语言学选择题300-2016

Linguistics 300 (2016)Multiple Choices:1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a system.B. Language is symbolic.C. Animals also have languages.D. Language is arbitrary.2. Which of the following choices is NOT a constituent?A. I like the song.B. IC. songD. like3. Of the following sound combinations, only is __________ permissible.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk4. The relation between the determiner “this" a nd the noun “man" in the phrase “this man”is __________.A. government B .concord C. binding D. paradigmatic5. The sentence that has an NP and a VP is mostly shown in a ______formula “S→NP+VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. vertical6. “Big” and “small” are a pair of ______ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. CompleteD. converse7. Which of the following phrases is exocentric?A. women and menB. on the tableC. a clever boyD. an ugly man8. Arbitrariness of language was first discussed by _________.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. FirthD. Saussure9. Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat/batB. put/butC. jig/pigD. sit/bit10. Which function is the major role of language?A. Informative.B. Interpersonal.C. phonesD. signs.11.If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are ______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs12. Which branch of study CANNOT be included in the scope of linguistics?A. Syntax.B. Pragmatics.C. Phonetics.D. Anthropology.13. Atom is a word of _____ origin.A. LatinB. GreekC. ArabicD. Spanish14. The distinction of language and parole is made by _________.A. HallidayB. SapirC. ChomskyD. Saussure15. ______ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds16. _______ is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreter.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics17. _______ is the defining properties of units like nouns (number, gender, case, etc.) and verbs (tense, aspect, voice, etc.).A. Parts of speechB. Word classesC. CategoriesD. Functions of words18. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are ________.A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. allophones19. The _______function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone orsomething.A. performativeB. phaticC. recreationalD. emotive20. The term ______ may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronic linguisticsB. comparative linguisticsC. diachronic linguisticsD. anthropological linguistics21. _____ examines how meaning is encoded in a language.A. SemanticsB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Morphology22. Saussure distinguishes the linguistics competence of the speaker as _______.A. paroleB. languageC. systemD. langue23. This fundamental distinction between competence and performance is discussed by _____.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Austin24. An affix can be added to certain type of _____ to form a new word.A. infixB. affixC. stemD. word25. In a sentence, which of the following is usually NOT stressed?A. Nouns.B. Verbs.C. Prepositions.D. Adjectives.26. The maxim of ____ requires that a participants‟ contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relation27. The relationship between “mea t” and “meet” is ______.A. synonymyB. antonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy28. That there is no direct link between language and the real world is the view of ___ concerningthe study of meaning.A. namingB. conceptualistC.contextualistD. behaviourist29. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.30. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouth.B. In the nasal cavity.C. Above the tongue.D. Inside the larynx.31. which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a means of verbal communication.B. Language is some arbitrary symbols.C. The language system is unique to human being.D. Language is yet to be understood.32. _____ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Syntax33. _____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression andcontent.A. RootB. AllomorphC. MorphemeD. Word34. A speaker‟s actual utterance in Chomsky‟s terminology is called ________.A. deep structureB. linguistics universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure35. A word with several meaning is called a(an) ______ word.A. polysemousB. synonymousC. abnormalD. multiple36. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communicationis ______.A. general linguisticsB. phonologyC. semanticsD. morphology37. Leech divided meaning into _____ types.A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 738. English has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languageEXCEPT _____.A. FrenchB. KoreanC. LatinD. Greek39. Distinctive features are used to describe _____.A. phonesB. phonologyC. allophonesD. phonemes40. The English word “untouchable” is composed of _______ morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five41. The process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several wordstogether is called _____.A. compoundingB. clippingC. acronymD. blending42. “The Adam‟s Apple” is _____.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx43. The founder of modern linguistics is ______.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD. Saussure44. Modern linguistics focused on the present day language, and it will be possible todescribe language from a _____ perspective.A. sociologicalB. synchronicC. diachronicD. psychological45. The four major modes of semantic change are ____.A. extension, narrowing, meaning shift and class shiftB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation46. In the production of consonants at least ______ articulators are involved.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four47. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ____.A. the internal structureB. morphemeC. the rules by which words are formedD. word48. The relation between “food” and “bread” is called ____.A. synonymyB. polysemyC. homonymyD. hyponymy49. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are ____.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely open50. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. Pencil-box.B. Unreasonable.C. Deadline.D. Upstairs.51. ______ involve more than one manner of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals52. Which is NOT true for the vowel [ i ]?A. High.B. UnroundedC. Mid.D. Front.53. The sentence “I apologi z e!” belongs to the category of _____ according to the speech acttheory.A. expressiveB. performative C .representative D. consultative54. General linguistics is the scientific study of ______.A. language of a certain individualB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language55. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ______.A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamsC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips56. _____ studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhonemeD. Phonics57. _____ sounds are produced with the back of the tongue and the soft palate.A. VelarB. PalatalC. GlottalD. Alveolar58. _____ is concerned with the study of the actual use of language in communication.A. SociolinguisticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Synchronic linguistics59. Where is the p rimary stress of the word “phonology”?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy60. _____ refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Elocutionary actD. Speech act61. Which of the following words is built by abbreviation?A. Smog.B. Fridge.C. Motel.D. Edit.62. Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with whathe calls a LAD. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative district.B. Language acquisition district.C. Language associative device.D. Language acquisition device.63. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as _____.A. + animate, + human, + male, +adultB. +animate, + human, +male,+adultC. + animate, + human, - male, - adultD. + animate, + human, - male, +adult64. A (n) _____ is the smallest unit of sound in a language, which can distinguish two words.A. morphemeB. soundC. phonemeD. allophone65. Productivity is one of the ____ features of languages.A. distinctiveB. designC. suprasegmentalD. pragmatic66. What is the common feature of the three sounds: /b/, /p/, /m/?A. V oiceless.B. V oiced.C. Nasal.D. Bilabial.67. Which of the following items is NOT one of the grammatical categories of Englishpronouns?A. Gender.B. Number.C. Case.D. V oice.68. In the word “internationalism”, the root is _____.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism69. “V oiced fricatives → voiceless / -------- voiceless” is a ______.A. phonological ruleB. syntactic ruleC. phrase structure ruleD. functional rule70. The word “pen” originally meant “feather used for writing with ink”. Now it refers to anydevice used for writing with ink. This is an example of _____.A. degradation of meaningB. broadening of meaningC. narrowing of meaningD. elevation of meaning.71. The word “smog” is formed through _____.A. backformationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation72. In general, language acquisition refers to children‟s development of their ______language.A. firstB. secondC. dialectalD. individual73. Which of the following statement is NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruents.74. All syllables have a(n) ______.A. codaB. onsetC. nucleusD. consonant75. Lkaps is not a possible word form in English due to ____.A. sonority scaleB. phonological ruleC. syntactic ruleD. morphological rule76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Chomsky‟s TG Grammar?A. Innateness.B. Deductive methodology.C. Emphasis on interpretation.D. Emphasis on stimulus-response-reinforcement.77. “Judo” is of ______ origin.A. ScottishB. KoreanC. JapaneseD. Chinese78. Which of the following is the major cause of invention of new lexical items?A. The rapid development of science and technology.B. The way of language teaching.C. The way of children‟s language acquisition.D. Economic activities.79. In Chomsky‟s TG Grammar, which theory focuses discussion on government andbinding?A. The Classic Theory.B. The Standard Theory.C. The Extended Standard Theory.D. The Revised Extended Standard Theory.80. When the suffix ____ is added to a verb, it changes this verb into an adjective.A. -lessB. –nessC. fullyD. –er81. The function of the sentence “Lovely weather, isn‟t it?” is ______.A. informativeB. phaticC. performativeD. recreational82. Pragmatics differs from semantics in that the notion of _____ was taken intoconsideration.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content83. Which of the following criteria CANNOT be used to classify vowels?A. The part of the tongue that is held highest.B. The openness of the mouth.C. The vibration of the vocal cords.D. The shape of the lips.84. There are _____ maxims under the cooperative principle.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 585. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of _____ elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 586. “Buy” and “sell” form a pair of _____ antonyms.A. converseB. gradableC. complementaryD. marked87. If a phoneme is substituted for another in a word and the substitution result in a changeof the world meaning, the two phonemes are said to be _____.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. distinctive phonemesD. distinctive features88. ____ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of themeaning of each constituent word.A. CollocationB. IdiomC. Semantic componentD. Synonym89. The well-known formula: S → r … s →R was put forward by ______.A. BloomfieldB. FirthC. HockettD. Harris90. ____ is a pair of complementary antonyms.A. Wild and tameB. Nimble and lameC. Cold and warmD. Alive and dead91. Firth‟s second important contribution to linguistics is his method of prosodic analysis,called ______.A. prosodic phonologyB. feature geometryC. optimality phonologyD. suprasegmental phonology92. Which of the following is NOT a suprasegmental feature?A. Syllable.B. StressC. Tone.D. V oicelessness.93. The s in drums is a(n) ______.A. morphemeB. stemC. rootD. inflectional affix94. The word bodyguard is a _____.A. compound wordB. complex wordC. derivational wordD. free morpheme95. In English, the gender distinctions are _______.A. not related to real world entitiesB. on the whole naturalC. divided into feminine, masculine and neuterD. divided into feminine and masculine96. Halliday‟s Systemic-Functional Grammar takes ____ as the object of study.A. actual use of languageB. ideal speaker‟s linguistic competenceC. children‟s languageD. adult‟s language97. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. /b/B. /m/C. /p/D. /f/98. _____ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots99. Which of the following words is a derivational one?A. Blackboard.B. Sings.C. Astonishment.D. Boys.100. John Austin proposed ____ in the late 1950s.A. Speech Act PrincipleB. 7 types of meaning.C. Cooperative PrincipeD. Predication Analysis101. WTO, short for World Trade Organization, is _____.A. an abbreviationB. an acronymC. a word which is formed by blendingD. a word which is formed by backformation102. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology and specifically of the branch of psychology known as _____.A. behaviorismB. structuralismC. competenceD. performance103. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. /w/B. /m/C. /b/D. /p/104. ____ is NOT a grammatical category of English verbs.A. TenseB. AspectC. NumberD. Gender105. All words contain a ______.A. rootB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix106. Of the following word formation processes, _____ is the most productive.A. clippingB. blendingC. initialismD. derivation107. _______ practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and its most import contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of function.A. The London SchoolB. American structuralismC. The Prague SchoolD. The TG Grammar108. _____ is NOT included in Leech‟s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning109. _____ deals with the relation between the linguistic element and nonlinguistic world of experience.A. SenseB. ReferenceC. SymbolD. Thought110. Luggage and baggage are _______ synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. semantically differentD. collocational111. The maxim of quality requires: do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. indirectD. insufficient112. Knight originally meant youth, but now it means a medieval gentleman soldier. This is a case of meaning ______.A. broadeningB. narrowingC. meaning shiftD. class shift113. Expression like “Tom” or “He” can both be fi lled in the blank of the sentence “_______ is smiling.” So Tom and He have ______ relation.A. syntagmaticB. paradigmaticC. systematicD. governing114. Foolish which comes from “fool + ish” is a(n) ______ word.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. compoundD. complex115. The Prague School is best known for its contribution to _____.A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. morphologyD. phonology116. Which of the following is NOT the function of language?A. Metalingual function.B. Interpersonal function.C. Emotive function.D. Cultural transmission.117. “We can do things with words” is the main idea of _____.A. the speech act theoryB. the cooperative principlesC. the polite principlesD. pragmatics118. Motel is a(n) _____.A. abbreviationB. coinageC. blendingD. acronym119. ______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. “Fair” (adj.) and “fair” (n.)B. “Flea” and “flee”C. “Lead”(v.) and “lead”(n.)D. “Compliment” and “complement”120. The classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance mainly illustrates the view of ____.A. conceptualismB. contextualismC. behaviorismD. structuralism121. We can refer to Confucius, even though he has been dead for over 2,500 years. This feature of language is called ______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacement122. Which function of language is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar?A. Informative function.B. Interpersonal function.C. Emotive function.D. Recreational function.123. ____ investigates the interrelation of language and mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Anthropological linguisticsD. Computational linguistics124. Morphology is concerned with _____.A. the meaning of wordsB. the pronunciation of wordsC. the internal organization of wordsD. the combination of words into sentences125. The sentence “You should never use cliché in writing” is ______.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. obligatoryD. narrative126. If a study focuses on Shakespearean language, it is _____ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. systematicD. pragmatic127. ____ is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Acoustic phoneticsD. Phonology128. /l/ is the only _____ in English.A. fricativeB. affricativeC. nasalD. lateral129. /f, v/ are both labiodentals and _____.A. nasalsB. fricativesC. affricativesD. alveolar130. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian _______.A. Otto JespersenB. Daniel JonesC. A. J. ElliesD. A.M.Bell131. The Sound Patterns of English (SPE 1968) mainly deals with ________.A. multi-level phonologyB. non-linear phonologyC. suprasegmental phonologyD. linear approach of phonology132. In Chinese Putonghua, only _____ occur after the vowel.A. nasalsB. stopsC. lateralsD. vowels133. A compound is composed of _____.A. a root and an affixB. a stem and an affixC. a root and a free morphemeD. tow free morphemes134. The word hamburger is of ______ origin.A. AmericanB. ItalianC. GermanD. French135. The phrases “the three small Chinese children" is ____ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. hierarchicalD. Linear136. The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from ______.A. functionB. contextC. instinctD. observation137. If one word has more than one meaning, then we call it _______.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymy138. The words “male” or “female” are _____ antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. converseD. complete139. The words “amaze” and “astound” are very close in meaning, they are ______ synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. semantically differentD. collocational140. Which pair is emotive synonymy?A. Dad and father.B. Flat and apartment.C. Mean and frugal.D. Charge and accuse.141. The words “rain” and “reign” are _____.A. homographsB. complete homonymsC. homophonesD. allophones142. B.L. Whorf was the student of ______.A. BloomfieldB. FirthC. HallidayD. Sapir143. Which of the following function is NOT the function put forward by Halliday?A. The Ideational Function.B. The Interpersonal Function.C. Generative Function.D. The Textual Function.144. Which of the following is NOT Saussure‟s field of study?A. Linguistics.B. Sociology.C. Psychology.D. Anthropology.145. Grice introduced four categories of maxims, which one means we should be clear in our meaning?A. Quantity Maxim.B. Manner Maxim.C. Quality Maxim.D. Relation Maxim.146. The Q-principle is ______.A. hearer-basedB. speaker-basedC. both the hearer and the speaker basedD. context-based147. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of ______.A. word functionB. word meaningC. word formationD. word system148. The notion of Functional Sentence Perspective is used to describe ______.A. how information is distributed in sentencesB. how sentences are formedC. the function of sentencesD. the relation between language and its users149. “ Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain and America, but ref er to the same thing. The words are _____ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic150. _____ is the major concern of semantics.A. MeaningB. WordsC. Sentence structuresD. Phrase structure rules151. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of_____.A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context152. The words"kid,child,offspring" are examples of__.A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms153. The distinction between parole and langue was made by_____.A. HalliayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure154. Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morpheme?A.un lockB. govern mentC. go esD. off-stage155. ____is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A. onomatopoeiaB. collocationC. denotationD. assimilation156. The sentence "Close your book and listen to me carefully!" performs a(n)___ function.A. interrogativeB. informativeC. performativeD. directive157. In English if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. This is a(n)___.A. sequential ruleB. grammar ruleC. deletion ruleD. assimilation rule158. Which of the following is an example of clipping?A. APECB. motelC. DiscoD. Xerox159. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situationis called___.A. varietyB. dialectC. slangD. register160. ___is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. Cognitive linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics161. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of ____.A. absence of obstructionB. presence of obstructionC. manner of articulationD. place of articulation162. The definition "the act of using, or promoting the use of, several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers" refers to ___.A. pidginB. creoleC. multilingualismD. bilingualism163. ___refers to the learning and development of language.A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instruction164. The word "motel" comes from "motor + hotel". This is an example of ___ in morphology.A. backformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym165. Language is a tool of communication. The symbol "Highway Closed" on a highway serves ___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function166. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is ___.A. corpus linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. theoretical linguisticsD.psycholinguistics167. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called ___.A. dialectB. idiolectC. pidginD. register168. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing___.A. an illocutionary actB. a perlocutionary actC. a locutionary actD. none of the above169. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. arbitrarinessB. displacementC. dualityD. diachoronicity170. What type of sentence is "Mark like fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry"?A. a simple sentenceB. a coordinate sentenceC. a complex sentenceD. none of the above171. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form called ___.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy172. ___refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Sociolinguistics173. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT___.A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic174. The word tail once referred to "the tail of a horse", but now it is used to mean "the tail of any animal". This is an example of ___.A. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning175. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of ___.A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymD. context176. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of ___.A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms177. The distinction between parole and langue was made by___.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure178. Syntax is the study of ___.A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation179. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. arbitrarinessB. productivityC. cultural transmissionD. finiteness180. The speech act theory was first put forward by ___.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Noam ChomskyD. M.A.K. Halliday181. Which of the following statements about language is NOT True?A. Language is a system.B. Language is symbolic.C. Animals also have languages.D. Language is arbitrary.182. A word is a symbol that _____________.A. is used by the same speech communityB. represents something else in the worldC. is both simple and complex in natureD. shows different ideas in different sounds183. Of the following sound combinations, only_______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk184. American English began with _________.A. Old EnglishB. Victorian EnglishC. Middle EnglishD. Elizabethan English185.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a ___________ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. vertical186. “Big” and “small” are a pair of ____________ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. converse187. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _____________ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence188.Which of the following is NOT a factor tha may influence second language acquisition ?A. Age.B. wordC. Motivation.D. Personality.189. Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair?。