by the ANC tests,of OPC,30%PFA,65%GGBS,SRPC and10%CAC concretes.However,the measured CTL tends to be diﬀerent for specimens cast from the same concrete mix(same binding capacity and same ANC value).This can be attributed to other factors,which may include the condition of the steel–concrete interface.4.3.Steel–concrete interfaceWhen concrete is cast against a steel bar,a dense continuous cement rich layer contain-ing precipitated calcium hydroxide is postulated to be formed at the steel–concrete Table3Buﬀering capacity of binders as measured by the ANC method[44]ANC(mol/kg)CTL(%,cement) pH121110OPC 1.05 1.75 2.250.23–1.5210%CAC0.83 1.87 2.260.72–2.35SRPC0.92 1.26 2.080.31–0.5330%PFA0.51 1.23 1.80.25–0.3565%GGBS0.41 1.31 1.730.22–0.51 Note:OPC:ordinary Portland cement,CAC:calcium aluminate cement,SRPC:sulphate resistant Portland cement,PFA:pulverisedﬂy ash,GGBS:ground granulated blast furnace slag.interface[55].This layer restricts the tendency for a decrease in pH to occur at anodic areas and reduces the mobility of chloride ions[38].Suryavanshi et al.[36]supported this hypothesis;they found that steel taken from a mortar specimen was covered with a thin, dense white-deposit approximately10–15l m in thickness,which showed a strong Ca peak in the EDX spectrum.The characteristics of the interfacial layer depend mainly on the characteristics of hydrated cement paste which consists of solids and pores.The sol-ids in cement paste consist of C–S–H gel(50–60%),Ca(OH)2(20–25%),AFm and AFt (15–20%),and unhydrated clinker grains[56].However,Glass et al.[57]examined the steel–concrete interface in backscattered elec-tron(BSE)microscopy and observed no continuous Ca(OH)2layer at the steel–concrete interface.It was subsequently found that5–9%of calcium hydroxide occupies the steel–concrete interface region(area within10l m from the steel surface),while the coarse poros-ity accounts for approximately30%of the cement paste in this region,as shown in Fig.3 [58].The importance of entrapped air voids adjacent to the embedded steel has been empha-sised,because corrosion starts there.Air voids are often generated by bleeding or/and set-tlement underneath the embedded steel,perpendicular to the direction of casting,and then corrosion initiates in these voids irrespective of whether chlorides are introduced internally or externally[59–61].This is due to the fact that voids,in the vicinity of the steel,saturated in pore solution,provide a more active environment for electrochemical reactions(i.e.cor-rosion)than the dense cement matrix which relatively restricts currentﬂow between anode and cathode.It is now established that air voids at the steel–concrete interface have a sig-niﬁcant eﬀect on the CTL.This eﬀect is attributed to the absence of cement hydrationproducts at these locations that would otherwise resist a local fall in the pH.TheFig.3.Backscattered electron image at the steel–concrete interface[58]. 4122K.Y.Ann,H.-W.Song/Corrosion Science49(2007)4113–4133importance of voids at the interface on the CTL is supported experimentally by Yonezawa et al.[34]who showed strong correlation between the interface condition(i.e.adhesion to mortar)and the CTL.However,the conclusion in this work was based on data obtained on a limited number of mortar specimens with cast-in chloride.More currently it was found that an increase in the air void content resulted in a sharp decrease in CTL as seen in Fig.4[58].Although the physical condition of the steel–concrete interface in terms of the entrapped air void content has an eﬀect on the CTL,quantiﬁcation of the eﬀect of voids at the interface has seldom been reported.One of the reasons for this is the diﬃculty of measuring the air void content at the interface non-destructively.Glass and Buenfeld [62]achieved some success in measuring the air voids at the steel–concrete interface with an ultrasonic method.However,this technique was only applicable to larger voids and the presence of a ribbed bar limited the detection.4.4.Cement replacementThe eﬀect of cement replacement on the CTL has received little coverage in the litera-ture,in contrast to the widely reported assessment of its eﬀect on chloride diﬀusion,the possible reason being the much longer time to corrosion initiation for PFA and GGBS concretes,which are very resistant to chloride transport.Fig.5shows reported CTLs for PFA and GGBS concretes depending on their replacement content and chloride source (i.e.internally admixed or external chlorides).Thomas[15]showed that an increase in the content of PFA in concrete exposed to sea-water produced a decrease in the CTL.However,the mass loss of the steel embedded in PFA concrete measured at4years decreased as the content of PFA increased.Thomas and Matthews[63]subsequently reported a reduction in the CTL of PFA concrete based on10-year performance of PFA concrete,including chloride transport and corrosion of embedded steel,both of which were reduced by PFA replacement.They also showed that。

色谱专用术语英语翻译

不知各位是否用的着色谱图 chromatogram 色谱峰 chromatographic peak峰底peak base峰高 h，peak height峰宽 W，peak width半高峰宽 Wh/2，peak width at half height峰面积 A，peak area拖尾峰 tailing area前伸峰 leading area假峰ghost peak畸峰 distorted peak反峰 negative peak拐点 inflection point原点 origin斑点 spot区带 zone复班 multiple spot区带脱尾 zone tailing基线 base line基线漂移 baseline drift基线噪声 N，baseline noise统计矩 moment一阶原点矩γ1，first origin moment二阶中心矩μ2，second central moment三阶中心矩μ3，third central moment液相色谱法 liquid chromatography，LC液液色谱法 liquid liquid chromatography，LLC液固色谱法 liquid solid chromatography，LSC正相液相色谱法 normal phase liquidchromatography反相液相色谱法 reversed phase liquidchromatography，RPLC柱液相色谱法 liquid column chromatography高效液相色谱法 high performance liquidchromatography，HPLC尺寸排除色谱法 size exclusion chromatography，SEC凝胶过滤色谱法gel filtration chromatography凝胶渗透色谱法 gel permeation chromatography，GPC亲和色谱法 affinity chromatography离子交换色谱法 ion exchange chromatography，IEC离子色谱法 ion chromatography离子抑制色谱法 ion suppression chromatography离子对色谱法 ion pair chromatography疏水作用色谱法 hydrophobic interactionchromatography制备液相色谱法 preparative liquid chromatography平面色谱法 planar chromatography纸色谱法 paper chromatography薄层色谱法 thin layer chromatography，TLC高效薄层色谱法high performance thin layerchromatography，HPTLC浸渍薄层色谱法 impregnated thin layerchromatography凝胶薄层色谱法 gel thin layer chromatography离子交换薄层色谱法 ion exchange thin layerchromatography制备薄层色谱法 preparative thin layerchromatography薄层棒色谱法 thin layer rod chromatography液相色谱仪liquid chromatograph制备液相色谱仪 preparative liquid chromatograph凝胶渗透色谱仪 gel permeation chromatograph涂布器 spreader点样器 sample applicator色谱柱 chromatographic column棒状色谱柱monolith column monolith column微粒柱 microparticle column填充毛细管柱 packed capillary column空心柱open tubular column微径柱 microbore column混合柱mixed column组合柱 coupled column预柱 precolumn保护柱 guard column预饱和柱 presaturation column浓缩柱 concentrating column抑制柱 suppression column薄层板 thin layer plate浓缩区薄层板 concentratingthin layer plate荧光薄层板 fluorescence thin layer plate反相薄层板 reversed phase thin layer plate梯度薄层板 gradient thin layer plate烧结板 sintered plate展开室 development chamber 往复泵 reciprocating pump注射泵 syringe pump气动泵 pneumatic pump蠕动泵peristaltic pump检测器 detector微分检测器differential detector积分检测器 integral detector总体性能检测器 bulk property detector溶质性能检测器solute property detector(示差)折光率检测器[differential] refractive indexdetector荧光检测器fluorescence detector紫外可见光检测器 ultraviolet visible detector电化学检测器 electrochemical detector蒸发(激光)光散射检测器 [laser] light scatteringdetector光密度计 densitometer薄层扫描仪thin layer scanner柱后反应器 post-column reactor体积标记器 volume marker记录器 recorder积分仪integrator馏分收集器 fraction collector工作站 work station固定相 stationary phase固定液 stationary liquid载体 support柱填充剂 column packing化学键合相填充剂 chemically bonded phasepacking薄壳型填充剂pellicular packing多孔型填充剂 porous packing吸附剂 adsorbent离子交换剂 ion exchanger基体 matrix载板 support plate粘合剂 binder流动相 mobile phase洗脱(淋洗)剂 eluant，eluent展开剂 developer等水容剂isohydric solvent改性剂 modifier显色剂 color [developing] agent死时间 t0，dead time保留时间 tR，retention time调整保留时间 t'R，adjusted retention time死体积 V0，dead volume保留体积 vR，retention volume调整保留体积 v'R，adjusted retention volume柱外体积 Vext，extra-column volune粒间体积 V0，interstitial volume(多孔填充剂的)孔体积 VP，pore volume of porouspacking液相总体积 Vtol，total liquid volume洗脱体积 ve，elution volume流体力学体积 vh，hydrodynamic volume相对保留值 ri.s，relative retention value分离因子α，separation factor流动相迁移距离 dm，mobile phase migrationdistance流动相前沿 mobile phase front溶质迁移距离 ds，solute migration distance比移值 Rf，Rf value高比移值hRf，high Rf value相对比移值 Ri.s，relative Rf value保留常数值 Rm，Rm value板效能 plateefficiency折合板高 hr，reduced plate height分离度R，resolution液相载荷量 liquid phase loading离子交换容量 ion exchange capacity负载容量 loading capacity渗透极限 permeability limit排除极限 Vh，max，exclusion limit拖尾因子 T，tailing factor柱外效应 extra-column effect管壁效应 wall effect间隔臂效应 spacer arm effect边缘效应 edge effect斑点定位法 localization of spot放射自显影法 autoradiography 原位定量 in situ quantitation生物自显影法bioautography归一法 normalization method内标法internal standard method外标法 external standard method叠加法 addition method普适校准(曲线、函数) calibration function or curve 谱带扩展(加宽) band broadening(分离作用的)校准函数或校准曲线 universalcalibration function or curve [of separation]加宽校正 broadening correction加宽校正因子 broadening correction factor溶剂强度参数ε0，solvent strength parameter洗脱序列 eluotropic series洗脱(淋洗) elution等度洗脱 gradient elution 梯度洗脱 gradient elution(再)循环洗脱 recycling elution线性溶剂强度洗脱 linear solvent strength gradient程序溶剂 programmed solvent程序压力programmed pressure程序流速 programmed flow展开development上行展开 ascending development下行展开descending development双向展开 two dimensional development环形展开 circular development离心展开centrifugal development向心展开 centripetal development径向展开 radial development多次展开multiple development分步展开 stepwise development 连续展开 continuous development梯度展开 gradient development匀浆填充 slurry packing停流进样 stop-flow injection阀进样 valve injection柱上富集 on-column enrichment流出液 eluate柱上检测 on-column detection柱寿命 column life柱流失 column bleeding 显谱 visualization活化 activation反冲 back flushing脱气 degassing沟流 channeling过载overloading。

外文文献翻译：仙人掌草制作的纤维浓缩海绵蛋糕物理及感官特性

2.3.海绵蛋糕的组成
海绵蛋糕的组成包括水分，粗蛋白，粗脂肪，以及灰分，这些由AOAC方法测定（AOAC,1990）。总氮量用半微量凯式法测定，总蛋白部分的氮量计算用系数6.25。碳水化合物含量计算用减法，100g蛋糕中减去粗蛋白、脂肪、灰分和水分的含量。总的膳食纤维素（TDF）和难溶膳食纤维素（IDF）也用AOAC方法测得（AOAC,1995）。可溶膳食纤维素（SDF）用IDF和TDF之差算得。能值计算用Atwater and Bryant方法，在蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物中分别用Atwater因数中的4、9和4kal/g（Atwater, Benedict, Bryant, & Smith, 1899）。海绵蛋糕的近似组成应三次试验取平均值，结果应在湿润条件下进行得到的。
2.实验材料和方法
2.1.实验材料
仙人掌草（Yeong Cheon，韩国）经过冷冻干燥和研磨，变成一种极细粉末，它可以通过0.5mm的筛子。这种材料作为蛋糕粉放到海绵蛋糕材料之中（Daehan Flour Mills, Seoul, Korea）
蔗糖（TS Corporation,Seoul, Korea）
在这项研究中，仙人掌草粉和细面粉中TDF的含量分别是58.07g/100g和2.65g/100g。因此，含有仙人掌草粉的面团有更高的粘性就是由于纤维的吸水率。随着仙人掌草粉末含量的上升，面团比重明显上升，这可能是由于TDF的影响。由于鸡蛋的起泡性，海绵蛋糕揉捏后体积变大；面团热度上升水蒸汽压上升，蛋糕变得更大。为保持恒定的体积和湿度，蛋糕的结构转变应在一种高水量的情况下降低（Yoon & Kim, 2009）。比重（也就是泡沫密度）常用来衡量搅打性能，它是面团的一个重要特性，因为它决定了蛋糕的尺寸和质构。比重低时，许多气孔在面团中；比重高时，空气含量降低从而产品的体积降低（Park, Jeong, & Jang, 2009）。搅打是更多的空气进入到面团中，就会有比较低的比重（泡沫密度）；泡沫中有更多的空气，就有更高的起泡性。Lu、Lee、Mau和Lin的研究（2010）中，面团粘性升高，体积趋于降低，这可能由于面粉替代物的增多，导致粘性过度上升，这将减弱面筋之间的排列以便留住食物中的气体（Baldi, Little,& Hester, 1965; Donelson & Wilson, 1960）。

生物学专业英语词汇（O）_生物化学英语词汇

o antigen o 抗原o antigen polysaccharide o 抗原多糖oak forest 栎树橡木林oak grove 栎树橡木林oat 燕麦object glass 物镜objective 物镜objective environment 客观环境objective micrometer 物镜测微尺obligate aerobe 专性需氧生物obligate anaerobe 专性嫌气生物obligate autotrophy 专性自养obligate parasite 专性寄生菌obligate saprophyte 专性腐生菌obligatory parasitism 专性寄生oblique muscle 斜纹肌observation 观察observatory 观测台obtect pupa 被蛹occasional regeneration 偶然再生occasional species 偶见种occipital 后头的occipital bone 枕骨occipital condyle 后头突occipital foramen 大后头孔;后头孔occipital ridge 后头脊occiput 枕部occlusion 咬合occult virus 潜伏性病毒occupational disease 职业病occurence 发生ocean 洋ocean province 海洋区oceanian region 海洋区oceanic climate 海洋性气候oceanography 海洋学ocellus 单眼ochre codon 舣密码子ochre mutation 舣突变ochre suppressor 舣校正基因ochrea 托叶鞘ocrea 托叶鞘octahedron 八面体octamer sequence 八碱基顺列octaploid 八倍体octopine 章鱼碱octopoda 八腕类octopodes 八腕类octose 辛糖ocular 目镜ocular cup 视杯oculomotor nerve 动眼神经oculomotorius 动眼神经oculoreaction 眼反应odd pinnate 奇数羽状的odd toed ungulales 奇蹄类odontoblast 成牙质细胞odontogeny 牙发生odontography 牙形描记法odontoid 齿状的odontolith 齿石odontology 牙学odor 气味odor mark 臭迹odoriferous gland 气味腺odour 气味odour mark 臭迹odouriferous gland 气味腺oecesis 定居oenocyte 绛色细胞oesophageal 食管的oesophagus 食管oestrin 雌酮oestriol 雌二醇oestrogen 雌激素oestrogenic hormon 雌激素oestrone 雌酮oestrous period 发情期oestrus cycle 发情周期oestrus estrus 发情oestrus synchronization 发情同步化offset bulb 鳞芽offshoot 侧枝offspring 后代ogy 农业气象学oidiospore 粉孢子oidium 粉孢子oil 油oil body 油体oil field 油田oil immersion 油浸渍oil plant 油脂植物oil sac 油囊oil vacuole 油胞okazaki fragment 冈崎断片olar nucleus 极核old field 休闲地oleic acid 油酸oleiferous 含油的olein 油酸甘油脂olfaction 嗅觉酌olfactology 嗅觉学olfactometer 嗅觉计olfactory 嗅觉的olfactory brain 嗅脑olfactory cell 嗅细胞olfactory centre 嗅中枢olfactory hair 嗅毛olfactory organ 嗅觉器olfactory pit 鼻窝olfactory placode 嗅基板olfactory receptor 嗅觉感受器olfactory sac 嗅囊olfactory sense 嗅觉olifactory nerve 嗅神经oligemia 血量减少oligoadenylate synthetase 寡腺苷酸合成酶oligocene 渐新世oligocene epoch 渐新世oligochaeta 寡毛类oligochaetes 寡毛类oligodynamic action 微力动作微力酌oligogene 柱因oligogenic character 寡基因性状oligogenic inheritance 寡基因遗传oligohemia 血量减少oligolecithal egg 少黄卵oligomer 寡聚物oligomery 减数性oligonucleotide 寡核苷酸oligonucleotide probe 低核苷酸探测剂oligopeptide 寡肽oligophagous animal 寡食性动物oligopod larva 寡足幼虫oligopod phase 少足相oligosaccharide 寡糖oligospermous 少种子的oligotrophic lake 少营养湖oligotrophic plant 寡养植物oligotrophy 营养不足olive tree 橄榄omasum 重瓣胃ombrophilous plant 适雨植物ombrophobe 避雨植物ombrophobous plant 避雨植物omega protein 蛋白omega sequence 顺列omentum 网膜ommatidium 个眼ommatochrome 阿敏眼色素ommochrome 阿敏眼色素omnipotency 全能性omnivore 杂食动物omnivorous 杂食的omphalus 脐onchosphaera 六钩幼虫onchosphere 六钩幼虫oncogene 肿瘤基因oncogenesis 肿瘤发生oncogenic virus 肿瘤病毒oncolysis 溶癌酌oncometry 瀑体积测量法oncoprotein 肿瘤蛋白oncotic 胶体渗透压oncotic pressure 胶体渗透压one celled 单胞的one gene one enzyme hypothesis 一基因一酶假说one hit theory 一靶说one layered community 单层群落one stranded 单链的onion 洋葱ontogenesis 个体发生ontogenetic 介体娄生的ontogeny 个体发生oocenter 卵中心体oocyst 卵囊oocyte 卵母细胞ooecium 卵胞oogamy 受精生殖oogenesis 卵子发生oogonium 藏卵器ookinesis 卵核分裂ookinete 动合子oolemma 卵黄膜oomycetes 卵菌类ooplasm 卵质ooplasmic segregation 卵质分离oosome 卵小体oosperm 接合子oosphere 卵球oospore 卵胞子oostegite 载卵叶ootheca 卵囊ootid 卵子ootype 卵模ootypus 卵模oozooid 卵生体opal codon 卵白石密码子opal mutation 卵白石突变opal suppressor 卵白石抑制基因opalescence 乳光opaque area 暗区open blood vascular system 开放血液系统open canopy 稀疏授层open chain 开链open circular dna 开环 dnaopen community 稀疏群落open culture 开放培养open pollination 开放传粉open reading frame 开放解读码组open stand 开放林open system 开放系open vegetation 稀疏植被opening 林中空地operator 操纵基因operator gene 操纵基因opercle 蒴盖opercular gill 盖鳃operculum 鳃盖operon 操纵子operon theory 操纵子说ophiocephalous 蛇头的ophiopluteus 蛇尾幼虫opioid peptide 吗啡样肽opium 鸦片opium poppy 婴粟opponent colour theory 反色说opposite phyllotaxis 对生叶序oppressed tree 被压树oppression 压迫opsin 视蛋白opsonin 淀素optic chiasma 视交叉optic cup 视杯optic ganglion 视神经节optic lobe 视叶optic nerve 视神经optic organ 视觉器optic stalk 眼柄optic vesicle 视泡optical antipode 旋光对映体optical density 吸收度optical isomer 旋光异构体optical isomerism 旋光异构optical microscope 光学显微镜optical rod 感杆optical rotation 旋光性optical spectrum 光谱optimal concentration 最适浓度optimal ph 最适 phoptimal proportion 最适比率optimal ratio 最适比率optimal temperature 最适温度optimization 最佳化optimum 最适optimum curve 最适曲线optimum density 最适密度optimum ph 最适 ph optimum temperuture 最适温度optimum value 最优值oral appendage 口肢oral arm 口腕oral cavity 口腔oral disc 口盘oral gland 口腔腺oral groove 围口部oral membrane 咽膜oral pole 口极oral sucker 口吸盘orbit 眶orbital electron 轨道电子orbital periosteum 眶骨膜orcein 地衣红orchard 果拾orchid 兰科植物orcine 苔黑素orcinol 苔黑素orcinol reaction 地衣酚反应order 群落目order of reaction 反应级order of succession 演替顺序order stone age 旧石票代ordination 序列法ordovician 奥陶纪ordovician period 奥陶纪organ 瀑organ culture 瀑培养organ field 瀑场organ formation 瀑形成organ muscle 瀑肌organ of attachment 附着瀑organ of locomation 运动瀑organ of sight 视觉器organ of taste 味觉瀑organ rudiment 瀑原基organ sense 瀑感觉organ specific enzyme 瀑特异酶organ specificity 瀑专一性organella 胞器organelle 细胞器organic acid 有机酸organic analysis 有机分析organic base 有机碱organic environment 有机环境organic evolution 生物进化organic fertilizer 有机肥料organic matter 有机物质organic sense 瀑感觉organic solvent 有机溶剂organiser 形成体organism 有机体organization 机体形成organization center 组成中心organization effect 机体形成效果organizer 形成体organogenesis 瀑发生organogeny 瀑发生organology 瀑学organophysiology 瀑生理学organotroph 有机营养的organotrophic 有机营养的organotropism. organotropy 向瀑性oriental subregion 东洋亚区orientation 定向orientation flight 定位飞翔orientation in space 空间定位orientation movement 定向运动orientation response 定向响应orifice 口origin 起源;起点origin of replication 复制起点origin of tumour 肿瘤起原original population 原始群体original seed 原种oriole 金莺ornament 装饰ornamental plant 观赏植物ornithine 鸟氨酸ornithine cycle 鸟氨酸循环ornithine decarboxylase 鸟氨酸脱羧酶ornithogamy 鸟媒性ornithology 鸟类学ornithophilous 乌媒的ornithophilous flower 鸟媒花ornithophilous plant 鸟媒植物ornithophily 鸟媒性ornithotomy 鸟类解剖ornithuric acid 鸟尿酸orogenesis 造山运动orogeny 造山运动orotic acid 乳清酸orotidylic acid 乳清酸核苷酸orrhoreaction 血清反应orthodromic conduction 顺向传导orthogenesis 直向进化orthogeotropism 直向地性orthognathism 直颌orthoheliotropism 直向阳性orthokinesis 直动态orthomyxovirus 正黏病毒orthophosphate 正磷酸盐orthophototropism 直向光性orthoplasy 定向形成orthoploidy 整倍性orthoptera 直翅类orthopterans 直翅类orthoselection 直向淘汰orthostichy 直列线orthotriaene 正三叉体orthotropic 直生的orthotropism 直向性orthotropous 直生的oryzenin 米谷蛋白osazone 脎oscillation 振动oscillograph 示波器oscillometer 示波测量法osculum 出水孔osmatic animal 嗅觉动物osmic acid 锇酸osmoceptor 渗透压感受器osmolality 摩尔渗透压浓度osmolarity 摩尔渗透压浓度osmology 嗅觉学osmometer 渗透压计osmonosology 嗅觉障碍学osmophily 嗜高渗性osmoreceptor 渗透压感受器osmoregulation 渗透第osmose 渗透osmosis 渗透osmotaxis 区压性osmotic balance 渗透平衡osmotic concentration 渗透浓度osmotic pressure 渗透压osmotic regulation 渗透第osmotic shock 渗压震扰osmotic value 渗透价osmotolerant 渗透耐性的osmotropism 向渗性osology 体液学osphradium 嗅检器osphresiology 嗅觉学ossein 骨胶原osseomucoid 骨粘蛋白osseous 骨质的osseous labyrinth 骨迷路osseous tissue 骨组织ossicle 小骨ossification 骨化ossification center 骨化中心osteichthyes 硬骨鱼类osteoblast 成骨细胞osteoclast 破骨细胞osteoclast activating factor 破骨细胞活因子osteocranium 骨颅osteocyte 骨细胞osteoderm 皮肤骨化osteogenesis 骨生成osteology 骨学osteometry 骨测量法ostiole 小孔ostium 小孔ostracoderms 甲青鱼类ostrone 雌酮otic capsule 听囊otic vesicle 听囊otocyst 听泡otolith 平衡石otter 水獭otypic 非典型的ouabain 乌巴因outbreak 大发生outbreeding 远交outcrossing 远交outer ear 外耳outer integument 外珠被outer layer 外层outer membrane protein 外膜蛋白outflow 瘤outlet 瘤output 产量outside temperature 外部温度outwash 消融oval window 卵圆窗ovalbumin 卵清蛋白ovalocyte 椭圆红细胞ovarial transmission 经卵传染ovarian cumulus 卵丘ovarian cycle 卵巢周期ovarian follicle 格拉夫氏泡ovarian hormone 卵巢激素ovarian tube 卵巢管ovariole 卵巢管ovariotestis 卵睾ovary 卵巢;子房ovate 卵圆形的over all turnover 总转换overcrowding 群体过剩overdevelopment 过速进化overdominance 过显性overdominance load 过显性负载overflow 洪水overground organ 地上瀑overground part 地上部overheating 过热overlap 重叠overlapping code 重叠密码overlapping sequence 重叠排列overmaturation 过熟overnutrition 过营养overpopulation 群体过剩overpressure 过压overripeness 过分成熟overspecialization 过度特化ovicide 杀卵剂oviduct 输卵管ovification 卵形成oviger 携卵脚ovigerous leg 携卵脚oviparity 卵生oviparous 卵生的oviposition 产卵oviposition pheromone 产卵信息素ovipositor 产卵器oviscapte 产卵器ovocenter 卵中心体ovocyte 卵母细胞ovoflavin 核黄素ovogenesis 卵发生ovoglobulin 卵球蛋白ovogonium 卵原细胞ovoid 卵圆形的ovomucin 卵粘蛋白ovomucoid 卵类粘蛋白ovoplasm 卵质ovotestis 卵睾ovoviviparity 卵胎生ovulation 排卵ovulation rate 排卵率ovule 胚珠ovum 卵细胞ovum transfer 卵移植owerwintering 越冬owl 枭oxalic acid 草酸oxaloacetate pathway 草酰乙酸途径oxaloacetate tautomerase 草酰乙酸互变异构酶oxaloacetic acid 草酰乙酸oxalosuccinic acid decarboxylase 草酰琥珀酸脱羧酶oxidant 氧化剂oxidase 氧化酶oxidation 氧化oxidation reduction cycle 氧化还原循环oxidation reduction potential 氧化还原电位oxidation reduction titration 氧化还原滴定oxidative assimilation 氧化同化oxidative deamination 氧化脱氨oxidative fermentation 氧化发酵oxidative metabolism 氧化代谢oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化oxidizing agent 氧化剂oxidizing enzyme 氧化酶oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶oxidoreduction 氧化还原oxime 肟oxybiotic 需氧的oxygen 氧oxygen bridge 氧桥oxygen carrying protein 氧载蛋白oxygen deficiency 缺氧oxygen demand 需氧量oxygen deprivation 去氧oxygen dissociation curve 氧离解曲线oxygen evolution system 氧发生系oxygen injury 氧损伤oxygen requirement 需氧量oxygen saturation 氧饱和oxygen uptake 耗氧量oxygenase 加氧酶oxygenation 加氧酌oxyhaemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白oxyhemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白oxylophyte 适酸性植物oxyproline 羟脯氨酸oxysome 氧化体oxytocic hormone 垂体后叶催产素oxytocin 垂体后叶催产素oxytropism 向氧性oyster shells 牡蛎壳ozone 臭氧ozonide 嗅氧化物ozonium 菌丝束ozonosphere 臭氧层。

化工专业英语单词汇总

a function of …的函数 absorption：吸附 acetone 丙酮acrylics丙烯酸树脂 Aerospace 航空 agricultural engineering农业工程agricultural engineer农艺师 Amalgam 汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉ammonia 氨 ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium sulfate硫酸铵 analyte分析物 analytical chemistry分析化学amorphous 非定型的,非晶型的,非结晶的,玻璃状的;无一定目的的,乱七八糟approximate to：接近，趋近 area 面积 argon氩 aromatic 芳香烃的as a whole整体而言 ash纯碱 asphalt沥青a priori：先验的,既定的,不根据经验的,由原因推出结果的,演绎的,直觉的accessory heater 附属加热器accident prevention事故预防accountant会计师，会计，出纳 activity coefficient活度系数actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率 adiabatic绝热的，不传热的alkane烷烃 ammonia-air mixture 氨气-水混合物ammonium phosphate磷酸铵anhydrous无水的applied Chemistry应用化学aquatic plant 水生植物 artificial人工的 asphaltene沥青油assay分析化验 at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直bottoms product塔底产品 baffle-plate折流挡板，缓冲挡板balance 抵消，平衡 barrier障碍物 batch间歇的；benzene苯binary distillation双组分精馏 bioengineering生物工程 bionics（仿生学）biosynthesis生物合成 blower 风机 boundary layer 边界层brick wall 墙壁 brittleness 脆性 bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗 bulk explosive集装炸药 buoyancy force 浮力by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于 barrel桶(国际原油计量单位)base塔底，基础 biological production生物制品生产biomechanics生物力学 bitumen沥青 blood-flow dynamics血液流动动力学boiling point 沸点 bottom 底部，塔底 branched chain支链烷烃branched-chain（带支链的） bulk chemical 大宗化工产品capillary action毛细管作用 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳capital expenditure 基建投资 carbon skeleton碳骨架capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资 carrier载体carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳 straightforward简单明了的 catalyst 催化剂catalyst催化剂， catalytic cracking 催化裂化catalytic oxidation催化氧化 chemical additive添加剂centrifuge离心.离心机，离心分离 chemical process safety 化工过程安全chain-shaped链状的 chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization结晶chain链 chlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂chemical reaction化学反应 circulating gas 循环气civil engineer土木工程师 closed system封闭系统cleansing agent清洗剂 compound化合物close teamwork紧密的团队协作 computer microchip 计算机芯片coefficient系数 concentration difference 浓度差columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪 concentration gradient 浓度梯度combustion燃烧 condensate冷凝液，凝缩液commercial proportions 商业规模 condensation冷凝commodity or specialty通用商品或特殊化学品 condenser冷凝器compress压缩 condense凝缩，冷凝computationally intensive计算量大的 constitute取代物，取代基concave （凸的，凸面） continuous：连续的concentration 浓度 convection 对流conduction 传导 convection drying对流干燥conduit导流管）, cooling water 冷却水conical funnel 锥形漏斗 coordinating ligand配合体，向心配合体conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律 corrosive property 腐蚀性constant-rate drying period恒速干燥阶段 cost engineer造价师control volume 控制体 counterpart对应物，配对物cooler 冷却器 cracking of petroleum石油裂解counteract抵消 cracking裂化counter-current逆流 criteria 指标 conversion转化，转化率critical moisture content临界湿湿含量 crude oil原油cake filtration 饼层过滤 capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力 crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵decompose分解，离解，还原，腐烂 depth 深度 derivative衍生物descriptive 描述性的 diagnostic application of computers计算机诊断diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸二氢铵 dislocation 错位dispersion model分散模型 dissolve 溶解 distillate product塔顶馏出产品distillate section精馏段 downcomer 降液管 drag forces曳力 drying of Solids 固体干燥drying rate干燥速率 ductility 延展性 dairy牛奶deactivate失活 deep bed filtration 深层过滤 defect structure 结构缺陷demonstrate论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示density 密度 density difference密度差 deposit沉积物design engineer设计师 detector检测器 detrimental有害的devastate破坏，蹂躏 discolor变色，脱色drop in pressure 压降 drying gas干燥气体 drying干燥durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度eddy diffusion涡流扩散 efficiency improvement 效率提高electromagnetic wave 电磁波 Empirical model 经验模型employ采纳，利用 end-of-pipe solution 最终方案energy efficiency 能量效率 environmental health engineering环境健康工程equimolecular counter-diffusion 等分子反向扩散essential oil香精油 ether 乙醚 ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应exothermic（放热的，endothermic吸热的,adiabatic绝热的）exotic chemistry 奇异化学explosive炸药 extract 萃取液extract萃取液 eddy 尾流，涡流 electrical conductivity 导电性emission释放物，排放物 emulsifying agent乳化剂energy saving 节约能量 enthalpy 焓 extract phase萃取相environmentally benign processing环境友好加工equilibrium constant 平衡常数 ethyl alcohol乙醇)energy conversion 能量转化falling-rate降速 falling-rate period降速干燥阶段feedstock 进料，原料 fermentation发酵Fick’s Law 费克定律 filter cake 滤饼filter paper 滤纸 filtering medium 过滤介质filtering surface 过滤表面 filtrate 滤液flux（通量，流通量） foodstuff 食品forces of friction 摩擦力 forefront最前线，最前沿fouling污垢，发泡 foundation 基础fraction collector馏分收集器fractional crystallization分步结晶fully developed turbulent flow充分发展湍流 functional group官能团furnace 火炉，燃烧器 fused quartz 熔化的石英factor 因数，因子，系数，比例 family族 feed liquor 进料液fertilizer化肥 fiber纤维 filter cake 滤饼filter 过滤器 filtration 过滤 final-proposal决议Fine chemical 精细化工 first-principles基本原理，基本规则fluid mechanics 流体力学 fluorescence 荧光色，荧光fossil fuel化石燃料 freeze drying冷冻干燥gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gasoline汽油 general service facilities公用工程gravity重力 gas adsorption 吸收；Gas and Liquid Chromatography气相色谱与液相色谱gasoline汽油 governmental regulation政府规定heat exchanger 换热器 heat requirement热负荷heat-sensitive material 热敏性物质 heavy gas oil重瓦斯油helium氦 HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化high-efficiency高效的 high-fidelity高保真的 high-performance高性能human-factors engineering人类与环境工程humidity湿度 hydrodynamic model水力学模型hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应hydroquinone 对苯二酚 hard hat 安全帽hazard identification 危害辩识， health care保健hearing aid助听器 artificial limb假肢 heat exchange 热交换heats of solution and vaporization溶解热和汽化热 homologous series同系物human medicine人体医学 hydrocarbon naphthene环烷烃hydrogen cyanide氰化氢i feed tray进料板 ibuprofen异丁苯丙酸 ifetime寿命 impurity杂质in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近..,大约…，在…左右information processing 信息处理injection注射 inorganic salt无机盐 insulation 绝缘inter-phase mass transfer界相际间质量传递is proportional to 与…成比例ideal system 理想系统 In principle从原理而言in the absence of无---存在 inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质inflection:折射 intensity强度，程度is almost inversely proportional to 几乎与…成反比internal structure 内部结构ketone酮 kilogram千克labor 劳动力 laminar sub-layer 层流底层 latent heat潜热 law 定律 Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸liquid mixture 液体混合物 lubricating oil润滑油Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根least-squares-regression最小二乘法 life scientist生命科学家liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取 locant位次，位标 loss prevention损失预防macroscopic phenomenon 宏观现象 thermal stability热稳定性maintenance expense 维修费 macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子materials science材料科学 magnet 磁铁，有吸引力的人或物matte无光泽的，无光的 mathematical expression steady-state model稳态模型mean value平均值 maximum最大的mechanical disturbance 机械扰动 mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and optical behavior. （机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）mechanical separation 机械分离） medical electronics医疗电子medical instrumentation医疗器械 medical engineering医学工程，医疗工程membrane technology膜技术 medium 介质metal wall of a tube 金属管壁 membrane module膜组件metallic solid 金属固体 methane甲烷metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术 milliliter毫升micro-reactor 微型反应器 miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mobile phase移动相 model identification模式识别moisture content湿含量 molecular diffusion 分子扩散motion of unbound electrons 自由电子的运动 molecular transfer分子传递mount 安装，固定 moving gas stream移动的气流multi-component distillation多组分精馏natural gas天然气 naphtha石脑油near toequilibrium接近平衡 natural and forced convection 自然对流和强制对流neural network神经网络 net flow 净流量nitric acid 硝酸 nitric acid硝酸 nylon尼龙nitrogen oxides氮氧化物 nonlinear-equation-solving technique非线性方程求解技术nomenclature of chemical compound化学化合物的命名法 nuclear power 核能octane number of gasoline汽油辛烷值 of the same order具有同一数量级of enthalpy 焓通量 oil drilling采油operating condition操作条件 oil shale油页岩overhead vapor塔顶汽体 one-pass（单程）oxygenate content 氧含量 operating cost 操作费用or convex（凹的，凹面） organic有机的，有机物的outline描绘，勾勒 output产出，输出，产量oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物paraffin石蜡，烷烃parent母链，主链penicillin青霉素partial vaporization 部分汽化particle size 颗粒尺寸pharmaceutical intermediate药物中间体pharmaceutical 制药 packed tower 填料塔phaseout消除 packing characteristics填充性质phenomenological model 现象模型 packing material 填料 pump 泵physical process 物理过程 paint涂料physiologists生理学 paraffin石蜡，链烷烃physiologist生理学家 per unit area单位面积plastic塑料 percent conversion百分比转化率plate tower 板式塔 installation 装置 feed 进料 perpendicular to：与----垂直polymers聚合物 Pharmaceutical制药power 动力 phosgene synthesis 光气合成.precipitate 沉淀物 plane chromatography薄层色谱precipitation沉淀，沉析 plant layout工厂布局pressure gradient plant location工厂选址probability of failure失效概率 pollutant 污染物process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师 poor conductor of electricity 不良导电体process engineering过程工程 porous medium 多孔介质process material过程物料(相对最终产品而言的） pretreatment 预处理process-simulation software packages过程模拟软件包 processcontrol（过程控制）product 产物，产品 production line生产线prosthetics假肢器官学 protein蛋白质psychology心理学 pyridine砒啶 purify 精制提纯qualitative定性的 quantitative precision定量的精确 quantitative relation 定量关系radiation 辐射 raffinate萃余液ratio of A to B A与B的比值 rate of diffusion扩散速率reactant 反应物 reaction 反应 separation 分离reaction byproduct 反应副产物 reaction yield反应产率reaction speed反应速度 reaction zone反应区reactive distillation 反应精馏 reactive distillation 反应精馏reactor energy input能量输入 recycle 循环回收reboiler再沸器 vaporization汽化 regression model回归模型.refix前缀 release释放，排放reflect 反射， replacement organ器官移植reflux回流 replication 复制 reforming重整 resistance 阻力regenerate再生 resistance 阻力，阻止replicating prefix重复前缀词 retention volume保留体积retention times保留时间 ring-shaped（环状的）Reynolds number雷诺准数 rules and regulations 规章制度reaction kinetics 反应动力学 reactant 反应物retardation factor保留因子，延迟因子safety experience安全经验 safety knowledge安全知识safety management support安全管理基础知识 safety shoe防护鞋sample样品 sandstone砂岩 sedimentary rock沉积岩 sanitation卫生segment段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断screening筛选，浮选sensor 传感器，探头 seepage渗出物 siltstone泥岩 self-taught自学size distribution 粒度分布 semiconductor 半导体sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠 sensible heat（sensible heat：显热）solubility，溶解度，溶解性 separation of solids 固体分离solute溶质 settling tank沉降槽 solution溶液 setup 装置solvent make-up 补充溶剂 optimum 最优的 shape 形状solvent 溶剂 soap肥皂solvent-recovery system 溶剂回收系统 solid state physics固体物理学stage-type distillation column级板式精馏塔 soluble可溶解的 solvent溶剂statistical technique 统计技术 specialized group专业组storage仓库 specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品stripping section汽提段,提馏段 spinning electrons 旋转电子structural steels 结构钢 spray chamber 喷淋室substituent取代基 stationary nonvolatile phase静止的不挥发相substitute取代，替代 steam蒸汽suffix后缀 stereoselective立体选择性的surface layer 表面层 straight line：直线surface treatment表面处理 streptomycin（链霉素）surgeon外科医生 styrene苯乙烯suspension 悬浮液 sublime升华supportive or substitute organ辅助或替代器官 synthetic rubber合成橡胶tanker油轮 kerosene煤油 tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的technical competence技术能力 tangible return有形回报terminology术语，词汇 tar sand沥青石thermal conductivity 导热性 technical advance 技术进步thermal diffusion热扩散 technical challenge技术挑战，技术困难total condense全凝器 technical evaluation技术评估tower shell 塔体 Telecommunication 电信toxic有毒的 temperature gradient 温度梯度transport of momentum 动量传递 temperature gradient 温度梯度tray 塔板 temperature level 温度高低turbulent flow 湍流 test mixture测试混合物two-film theory 双膜理论 the Chemical Manufacturers Association化工生产协会two-phase flow两相流 the random motion of molecules 分子无规则运动thermal conduction 热传导 thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡 tonnage吨位，吨数，吨产量 top 顶部，塔顶trap 收集，捕集 triple bond三健，三价unconverted reactant未转化的反应物 unabsorbed component未吸收组分 purity纯度urea尿素vacant atomic site 原子空位 vacuum drying真空干燥vapor-liquid contacting device汽液接触装置 Vacuum 真空viscous resistance粘性阻力 valve tray浮阀塔板volatility挥发性 vapor pressure蒸汽压voluntary自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的 via经，由，通过，借助于 viscosity 黏度waste 废物 wastewater treatment污水处理 waste disposal废物处理water droplet水珠，水滴 water purification水净化wax石蜡 weir溢流堰 with the result that：由于的缘故，鉴于的结果water-cooling tower水冷塔yield 产率，收率。

紫外线强度的英文

紫外线强度的英文Ultraviolet Radiation Intensity and Its Effects on Human HealthUltraviolet radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that comes from the sun. It is divided into three categories: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA rays have the longest wavelength and can penetrate deeply into the skin, while UVB rays have a shorter wavelength and are mainly absorbed by the表皮layer of the skin. UVC rays have the shortest wavelength and are mostly absorbed by the ozone layer.Although ultraviolet radiation is necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D in the body, excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation can have adverse effects on human health. Long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause skin aging, sunburn, skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system suppression. In addition, ultraviolet radiation can also affect the atmosphere and the ozone layer, which can have implications for global climate change.To protect themselves from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, people should take measures such as wearing sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding exposure to the sun duringpeak hours. In addition, governments and organizations should also take measures to reduce the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface, such as reducing air pollution and protecting the ozone layer.In conclusion, although ultraviolet radiation is necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D in the body, excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation can have adverse effects on human health. Therefore, it is important for people to take measures to protect themselves from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and for governments and organizations to take measures to reduce the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface.。

常用分析化学专业英语词汇

常用分析化学专业英语词汇absorbance 吸光度absorbent 吸附剂absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption peak 吸收峰absorptivity 吸收系数accident error 偶然误差accuracy 准确度acid-base titration 酸碱滴定acidic effective coefficient 酸效应系数acidic effective curve 酸效应曲线acidity constant 酸度常数activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数adsorption 吸附adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂affinity 亲和力aging 陈化amorphous precipitate 无定形沉淀amphiprotic solvent 两性溶剂amphoteric substance 两性物质amplification reaction 放大反应analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical concentration 分析浓度analytical reagent (AR) 分析试剂apparent formation constant 表观形成常数aqueous phase 水相argentimetry 银量法ashing 灰化atomic spectrum 原子光谱autoprotolysis constant 质子自递常数auxochrome group 助色团back extraction 反萃取band spectrum 带状光谱bandwidth 带宽bathochromic shift 红移blank 空白blocking of indicator 指示剂的封闭bromometry 溴量法buffer capacity 缓冲容量buffer solution 缓冲溶液burette 滴定管calconcarboxylic acid 钙指示剂calibrated curve 校准曲线calibration 校准catalyzed reaction 催化反应cerimetry 铈量法charge balance 电荷平衡chelate 螯合物chelate extraction 螯合物萃取chemical analysis 化学分析chemical factor 化学因素chemically pure 化学纯chromatography 色谱法chromophoric group 发色团coefficient of variation 变异系数color reagent 显色剂color transition point 颜色转变点colorimeter 比色计colorimetry 比色法column chromatography 柱色谱complementary color 互补色complex 络合物complexation 络合反应complexometry complexometric titration 络合滴定法complexone 氨羧络合剂concentration constant 浓度常数conditional extraction constant 条件萃取常数conditional formation coefficient 条件形成常数conditional potential 条件电位conditional solubility product 条件溶度积confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对constant weight 恒量contamination 沾污continuous extraction 连续萃取continuous spectrum 连续光谱coprecipitation 共沉淀correction 校正correlation coefficient 相关系数crucible 坩埚crystalline precipitate 晶形沉淀cumulative constant 累积常数curdy precipitate 凝乳状沉淀degree of freedom 自由度demasking 解蔽derivative spectrum 导数光谱desiccant; drying agent 干燥剂desiccator 保干器determinate error 可测误差deuterium lamp 氘灯deviation 偏差deviation average 平均偏差dibasic acid 二元酸dichloro fluorescein 二氯荧光黄dichromate titration 重铬酸钾法dielectric constant 介电常数differential spectrophotometry 示差光度法differentiating effect 区分效应dispersion 色散dissociation constant 离解常数distillation 蒸馏distribution coefficient 分配系数distribution diagram 分布图distribution ratio 分配比double beam spectrophotometer 双光束分光光度计dual-pan balance 双盘天平dual-wavelength spectrophotometry 双波长分光光度法electronic balance 电子天平electrophoresis 电泳eluent 淋洗剂end point 终点end point error 终点误差enrichment 富集eosin 曙红equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度equimolar series method 等摩尔系列法Erelenmeyer flask 锥形瓶eriochrome black T (EBT) 铬黑T error 误差ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) 乙二胺四乙酸evaporation dish 蒸发皿exchange capacity 交换容量extent of crosslinking 交联度extraction constant 萃取常数extraction rate 萃取率extraction spectrphotometric method 萃取光度法Fajans method 法杨斯法ferroin 邻二氮菲亚铁离子filter 漏斗filter 滤光片filter paper 滤纸filtration 过滤fluex 溶剂fluorescein 荧光黄flusion 熔融formation constant 形成常数frequency 频率frequency density 频率密度frequency distribution 频率分布gas chromatography (GC) 气相色谱grating 光栅gravimetric factor 重量因素gravimetry 重量分析guarantee reagent (GR) 保证试剂high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 高效液相色谱histogram 直方图homogeneous precipitation 均相沉淀hydrogen lamp 氢灯hypochromic shift 紫移ignition 灼烧indicator 指示剂induced reaction 诱导反应inert solvent 惰性溶剂instability constant 不稳定常数instrumental analysis 仪器分析intrinsic acidity 固有酸度intrinsic basicity 固有碱度intrinsic solubility 固有溶解度iodimetry 碘滴定法iodine-tungsten lamp 碘钨灯iodometry 滴定碘法ion association extraction 离子缔合物萃取ion chromatography (IC) 离子色谱ion exchange 离子交换ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂ionic strength 离子强度isoabsorptive point 等吸收点Karl Fisher titration 卡尔•费歇尔法Kjeldahl determination 凯氏定氮法Lambert-Beer law 朗泊-比尔定律leveling effect 拉平效应ligand 配位体light source 光源line spectrum 线状光谱linear regression 线性回归liquid chromatography (LC) 液相色谱macro analysis 常量分析masking 掩蔽masking index 掩蔽指数mass balance 物料平衡matallochromic indicator 金属指示剂maximum absorption 最大吸收mean, average 平均值measured value 测量值measuring cylinder 量筒measuring pipette 吸量管median 中位数mercurimetry 汞量法mercury lamp 汞灯mesh [筛]目methyl orange (MO) 甲基橙methyl red (MR) 甲基红micro analysis 微量分析mixed constant 混合常数mixed crystal 混晶mixed indicator 混合指示剂mobile phase 流动相Mohr method 莫尔法molar absorptivity 摩尔吸收系数mole ratio method 摩尔比法molecular spectrum 分子光谱monoacid 一元酸monochromatic color 单色光monochromator 单色器neutral solvent 中性溶剂neutralization 中和non-aqueous titration 非水滴定normal distribution 正态分布occlusion 包藏organic phase 有机相ossification of indicator 指示剂的僵化outlier 离群值oven 烘箱paper chromatography(PC) 纸色谱parallel determination 平行测定path lenth 光程permanganate titration 高锰酸钾法phase ratio 相比phenolphthalein (PP) 酚酞photocell 光电池photoelectric colorimeter 光电比色计photometric titration 光度滴定法photomultiplier 光电倍增管phototube 光电管pipette 移液管polar solvent 极性溶剂polyprotic acid 多元酸population 总体postprecipitation 后沉淀precipitant 沉淀剂precipitation form 沉淀形precipitation titration 沉淀滴定法precision 精密度preconcentration 预富集predominance-area diagram 优势区域图primary standard 基准物质prism 棱镜probability 概率proton 质子proton condition 质子条件protonation 质子化protonation constant 质子化常数purity 纯度qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析quartering 四分法random error 随机误差range 全距(极差)reagent blank 试剂空白Reagent bottle 试剂瓶recording spectrophotometer 自动记录式分光光度计recovery 回收率redox indicator 氧化还原指示剂redox titration 氧化还原滴定referee analysis 仲裁分析reference level 参考水平reference material (RM) 标准物质reference solution 参比溶液relative error 相对误差resolution 分辨力rider 游码routine analysis 常规分析sample 样本,样品sampling 取样self indicator 自身指示剂semimicro analysis 半微量分析separation 分离separation factor 分离因数side reaction coefficient 副反应系数significance test 显著性检验significant figure 有效数字simultaneous determination of multiponents 多组分同时测定single beam spectrophotometer 单光束分光光度计single-pan balance 单盘天平slit 狭缝sodium diphenylamine sulfonate 二苯胺磺酸钠solubility product 溶度积solvent extraction 溶剂萃取species 型体(物种)specific extinction coefficient 比消光系数spectral analysis 光谱分析spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectrophotometry 分光光度法stability constant 稳定常数standard curve 标准曲线standard deviation 标准偏差standard potential 标准电位standard series method 标准系列法standard solution 标准溶液standardization 标定starch 淀粉stationary phase 固定相steam bath 蒸气浴stepwise stability constant 逐级稳定常数stoichiometric point 化学计量点structure analysis 结构分析supersaturation 过饱和systematic error 系统误差test solution 试液thermodynamic constant 热力学常数thin layer chromatography (TLC) 薄层色谱titrand 被滴物titrant 滴定剂titration 滴定titration constant 滴定常数titration curve 滴定曲线titration error 滴定误差titration index 滴定指数titration jump 滴定突跃titrimetry 滴定分析trace analysis 痕量分析transition interval 变色间隔transmittance 透射比tri acid 三元酸true value 真值tungsten lamp 钨灯ultratrace analysis 超痕量分析UV-VIS spectrophotometry 紫外-可见分光光度法volatilization 挥发Volhard method 福尔哈德法volumetric flask 容量瓶volumetry 容量分析Wash bottle 洗瓶washings 洗液water bath 水浴weighing bottle 称量瓶weighting form 称量形weights 砝码working curve 工作曲线xylenol orange (XO) 二甲酚橙zero level 零水平异步处理dispatch_async(dispatch_get_glo bal_queue(0, 0), ^{// 处理耗时操作的代码块... [self test1];//通知主线程刷新dispatch_async(dispatch_get_mai n_queue(), ^{//或者说是通知主线程刷新，NSLog(............);});。

化学检测相关中英文对照

TEM: Subject indexAberration 像差chromatic 色差spherical 球差astigmatic像散Absorption coefficient 吸收系数abnormal 反常吸收系数uniform 均匀吸收系数Aperture 光阑objective aperture 物镜光阑selective area aperture 选区光阑condenser lens aperture 聚光镜光阑size 光阑尺寸Astigmatism 像散Anomalous absorption coefficient 反常吸收系数Alignment of electron microscope电子显微镜的对准Antiphase domains反相畴Antiphase domain boundaries 反相畴界Artefacts in specimens 样品中的人为缺陷Atomic scattering amplitude 原子散射振幅Back focal plane 后焦面Beam current density 束流密度Beam direction 电子束方向Bend contours 弯曲条纹Bend center 弯曲中心Bend extinction contours 弯曲消光条纹Bright field 明场Bright field image 明场像Burgers vector determinations柏氏矢量确定Calibration of electron microscope电子显微镜的校准Camera constant 相机常数Camera length 相机长度Cavities 空洞Characteristic images from a perfect crystal完整晶体特征图像thickness fringes 厚度消光条纹bend extinction contours 弯曲消光条纹bend contours 弯曲条纹bend center 弯曲中心Chemical polishing for specimen preparation试样的化学抛光Chromatic abberation色差Coherency of precipitates 沉淀相的共格性Coherency strain contrast 共格应变衬度Column approximation 晶柱近似Condenser lens 聚光镜Constrained strain 约束应变Dark field 暗场Dark-field images 暗场像Defocus 欠焦Deformation of specimen 试样变形Depth of field 景深Depth of focus 焦深Deviation parameter 偏移参量effective value of 有效偏移参量Diffraction contrast 衍射衬度Diffraction function 衍射函数Diffraction mode 衍射模式Diffraction pattern 衍射花样Diffraction theory 衍射理论Direct lattice images直接点阵像Dislocations 位错contrast from 位错衬度density of 位错密度determination of Burgers vector of位错柏氏矢量的确定displacement fields around 围绕位错的位移场nodes 位错结perfect (whole) 完全位错partial 不全位错Displacement fringe contrast from precipitates沉淀相粒子的位移条纹衬度Domain boundaries 畴界Double condenser lens 双聚焦透镜Double diffraction 双衍射Dynamical theory of electron diffraction电子衍射的动力学理论Edwald sphere 厄瓦尔德球Effective value 有效(值)deviation parameter 有效偏移参量extinction distance 有效消光距离Electron beam 电子束transmitted 透射(电子)束diffracted 衍射(电子)束Electron diffraction 电子衍射Electron diffraction patterns 电子衍射花样accuracy of 电子衍射花样的精度calibration of 电子衍射花样的校准effects of crystal shape电子衍射花样的形状效应indexing of 电子衍射花样的标定Kikuchi lines 菊池线花样polycrystalline ring 多晶环状衍射花样single crystal spot 单晶斑点衍射衍射streaks on 电子衍射花样的芒线Electron gun 电子枪Electron microscope 电子显微镜analytical 分析电镜attachments for 电子显微镜的附件high resolution 高分辩电镜magnification of 电子显微镜的放大倍数ray diagrams for 电子显微镜的光路图resolving power of 电子显微镜的分辩力transmission 透射电镜Electron microscopy 电子显微学(术) analytical 分析电子显微学(术) conventional 常规电子显微学high resolution 高分辩电子显微学(术) transmission 透射电子显微学Electron wavelengths 电子波长Electropolishing for specimen preparation电解抛光制备电镜试样Extinction 消光Extinction contours 消光条纹Extinction distance 消光距离Extrinsic插入型的Faults 缺陷Focus distance 焦距Foil thickness 薄膜厚度measurement of 膜厚测量Fringes 条纹displacement 位移条纹magnetic domain wall 磁畴壁条纹moire Moirre条纹precipitates, from 由沉淀相粒子引起的条纹stacking fault 层错条纹thickness 厚度条纹Goniometer stage 测角台Heating stages 加热台High order Laue Zone 高阶劳厄区High resolution electron microscopy 高分辩电镜Identification of precipitates沉淀相鉴别Illumination of specimen 试样照明contamination by 试样照明引起的污染damage by 试样照明引起的破坏Image 图像bright field 明场像dark field 暗场像intermediate 中间像rotation of 像转Image contrast 图像衬度origin of 图像衬度的来源antiphase domains, from 反相畴图像衬度antiphase domain boundaries, from反相畴界图像衬度cavities, from 空洞图像衬度dislocations, from, 位错的衬度dipoles 位错偶极子的衬度double images 位错双线衬度edges 刃型位错衬度general dislocation 一般位错的衬度inclined 倾斜位错的衬度invisibility criteria for 位错不可见位错loops 位错圈的衬度oscillation effects at 位错衬度的振荡效应partial 不全位错的衬度screws 螺型位错的衬度superdislocations 超位错的衬度surface relaxation effects位错衬度的表面松弛效应visibility rules for 位错不可见规律width of images 位错图像宽度partial dislocations 不全位错的衬度Frank Frank位错的衬度Schockley Schockley位错的衬度precipitates,from, 沉淀相粒子的衬度coherency strain field images沉淀相粒子的共格应变场衬度dislocation ring contrast沉淀相粒子的位错圈衬度displacement fringe contrast沉淀相粒子的位移条纹衬度matrix contrast 沉淀相粒子的基体衬度moire fringes 沉淀相粒子的Morrie条纹衬度orientation contrast 沉淀相粒子的取向衬度structure factor contrast沉淀相粒子的结构因子衬度visibility of 沉淀相粒子的可见性stacking faults, from, 层错引起的衬度determination of nature of 层错性质的确定twin boundaries, from 孪晶界的衬度Image force 镜像力Image formation 图像形成(成像) Ab by’s theory of Abby成像理论Image function 像函数Image mode 图像模式Image plane 像平面Image rotation 像转Inclusions 夹杂Indexing of electron patterns 电子衍射花样标定trier and error 尝试校核法known camera constant 已知相机长度standard diffraction patterns 标准衍射谱法computer simulation 计算机标定法ambiguous 不唯一性Inelastic scattering 非弹性散射Interface contrast 界面衬度Intermediate image 中间像Intermediate image plane 中间像平面Intrinsic 抽出型的Ion bombardment technique for specimen preparation 离子束轰击制样法Kikuchi pattern 菊池线花样Kikuchi lines 菊池线Kikuchi maps 菊池线图Kinematical theory of diffraction contrast运动学衍衬理论Lattice image 点阵像two beam 双束点阵(平面)像many beam 多束点阵像structure image 结构像Lattice plane spacing 点阵面间距Laue circle 劳厄园Laue zones 劳厄区high order 高阶劳厄区Line defect 线缺陷Line of no contrast 无衬度线Magnetic lens 电磁透镜aberrations of 电磁透镜的像差focal length of 电磁透镜的焦距pole-piece of 电磁透镜的极靴Many-beam effects 多束效应Measurements of; dislocation density,位错密度测量elastic strain fields of precipitates沉淀相粒子弹性应变场测量foil thickness 膜厚测量precipitate size, 沉淀相粒子尺寸测量stacking fault energy 层错能测量nodes, by 用位错结测量层错能ribbon widths, by 用层错带宽度测量层错能Microanalysis 微区分析Moire patterns Moire花样from precipitates 沉淀相粒子Moire花样mixed 混合Moire条纹parallel 平行Moire条纹rotation 旋转Moire条纹spacing of Moire条纹间距Nodes, extended threefold, 三维扩展位错结stacking fault energy from三维扩展位错结测量层错能Objective wave function 物波函数Objective lens物镜Operating vector 操作矢量Operation reflection 操作反射Orientation determination 取向确定Orientation relationship 取向关系Parallel moire patterns 平行Moire条纹Partial dislocations, contrast from平行位错的衬度determination of Burgers vectors of位错柏氏矢量的确定Frank Frank位错柏氏矢量确定Shockley Shockley位错柏氏矢量确定Particles 粒子Planar defect 面缺陷Point defects in specimen 试样中的点缺陷Pole-piece of magnetic lens 电磁透镜极靴Precipitates 沉淀相粒子contrast from 沉淀相粒子衬度size of 沉淀相粒子尺寸visibility of 沉淀相粒子可见性Precipitation contrast 沉淀相衬度Projective lens投影镜Reciprocal lattice 倒易点阵construction 倒易点阵的构筑definition of 倒易点阵的定义properties of 倒易点阵的性质Replica 复型Resolution 分辩率Ring diffraction patterns 环状衍射花样Rotation moirre patterns 旋转Moirre花样Satellites on electron diffraction patterns衍射花样卫星斑点Scattering amplitude 散射振幅Scattering of electrons 电子散射Second phase particles 第二相粒子Selected area diffraction 选区电子衍射accuracy of 选区电子衍射的精度Shape effect 形状效应Single crystal diffraction patterns单晶电子衍射花样Specimen 试样contamination of 试样污染cooling of 试样冷却deformation of 试样变形heating of 试样加热microanalysis of 试样微区分析orientation of 试样的取向preparation of 试样制备chemical machining 试样加工chemical polishing, by 用化学抛光制备试样ion bombardment, by 离子轰击制备试样electropolishing 电解抛光制备试样jet machining, by, 电解双喷制样法Specimen holder 试样台top enrty 顶插式试样台side entry 侧插式试样台Spherical aberration 球差Spinodal decomposition 拐点分解Stacking faults 层错contrast of 层错的衬度determination of nature of 确定层错的性质energy of 层错能types of 层错类型Sterogram 极图Stereomicroseopy 体视显微术Stigmator 消像散器Strain fields 应变场Streaks on electron diffraction patterns衍射花样的星芒线Structure factor 结构因子contrast from, 结构因子衬度Subsidiary fringe 副条纹Superlattice 超点阵reflections 超点阵反射Theory of diffraction contrast 衍射衬度理论kinematic 运动学衍衬理论dynamic 动力学衍衬理论Two beam approximation 双束近似Uniform absorption coefficient 反常吸收系数Viewing screen 荧光屏Weak beam technique 弱束技术Weak beam dark field image 弱束暗场象Zone 晶带Zone law晶带定理Zone axis 晶带轴Zone axis patterns 晶带轴花样HREMAiry disc Airy园(盘) Amplitude object 振幅物Amplitude contrast 振幅衬度Astigmatism 像散Astigmator 消像散器Axial 轴向照明Axial alignment 合轴调整Chromatic aberration coefficient色差系数Chromatic aberration 色差Chromatic aberration limited resolution色差限制的分辩率Cluster 偏聚区Coherence 相干性Defocus 欠焦Diffraction contrast 衍射衬度Diffraction limit 衍射极限Diffraction limited resolution 衍射限制的分辩率Diffused circle 弥散园Exact focus 准确聚焦Experimental condition 实验条件Exsolution 脱溶Focus 聚焦, 焦距, 焦点Focal length 焦距Frensnel fringes 菲捏尔条纹Grain boundaries晶界small angle 小角度晶界high angle 大角度晶界symmetrical 对称晶界asymmetrical 不对称晶界tilt 倾斜晶界Guinier-Preston zones GP区HREM images高分辩电镜图像interpretation 高分辩电镜图像的解释information available 高分辩电镜图像的信息image analysis of 图像分析computer simulation of 计算机模拟Illumination 照明axial 轴向照明tilted 倾斜照明Illumination semi-angle 照明半角Image analysis 图像分析Imaging mode 图像模式lattice plane 点阵平面像many beam 多束点阵像structure 结构像Image restoration 图像修复Incident wave 入射波Interaction constant 交互作用常数Interplanar spacing 面间距Internal standards 内标Line to line resolution 线分辩率Multi-slice approximation 多片近似Optical diffraction 光学衍射Optimum defocus 最佳欠焦(量) Optimum resolution 最佳分辩率Optimum illumination semi-angle 最佳照明半角Optimum aperture size 最佳光阑尺寸Order/disorder transition 有序/无序转变Orientation 取向Bragg Bragg取向Laue Laue取向Over focus 过焦Phase change 相位变化induced by defocus 欠焦引起的相位变化by spherical aberration 球差引起的相位变化Phase contrast 相位衬度Phase contrast transfer function 相位衬度传递函数Phase grating 相位光栅Phase grating approximation 相位光栅近似Phase object 相位物Phase object approximation 相位物近似Phase shift 相位变化Phase transition 相转变Phase transformation 相变Point source 点源Point to point 点分辩率Projected potential 投影势Propagation function 传递函数Polymorphism 多型性(转变) Resolution 分辩率line to line 线分辩率point to point 点分辩率Resolution limit 分辩率极限Scattered wave 散射波Spherical aberration 球差Spherical aberration coefficient 球差系数(C S) Spherical aberration limited resolution球差限制的分辩率Weak phase approximation 弱相位近似Tilted illumination 倾斜照明Through focus series 聚焦系列Two beam lattice plane imaging双束点阵平面像Two beam lattice fringe imaging双束点阵条纹像AEMAamorphous carbon 非晶碳EELS absolute quantification 用于EELS绝对定量analytical electron microscope 分析电镜alignment 对中calibration for EELS or EDS EELS或EDS定标analytical electron microscopy 分析电子显微学annular dark-field imaging 环状暗场像annular detector 环状探头apertures 光阑2nd condenser lens (C2) 第二聚光镜光阑effect on microanalysis 对微区分析的影响effect on microdiffraction 对微束衍射的影响effect on probe convergence 对探针会聚性的影响objective 物镜光阑selected area (SA) 选区光阑ultra-thick 超厚光阑Auger electrons俄歇electron spectroscopy 俄歇谱Bbackground spectrum 本底(背底)谱in EELS EELS背底谱subtraction in EDS 扣除EDS谱背底subtraction in EELS 扣除EDS谱背底X-rays 扣除X-射线背底(请参见bremsstrahlung 和continuum)backscattered electrons 背散射电子detector 背散射电子探头images 背散射电子像beam 电子束beam damage 电子束损伤beam-sensitive specimens 电子束敏感试样beam-specimen interactions 电子束-试样交互作用beam spreading 电子束扩展beryllium window 铍窗bremsstrahlung X-rays 背底辐射X-射线bright field detector 明场探头bright field image in STEM STEM 明场像brightness of electron source 电子源亮度Ccalibration 校准, 定标cathode ray tube 阴极射线管cathodoluminescence 阴极荧光(辐射)Cliff-Lorimer equation Cliff-Lorimer 公式condenser lens —first (C1) 第一聚光镜condenser lens —second (C2) 第二聚光镜condenser objective lens 聚光镜物镜contamination 污染use to determine thickness 用于厚度测定continuum X-rays 连续(背底)X-射线convergent beam diffraction 会聚束衍射use to determine thickness 用于厚度测定convergent beam diffraction patterns (CBDP)会聚束衍射花样convergent electron probe 会聚电子探针crystal point group (晶体)点群Ddark field detector 暗场探头dark field image in STEM STEM暗场像deconvolution 解谱, EDS或EELS of EDS spectrum, of EELS spectrumdiad symmetry 二次对称diffraction groups 衍射群diffraction maxima 衍射极大值EEDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) 能谱(能量色散谱)EDS defector能谱探头EELS spectrometer 电子能量损失谱仪EELS 电子能量损失谱 (electron energy loss spectrum) zero loss peak 零损失峰 plasmon peak 等离子振荡峰 energy loss peaks 能量损失峰 ionization edge 电离损失峰(边) background subtraction 背底扣除elastic scatter 弹性散射electron detectors 电子探头 collection angle 收集角electron energy loss spectrometer 电子能量损失谱仪electron energy loss spectrometry 电子能量损失谱 energy loss processes 电子能量损失过程 imaging/mapping 电子能量损失成象 ionization losses 电离损失 limitations 极限 plasmon losses 等离子振荡损失 spatial resolution 空间分辨率electron-hole pairs 电子-空位对electron probe 电子探针 brightness 亮度 convergence angle 会聚角 current 电流 diameter 直径energy dispersive spectrometer 能谱仪 (See X-ray energy dispersive 58spectrometer)energy filtered images 能量过滤图像extended absorption fine structure 广延吸收精细结构extraction replica 萃取复型 Ffirst order laue zone (FOLZ) 一阶劳厄区fine structure in ionization edge 电离峰(边)精细结构 post-edge (EXAFS) 峰后(EXAFS) pre-edge 峰前forbidden reflections禁止反射full width half maximum 半高宽Gg vector g 矢量Gaussian 高斯Hhard X-rays 硬X-射线higher order laue zone (HOLZ)高阶劳厄区indexing 标定lines高阶劳厄区线 reflections 高阶劳厄区反射 rings高阶劳厄区环HOLZ lines 高阶劳厄区线Iillumination system 照明系统imaging in STEM STEM 成像image enhancement 图像增强Indexing 标定 HOLZ lines 高阶劳厄区线 HOLZ patterns 高阶劳厄区花样 ZOLZ patterns 零阶劳厄区花样inelastic scatter 非弹性散射(See also electron energy loss) effect on EDS 对EDS 的影响 effect on EELS 对EELS 的影响ionization 电离ionization edges 电离损失峰(边) post-edge fine structure 峰后精细结构 pre-edge fine structure 峰前精细结构KKossel patterns (conditions) Kossel 花样Kossel-Möllenstedt fringes use to determine thickness K-M 条纹9用于确定试样厚度)Kossel-Möllenstedt (K-M) patterns K-M花样Llanthanum hexaboride gun 六硼化镧电子枪lattice parameter determination 点阵常数确定lattice strain 点阵应变effect on HOLZ lines 对高阶劳厄区线的影响lenses 透镜auxiliary 辅助透镜condenser 聚光镜condenser-objective 聚光镜-物镜intermediate 中间镜objective 物镜projector投影镜light element analysis by EDS EDS轻元素分析by EELS EELS轻元素分析limitations to X-ray analysis X-射线分析极限low loss electrons 低能量损失电子Mmicrodiffraction 微束衍射microprobe mode 微区探针模式minimum detectable mass 最小可探测质量minimum mass fraction 最小质量分数Nobjective aperture 物镜光阑objective lens 物镜Ppeak to background ratio 峰/背比in EDS spectrum EDS谱in EELS spectrum EELS谱(See also signal to noise ratio) 参见信/噪比phonon energy loss 声子能量损失plasmon energy losses 等离子振荡能量损失probe convergence angle 探针会聚角Qqualitative analysis 定性分析using EDS EDS定性分析using EE LS EE LS定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析using E DS EDS定量分析using EE LS EE LS定量分析Rradial distribution function 径向分布函数radiation damage 辐射损伤resolution 分辨率of EDS spectrometer EDS谱仪分辨率ot EELS spectrometer EELS谱仪分辨率of STEM image STEM图像分辨率Riecke microdiffraction Riecke法微束衍射Sscanning electron microscope 扫描电镜scanning images 扫描图像scanning transmission electron microscope扫描透射电镜screw axis 螺旋轴second order laue zone (SOLZ) 二阶劳厄区secondary electrons 二次电子detectorsensitivity limits灵敏度极限in EDS EDSin EE LS EE LSspace group 空间群spurious effects 杂散效应signal processing 信号处理signal to noise ratio(See also peak to background ratio) 信/噪比spatial resolution 空间分辨率in EDS EDS in EE LS EE LSin microdiffraction 微束衍射in STEM image STEM图像spurious effects 杂散效应in EDS spectrum EDS谱杂散效应stationary diffraction pattern 稳定衍射花样strain measurements 应变测量symmetry (crystal) (晶体)对称changes 对称变化determination 对称确定systematic absences 系统消光Tterminology of CBDPs 会聚束衍射术语thickness determination 厚度确定transmitted electrons 透射电子triad symmetry 三重(次)对称tungsten hairpin filament 钨灯丝Uultra-thin window 超薄窗ultra-thick condenser apertures 超厚聚光镜光阑Vvalence electron interactions 价电子交互作用wwavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS)波谱仪weak beam imaging 弱束暗场成象x X-ray(s) X-射线Absorption 吸收fluorescence generation 荧光的产生images/maps 像/成份分布ionization cross section 电离截面microanalysis 微区分析X-ray energy dispersive spectrometerX-射线能谱仪Calibration 校准, 定标collection angle 接收角dead layer 死层dead time 死时间efficiency 效率X-ray peak X-射线峰peak fitting in EDS 能谱峰位拟合X-ray spectrum X-射线谱background subtraction 背底扣除deconvolution 解谱digital filtering 数字过滤Yyttrium-aluminum garnet 钇铝石榴石yttrium-aluminum perovskite 钇铝钙钛矿zZ-contrast 原子序数衬度ZAF correction ZAF校正zero loss peak 零损失峰zero order laue zone (ZOLZ) 零阶劳厄区indexing 标定pattern symmetry 对称性zone axis 晶带轴patterns 晶带轴花样symmetry 对称性。

脓毒血症指南-2022年学习资料

Sepsis新定义-Sepsis 2016-·感染+SOFA≥2分，-·相当于既往严重感染；-·严重感染s vere sepsis-·新定义已被sepsis代替-·脓毒性休克Septic shock-·补液无法纠正低血压及Lac拉斯哥评格拉斯哥评分-收缩压100mmHg以下-呼吸频率-13分以分-1 mmHg=0.133 kPa-22次/分以上-以上3项中符合2项，与完全的SOFA评分类似。-可床快速重复评价感染患者是否可能有不良预后
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流行病学-严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克是重症医学面临的重要临床问题，随着人-口的老龄化、肿瘤发病率上升及侵入性医手段的增加，脓毒症的-发病率在不断上升。-每年全球新增数百万脓毒症患者，其中超过1/4的患者死亡。每天新病例有2000例，每小时约有25人死于严重脓毒血症；-脓毒症已成为美国第10位致死原因，每年脓毒症患者花费 140亿-美元。-Martin GS,Mannino DM,Eaton S,et al.The epide iology of sepsis in the United States-from1979 throug 2000.NEJM2003:348:1546-54,-.HCUP Facts and Figures,20 6:Statistics on Hospital-Based Care in the United Sta es.-Rockville MD2008.Available-at:http://www.hcupus.a /reports/factsandfigures/2008/TOC_2008.jsp
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明确或怀疑的感染，加上以下部分指标-一般拍标-发热38.3℃-低体温（体内核心温度<36℃）-心率>90次分或超过年龄校正后正常位的2个标准差以上-呼吸急促-意识改变-2年-SIRS2项+-严重水肿或液体正平衡2 h内>20ml/kg-高血糖血禁>7.7 mmol/Lc140mg/dl,无糖尿病-炎症指标-非特异性损伤起的临床反应-白细胞增多[白细胞计数WBC>12X10L]-满足≥2条标准-白细胞减少WBC<4X10LBC正常但未成熟细胞>10%-体温：T>38C0r<36C-C-反应蛋白超过正常值2倍标准差以上-心率：> 0bpm-血浆降钙素原超过正常值2倍标准差以上-呼吸：>20bpm-血流动力学指标-低血压[收缩压SBP< 0mmHg,MAP<70mmHg,或SBP下降超-白细胞计数：>12,000/mm3或<-过年龄校正后正常的2倍标准差以上】-4,000/mm或幼稚杆状核粒细胞-器官功能障碍指标-动脉低氯血症[氧合指数PaO2/ iO2<300mmHg]-急性少尿（足量液体复苏，但尿量<0.5mlkg超过2小时）-肌哥增加>44.2p o1/L0.5mg/dL-凝血功能异常[国际标准化比值NR>1.5或活化部分凝血活酶时间-宿主对于感-AP T>60 s]-肠梗阻（肠鸣音消失）-血小板减少[血小板计数PLT100×10儿L]-16年-染的反应失胆红素血症[血浆总胆红素>70μnol/L>4mg/dL】-调所引起的-组织难注指标-致命性器官-高乳酸血（血乳酸≥1mmo/L-毛细血管充盈受损或皮肤花斑-功能衰竭

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a r X i v :0804.3480v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 22 A p r 2008Astronomy &Astrophysics manuscript no.hinode˙arxivcESO 2008April 22,2008Intensity oscillations in coronal XBPs fromHinode/XRT observationsR.Kariyappa and B.A.VargheseIndian Institute of Astrophysics,Bangalore 560034,India e-mail:rkari@iiap.res.in Received ......................../Accepted .......................ABSTRACT Aims.Our aim is to investigate the intensity oscillations in coronal X-ray Bright Points (XBPs).Methods.We analysed a 7-hours long time sequence of the soft X-ray images obtained on April 14,2007with 2-min cadence using X-Ray Telescope (XRT)on-board the Hinode mission.We use SSW in IDL to derive the time series of 14XBPs and 2background regions.For the ﬁrst time,we have tried to use power spectrum analysis on XBPs data to determine the periods of intensity oscillations.Results.The power spectra of XBPs show several signiﬁcant peaks at di ﬀerent frequencies cor-responding to a wide variety of time scales which range from a few minutes to hours.The light curves of all the XBPs give the impression that the XBPs can be grouped into three classes de-pending on emission levels:(i)weak XBPs;(ii)bright XBPs;and (iii)very strong XBPs.The periods of intensity oscillation are consistent in all the XBPs and are independent of their bright-ness level,suggesting that the heating mechanisms in all the three groups of XBPs are similar.The di ﬀerent classes of XBPs may be related to the di ﬀerent strengths of the magnetic ﬁeld with which they have been associated.Key words.Sun:corona –Sun:magnetic ﬁelds –Sun:oscillations –Sun:X-rays,gamma-rays –Sun:atmosphere1.IntroductionSolar coronal X-ray bright points (XBPs)have been an enigma since their discovery in late 1960’s (Vaiana et al.1970).XBPs have subsequently been studied in great detail using Skylab and Yohkoh X-ray images (Golub et al.1974;Harvey 1996;Nakakubo &Hara 1999;Longcope et al.2001;Hara &Nakakubo 2003).Their correspondence with small bipolar magnetic regions was discovered by combining ground-based magnetic ﬁeld measurements with simultaneous space-born X-ray imag-ing observations (Krieger et al.1971;Golub et al.1977).The number of XBPs (daily)found on the Sun varies from several hundreds up to a few thousands (Golub et al.1974).Zhang et al.(2001)found a density of 800XBPs for the entire solar surface at any given time.It is known that the ob-served XBP number is anti-correlated with the solar cycle,but this is an observational bias and the number density of XBPs is nearly independent of the 11-yr solar activity cycle (Nakakubo &Hara2R.Kariyappa and B.A.Varghese:Intensity Oscillations in XBPs1999;Sattarov et al.2002;Hara&Nakakubo2003).Golub et al.(1974)found that the diameters of the XBPs are around10-20arc sec and their life times range from2hours to2days(Zhang et al.2001).Studies have indicated the temperatures to be fairly low,T=2×106K,and the electron densities n e=5×109cm−3(Golub&Pasachoﬀ1997),although cooler XBPs exist(Habbal1990). XBPs are also useful as tracers of coronal rotation(Kariyappa2008)and contribute to the Solar X-ray irradiance variability(DeLuca and Saar2008;Kariyappa&DeLuca2008).Assuming that almost all XBPs represent new magneticﬂux emerging at the solar surface,their overall contribu-tion to the solar magneticﬂux would exceed that of the active regions(Golub&Pasachoﬀ1997). Since a statistical interaction of the magneticﬁeld is associated with the production of XBPs,the variation of the XBP number on the Sun will be a measure of the magnetic activity of its origin.Bright points are also observed in the chromosphere using high resolution CaII H and K spec-troheliograms andﬁltergrams.Extensive studies have been conducted to determine their dynamical evolution,the contribution to chromospheric oscillations and heating,and to UV irradiance vari-ability(e.g.Liu1974;Cram and Dam´e1983;Kariyappa et al.1994;Kariyappa1994&1996; Kariyappa&Pap1996;Kariyappa1999;Kariyappa et al.2005).The oscillations of the bright points at the higher chromosphere have been investigated using SOHO/SUMER Lyman series ob-servations(Curdt&Heinzel1998;Kariyappa et al.2001).It is known from these studies that the chromospheric bright points are associated with3-min period in their intensity variations using power spectra analysis.Oscillations have been investigated in XBPs using Yohkoh/SXT(Strong et al.1992)and found intensity variations on time scales of a few minutes to hours.In2002,we(Kariyappa and Watanabe) made an attempt to investigate the intensity oscillations at the sites of XBPs using Yohkoh/SXT ob-servations.We found that there were several and long gaps in the time sequence data and hence it was diﬃcult to derive the power spectra precisely.The studies related to intensity oscillations of the XBPs and their contribution to coronal heating were not well discussed with Yohkoh/SXT observa-tions.The X-ray Telescope on Hinode,XRT,has made such long and continuous high temporal and spatial resolution time sequence observations of XBPs.In addition the angular resolution of XRT is1”,which is almost three times better than that of Yohkoh/SXT instrument.Due to a wide coro-nal temperature coverage achieved with XRT observations,for theﬁrst time the XRT can provide a complete dynamical evolution of the XBPs.The study of the spatial and temporal relationship between the solar coronal XBPs and the photospheric and chromospheric magnetic features is an important issue in physics of the Sun.The Hinode/XRT observations provide an opportunity to investigate and understand more deeply into the dynamical evolution and nature of the XBP than has been possible to date and to determine their connection to the large-scale magnetic features. Such a high resolution observations and investigations would certainly be helpful in understanding the role of oscillations and nature of the waves associated with XBPs to heat the corona.In this paper,we report the analysis of14XBPs and2background coronal regions showing diﬀerent emission levels selected from7-hour time sequence observations of soft X-ray images obtained on April14,2007.We discuss the results of the periods of intensity oscillations associated with XBPs of diﬀerent emission levels.R.Kariyappa and B.A.Varghese:Intensity Oscillations in XBPs3Fig.1.A sample of an image from the time series obtained by Hinode/XRT on April14,2007at 17:05:17UT.Where xbp1,xbp2,...........xbp14are the X-ray bright points and xbp15and xbp16are the background coronal regions selected for the analysis.2.Methods and resultsWe use a7-hour(from17:00UT to24:00UT)time sequence of soft X-ray images obtained on April14,2007from X-Ray Telescope(XRT)on-board the Hinode mission.Images were obtained at time cadence of2min,but with a short data gap around18:00UT.The images have been observed through a single X-ray Tiprep.pro in IDL under SSW tree to calibrate the images and this routine does many corrections such as:(i)removal of cosmic-ray hits and streaks(using the subroutine xrt ro.pro),(ii)calibration of read-out signals,(iii)removal of CCD bias, (iv)calibration for dark current,and(v)normalization of each image for exposure time.On the calibrated images we have put the rectangular boxes covering the selected XBPs and derived the cumulative intensity values of the XBPs by adding up all the pixel intensity values.The light curves of all the XBPs and background regions have been derived.The light curves of the background coronal emission show that theﬂuctuations due to the background coronal emission is very small compared to the intensity variations at the sites of XBPs.However,we assumed that the background4R.Kariyappa and B.A.Varghese:Intensity Oscillations in XBPsFig.2.Time series of XBPs and background coronal region(xbp2,xbp3,xbp4,xbp5,xbp12& xbp15as shown in Fig.1)of April14,2007,where(a)xbp3&(b)xbp4:Class I;(c)xbp2&(d) xbp5:Class II and(e)xbp12:Class III and(f)xbp15:background coronal region.coronal emission is more or less constant and subtracted the intensity values of XBPs,point-by-point,from the background coronal intensity values(xbp15and xbp16)in all the images.The light curves of5XBPs(xbp2,xbp3,xbp4,xbp5,&xbp12)and one background coronal region(xbp15)are shown in Fig.2for comparitive study among the selected XBPs.The intensity oscillation is seen in all the light curves of the XBPs.There is a short data gap in all the time series around18:00UT due to lack of observations.The light curve of xbp3is shown in Fig.2(a) which indicates a steady increase in brightness with intensity oscillation.While Fig.2(b)shows the brightness variation of xbp4and it is similar to xbp3in the intensity variations.Figure2(c) illustrates the light curve of xbp2exhibiting oscillation with a strong intensity enhancement in the time period from18:30UT to20:30UT.The light curve of xbp5is shown in Fig.2(d)and shows the intensity oscillations similar to other XBPs but with a strong intensity enhancement at two locations between18:00-19:00UT and21:00-22:00UT.Similarly the light curve of xbp12is presented in Fig.2(e)and the intensity oscillations are clearly seen.The light curve of the background coronal region,xbp15,is also shown in Fig.2(f)which does not show much intensityﬂuctuations compared to XBPs,except for sharp intensity brightenings about every80-100mins.In order to determine the periods of intensity oscillations,we have done a power spectrum analysis of all the XBPs and coronal background regions.The power spectra of5XBPs and one background coronal region are shown in Fig.3.Figure3(a)shows the power spectrum of xbp3 with three signiﬁcant peaks at the beginning from low frequency values which correspond to the periods of139min,37min&24min.Figure3(b)illustrates the power spectrum taken for the time series of xbp4indicating many signiﬁcant peaks at various frequency values which correspond to the periods of111min,37min,23min,17min etc.The power spectrum of xbp2is shown inR.Kariyappa and B.A.Varghese:Intensity Oscillations in XBPs5 Table1.Classiﬁcation of XBPsXBPs Class XBPs XBPs mean brightness XBPs brightness/Background brightness Mean Ratio(DN/s)(where background brightness=4440DN/s)Fig.3(c)and represents two prominent peaks corresponding to the periods of69min and28min. The power spectrum of xbp5is demonstrated in Fig.3(d)representing several periods of oscillation, namely133min,33min and13min.Similarly,in Fig.3(e)the power spectrum of xbp12is plotted which shows a variety of periods of133min,33min,17min and9min.The power spectrum of one of the background regions(xbp15)is also shown in Fig.3(f)and has several prominent peaks corresponding to the periods of intensity oscillation as81min,31min,19min,and8min.The power spectra of all the XBPs reveal a wide variety of time scales right from a few minutes to hours and some periods of oscillation are similar.3.Discussions and conclusionsThe XRT data shows that XBPs tend to produce small and large time scaleﬂuctuations in their intensity and some periods of intensity oscillation are similar in all the XBPs.The periods observed with XRT data ranges from a few minutes to hours and theseﬁndings will have good agreement with the results of Strong et al.(1992)derived from the analysis of full-disk images obtained by Yohkoh/SXT experiment.Although atﬁrst sight the light curves of14XBPs seem to be amazingly diverse in their pattern during evolution,weﬁnd that they can broadly be grouped into three classes depending on their emission level.The Class I XBPs show a very large intensity enhancement,whereas the Class II XBPs show moderate brightness enhancement and the Class III XBPs show only a marginal intensity enhancement during their dynamical evolution.We have calculated the mean intensity of XBPs from their time series belong to Class I,Class II and Class III and the background coronal regions and tabulated in Table1.We determined the mean intensity ratio between the diﬀerent classes of XBPs and the background coronal emission and the ratios have been listed in Table1. The mean background intensity value of xbp15and xbp16derived over the time sequence is4440 DN/s.It is seen from the light curves(Fig.2)and Table1that the XBPs will fall into3classes depending on the brightness level during their dynamical evolution.Class I XBPs are almost426R.Kariyappa and B.A.Varghese:Intensity Oscillations in XBPsFig.3.Power spectra derived for the time series of XBPs and background coronal region(xbp2, xbp3,xbp4,xbp5,xbp12&xbp15:background as shown in Fig.2)of April14,2007,where(a) xbp3&(b)xbp4:Class I;(c)xbp2&(d)xbp5:Class II and(e)xbp12:Class III and(f)xbp15: background coronal region.times brighter than the background coronal emission,whereas the Class II and III XBPs are13and 7times brighter than background coronal emission respectively.We conclude that the analysis of long time series observational data of the XBPs is thus promis-ing and future work will tell more about the dynamical nature and the physical properties of diﬀer-ent oscillations and waves associated with the XBPs.Since the periods of intensity oscillation in all the three cases of XBPs seem to be similar and this can be taken as an evidence that heating mech-anisms in all the three cases of XBPs are similar.XBPs exhibit a wide variety of time scales ranges from a few minutes to hours in their intensity variations and the periods are almost similar in all the cases of XBPs and thus seems to be independent of the diﬀerences in the brightness enhancement. The XBPs are the sites where intense brightness enhancement is seen,and the brightness oscillates with diﬀerent periods.It suggests that the regions of intense vertical magneticﬁeld strength coin-cide with regions that are bright indicating non-radiative heating,irrespective of the sizes of these structures.A comparison study between the XBPs and underlying photospheric magnetic features has suggested that the horizontal component of the magneticﬁeld may be playing an important role in driving the brightening of an XBP(Kotoku et al.2007).Therefore the possible reason for the existence of diﬀerent classes of XBPs with similar periods among all the XBPs may be related to the diﬀerent strengths of the magneticﬁeld with which they have been associated.Acknowledgements.Hinode is a Japanese mission developed and launched by ISAS/JAXA,collaborating with NAOJ as a domestic partner,NASA and STFC(UK)as international partners.Scientiﬁc operation of the Hinode mission is conductedR.Kariyappa and B.A.Varghese:Intensity Oscillations in XBPs7by the Hinode science team organized at ISAS/JAXA.This team mainly consists of scientists from institutes in the partner countries.Support for the post-launch operation is provided by JAXA and NAOJ(Japan),STFC(U.K.),NASA(U.S.A.), ESA,and NSC(Norway).One of us(RK)wishes to thank Tetsuya Watanabe for discussion on several occasions on the topic of XBPs and for his valuable information at the beginning in using the Hinode data.Many thanks to Katharine Reeves who clariﬁed and helped in solving many problems to access to the XRT images and in their analysis.In addition she had taken pain to read through the draft manuscript and given valuable suggestions.RK wish to express sincere thanks to Ed DeLuca for his valuable suggestions and discussion on the XRT observations.The authors are grateful to the unknown referee and to Hardi Peter (Editor,A&A)for many useful comments,suggestions,and constructive remarks which helped considerably in improving the manuscript.ReferencesCram,L.E.,&Dam´e,L.1983,ApJ,272,355Curdt,W.,&Heinzel,P.1998,ApJ,503,L95DeLuca,E.E.&Saar,S.H.2008,in preparationGolub,L.,Krieger,A.S.,Silk,J.K.,Timothy,A.F.,&Vaiana,G.S.1974,ApJL,189,L93Golub,L.,Krieger,A.S.,Harvey,J.W.,&Vaiana,G.S.1977,Sol.Phys.,53,311Golub,l.,&Pasachoﬀ,J.M.1997,The Solar Corona,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom. 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