自动化英文论文参考文献范例
自动化英文论文参考文献
一、自动化英文论文期刊参考文献
[1].网络办公自动化系统构架设计综述.
《中小企业管理与科技》.2009年12期.韩小强.
[2].试论办公自动化的发展趋势.
《产业与科技论坛》.2011年2期.张娟.
[3].办公自动化系统在实际操作中的利弊之我见.
《科技创新与应用》.2015年24期.吴胜斌.
[4].《自动化学报》第39卷第10期（2013年10月）17篇论文的英文关键词共有6个Ei主题词.
《西北工业大学学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2013年6期.胡沛泉.
[5].基于OCR与词形状编码的英文扫描文档检索.
《模式识别与人工智能》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2009年3期.夏勇.戴汝为.肖柏华.王春恒.
[8].Word文档中通过CrossRef自动查询与整合英文参考文献DOI的实践. 《中国科技期刊研究》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2013年2期.王玥.毛善锋.刘谦.
[9].《自动化学报》征稿简则.
《自动化学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2001年1期.
[10].联机手写英文识别.
《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2006年1期.邹明福.钮兴昱.刘昌平.白洪亮.
二、自动化英文论文参考文献学位论文类
[1].非母语英文字母识别、汉语数字识别及其应用系统研究.
作者：李腾.模式识别与智能系统中国科学院自动化研究所2004（学位年度）
[2].英文地址图像识别与翻译研究.被引次数：1
作者：屠晓.计算机应用技术华东师范大学2011（学位年度）
[3].基于HMM的脱机自由手写英文单词识别系统.
作者：梁佳玉.模式识别与智能系统中国科学院自动化研究所2004（学位年度）
[4].特征选择方法对英文作文自动评分性能影响的研究.被引次数：4
作者：崔爱国.计算机技术苏州大学2009（学位年度）
[5].翻译项目实践报告——从“核电站竞标项目书”翻译看工程类标书的英汉翻译.
作者：朱奕超.英语笔译东华大学2013（学位年度）
[6].孟加拉信封图像的语言辨别和邮政编码定位.
作者：周丽君.计算机应用技术华东师范大学2006（学位年度）
[7]中英文混合语音合成系统.
作者：张毅.模式识别与智能系统中国科学院自动化研究所2009（学位年度）
[8]借助网络信息的汉英实体翻译技术研究.被引次数：1
作者：杨帆.计算机应用技术中国科学院自动化研究所2009（学位年度）
[9].广播电视地球站自动化监控系统的研究.
作者：张向明.电子与通信工程山东大学2007（学位年度）
[10].基于图像识别和地址翻译的国际信函批译系统.被引次数：2
作者：王霞玲.计算机应用技术华东师范大学2009（学位年度）
三、自动化英文论文专著参考文献
[1]脱机自由手写英文单词的识别.
梁佳玉.黄磊.刘迎建，2003中科院自动化研究所自动化与信息技术发展战略研讨会暨2003年学术年会
[2]联机手写英文单词识别系统.
邹明福.钮兴昱.刘昌平.童剑军，2005中国自动化与信息技术研讨会暨2004年学术年会
[3]英文教材材“电路基础(第2版)”与中文教材材“电路(第5版)”的比较研究.
罗先觉，2010第七届全国高等学校电气工程及其自动化专业教学改革研讨会
[4]词表限制下的非母语连续英文字母串识别系统.
李腾.李成荣.李鹏，2003第七届全国人机语音通讯学术会议
[5]英文教材《电路基础(第2版)》介绍与评述.
罗先觉.王仲奕.王曙鸿.陈斌.闰瑞萍.苏婉莹，2008第五届全国高校电气工程及其自动化专业教学改革研讨会
[6]人工智能课程全英文教学改革.
谢榕.刘琼.卢冰，20132013年全国智能科学与技术教育暨教学学术研讨会
[7]机械工程及自动化专业机械工程导论课程建设.
杨培林.庞宣明.陈晓南.曹秉刚，2006第八届全国机械设计教学研讨会议暨见习机械师设计工程师工作会议
[8]用于英文字母识别的三种人工神经网络的设计.
丛爽.陆婷婷，2006第四届全国信息获取与处理学术会议
[9]《高电压技术》双语教学的探讨.
刘刚.张尧，2007第四届全国高等学校电气工程及其自动化专业教学改革研讨会
[10]一种基于骨架特征和神经网络的手写体字符识别技术.
蔡自兴.成浩，2001中国自动化学会中南六省(区)第十九届自动化学术年会。
自动化专业专业英语作文
自动化专业专业英语作文Title: The Role of Automation in Modern Industry。
In recent years, automation has become an integral part of various industries, revolutionizing the way tasks are performed and enhancing efficiency and productivity. This essay delves into the significance of automation in modern industry, exploring its benefits, challenges, and future implications.Firstly, automation has significantly improved efficiency in industrial processes. By replacing manual labor with automated systems, tasks can be completed at a faster pace and with greater precision. This not only reduces production time but also minimizes the margin for error, leading to higher-quality outputs. For example, in manufacturing plants, robotic arms can assemble products with unparalleled speed and accuracy, resulting in increased output and reduced costs.Moreover, automation plays a crucial role in ensuring workplace safety. By delegating hazardous or repetitive tasks to machines, the risk of accidents and injuries to human workers is significantly reduced. For instance, in environments with extreme temperatures or exposure to toxic substances, automated systems can operate seamlessly without endangering human health. This not only protects workers but also minimizes liability for employers and enhances overall operational stability.Furthermore, automation facilitates data-driven decision-making through the integration of advanced sensors and analytics technologies. By collecting and analyzingreal-time data, automated systems can identify inefficiencies, predict maintenance needs, and optimize resource allocation. For instance, in smart factories, sensors embedded in machinery can monitor performance metrics such as temperature, pressure, and energy consumption, allowing managers to make informed decisions to improve operational efficiency and reduce downtime.However, despite its numerous benefits, automation alsopresents certain challenges. One such challenge is the potential displacement of human workers. As more tasks become automated, there is a concern that traditional jobs may become obsolete, leading to unemployment and economic disparity. To address this challenge, it is essential to invest in retraining programs and education initiatives to equip workers with the skills needed to thrive in an automated workforce.Additionally, there are concerns regarding the ethical implications of automation, particularly regarding privacy and job security. As automated systems collect vast amounts of data, there is a risk of privacy breaches and misuse of personal information. Similarly, the widespread adoption of automation raises questions about job security and the rights of workers. It is imperative for policymakers and industry stakeholders to establish clear regulations and guidelines to ensure that automation is implemented ethically and responsibly.Looking ahead, the future of automation holds immense potential for innovation and growth. As technologies suchas artificial intelligence and machine learning continue to advance, the capabilities of automated systems will only expand. From autonomous vehicles to smart cities, automation will revolutionize not only industrial processes but also the way we live and work. However, it is essential to approach automation with caution and foresight, addressing challenges such as job displacement and ethical concerns to ensure that its benefits are equitably distributed across society.In conclusion, automation is a transformative forcethat is reshaping modern industry in profound ways. From enhancing efficiency and productivity to improving workplace safety and enabling data-driven decision-making, the benefits of automation are undeniable. However, it is essential to address the challenges it presents, such as job displacement and ethical considerations, to ensure that automation serves the best interests of society as a whole. By embracing automation responsibly and thoughtfully, we can unlock its full potential to drive innovation, growth, and progress.。
生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献外文资料：Production AutomationCharles L. Philips, Royce D. Harbor. FeedbackControl Systems. Prentic Hall, Inc..2000Abstract:Automation is a widely used term in manufacturing. In this context, automation can be defined as a technology concerned with the application of mechanical, electronic, and computer-based systems to operate and control production. Examples of this techno logy include:• Automatic machine tools to process parts.• Automated transfer lines and similar sequential production systems.• Automatic assembly machines.• Industrial robots.• Automatic material handling and storagesystems.• Automated inspection systems for qualitycontrol.• Feedback control and computer process control.• Computer systems that automate procedures for planning, data collection, and decision making to support manufacturing activities.Keywords: Automation manufacturing mechanical computerAutomated production systems can be classified into two basic categories: fixed automation and programmable automation.Fixed AutomationFixed automation is what Harder was referring to when he coined the word automation. Fixed automation refers to production systems in which the sequence of processing or assembly operations is fixed by the equipment configuration and cannot be readily changed without altering the equipment. Although each operation in the sequence is usually simple, the integration and coordination of many simple operations into a single system makes fixed automation complex. Typical features of fixed automation include 1. high initial investment for custom-engineered equipment, 2. high production rates, 3. application to products in which high quantities are to be produced, and 4. relative inflexibility in accommodating product changes.Fixed automation is economically justifiable for products with high demand rates. The high initial investment in the equipment can be divided over a large number of units, perhaps millions, thus making the unit cost low compared with alternative methods of production. Examples of fixed automation include transfer lines for machining, dial indexing machines, and automated assembly machines. Much of the technology in fixed automation was developed in the automobile industry; the transfer line (dating to about (1920) is an example.Programmable AutomationFor programmable automation, the equipment is designed in such a way that the sequence of production operations is controlled by a program, i. e., a set of coded instructions that can be read and interpreted by the system. Thus the operation sequence can be readily changed to permit different product configurations to be produced on the same equipment. Some of the features that characterize programmable automation include 1. high investment in general-purpose programmable equipment, 2. lower production rates than fixed automation, 3. flexibility to deal with changes in product configuration, and 4. suited to low and / or medium production of similar products or parts (e. g. part families). Examples of programmable automation include numerically controlled machine tools, industrial robots, and programmable logic controllers.Programmable production systems are often used to produceparts or products in batches. They are especially appropriate when repeat orders for batches of the same product are expected. To produce each batch of a new product, the system must be programmed with the set of machine instructions that correspond to that product. The physical setup of the equipment must also be changed; special fixtures must be attached to the machine, and the appropriate tools must be loaded. This changeover procedure can be time-consuming. As a result, the usual production cycle for a given batch includes 1. a (3 period during which the setup and reprogramming is accomplished and 2. a period in which the batch is processed. The setup-reprogramming period constitutes nonproductive time of the automated system.The economics of programmable automation require that as the setup-reprogramming time increases, the production batch size must be made larger so as to spread the cost of lost production time over a larger number of units. Conversely, if setup and reprogramming time can be reduced to zero, the batch size can be reduced to one. This is the theoretical basis for flexible automation, an extension of programmable automation. A flexible automated system is one that is capable of producing a variety of products (or parts) with minimal lost time for changeovers from one product to the next. The time toreprogram the system and alter the physical setup is minimal and results in virtually no lost production time. Consequently, the system is capable of producing various combinations and schedules of products in a continuous flow, rather than batch production with interruptions between batches. The features of flexible automation are 1. high investment for a custom-engineered system, 2. continuous production of mixtures of products, 3. ability to change product mix to accommodate changes in demand rates for the different products made, 4. medium production rates, and 5- flexibility to deal with product design variations.Flexible automated production systems operate in practice by one or more of the following approaches: 1. using part family concepts, by which the parts made on the system are limited in variety; 2. reprogramming the system in advance and /or off-line, so that reprogramming does not interrupt production; 3. downloading existing programs to the system to produce previouslymade parts for which programs are already prepared;) 4. using quick-change fixtures so that physical setup time is minimized;5. using a family of fixtures that have been designed for a limited number of part styles; and6. equipping the system with a large number of quick-change tools that include the variety of processing operations needed to produce the part family. For these approaches to be successful, the variation in the part styles produced on a flexible automated production system is usually) more limited than a batch-type programmable automation system. Examples of flexible automation are the flexible manufacturing systems for performing machining operations that date back to the late 1960s.Automation StrategiesA number of fundamental strategies exist for improving productivity in manufacturing operations. These strategies often involve the use of automation technology and are, therefore, called automation strategies. Indicating the likely effects of each strategy on operating factors such as cycle time, nonproductive time, manufacturing lead time, and other production parameters.Numerical controlNumerical control (often abbreviated NC) can be defined as a form of programmable automation in which the process is controlled by numbers, letters, and symbols. In NC, the numbers form a program of instructions designed for a particular workpart or job. When the job changes, the program of instructions is changed. This capability to change the program for each new job is what gives NC its flexibility. It is much easier to write new programs than to make major changes in the production equipment.NC equipment is used in all areas of metal parts fabrication and comprises roughly 15% of the modern machine tools in industry today. Since numerically controlled machines are considerably more expensive than their conventional counterparts, the asset value of industrial NC machine tools is proportionally much larger than their numbers. Equipment utilizing numerical control has been designed to perform such diverse operations as drilling, milling, turning, grinding, sheet metal press working, spot welding, arcwelding, riveting, assembly, drafting, inspection, and parts handling. And this is by no means a complete list. Numerical control should be considered as a possible mode of controlling the operation for any production situation possessing the following characteristics:1. Similar workparts in terms of raw material (e. g., metal stock for machining).2. The workparts are produced in various sizes and geometries.3. The workparts are produced in batches of small to medium-sized quantities.4. A sequence of similar processing steps is required to complete the operation on each workpiece.Many machining jobs meet these conditions. The machined workparts are metal, they are specified in many different sizes and shapes, and most machined parts produced in industry today are made in small to medium-size lot sizes. To produce each part, a sequence of drilling operations may be required, or a series of turning or milling operations. The suitability of NC for these kinds of jobs is the reason for the tremendous growth of numerical control in the metalworking industry over the last 25 years.Basic Components of an NC SystemAn operational numerical control system consists of the following three basic components:1. Program of instructions.2. Controller unit, also called machine control unit (MCU).3. Machine tool or other controlled process.The general relationship among the three components is illustrated. The program of instructions serves as the input to the controller unit, which in turn commands) the machine tool or other process to be controlled.Program of instructionsThe program of instructions is the detailed step-by-step set of directions which tell the Wm machine tool what to do. It is coded in numerical or symbolic form on some type of input medium that can be interpreted by the controller unit. The most common input medium is i-inch-wide punched tape. Over the years, other forms of input media have (been used, including punched cards, magnetic tape, and even 35-mm motion picture film.There are two other methods of input to the NC system which should be mentioned. The first is by manual entry of instructional data to the controller unit. This is time-consuming and is rarely used except as an auxiliary means of control or when only one or a very limited number of parts are to be made. The second method of input is by means of a direct link with a computer. This is called direct numerical control, or DNC.The program of instructions is prepared by someone called a part programmer. The programmer's job is to provide a set of detailed instructions by which the sequence of processing steps is to be performed. For a machining operation, the processing steps 4 involve the relative movement of the machine tool table and the cutting tool.Controller unitThe second basic component of the NC system is the controller unit. This consists of the electronics and hardware that read and interpret the program of instructions and convert it into mechanical actions of the machine tool. The typical elements of the controller unit include the tape reader, a data buffer, signal output channels to the machine tool, feedback channels from the machine tool, and the sequence controls to coordinate the overall operation of the foregoing elements.The tape reader is an electrical-mechanical device for winding and reading the punched tape containing the program of instructions. The data contained on the tape are read into the data buffer. The purpose of this device is to store the input instructions in logical blocks of information. A block of information usually represents one complete step in the sequence of processing elements. For example, one block may be the data required to move the machine table to a certain position and drill a hole at that location.The signal output channels are connected to the servomotors and other controls in the machine tool. Through these channels, the instructions are sent to the machine tool from the controller unit. To make certain that the instructions have been properly executed by the machine, feedback data are sent back to the controller via the feedback channels. The most important function of this return loop is to assure that the table and workpart have$ been properly located with respect to the tool. Most NC machine tools in use today are provided with position feedback controls for this purpose and are referred to as closed-loop systems. However, in recent years there has been a growth in the use of open-loop systems, which do not make use of feedback signals to the controller unit. The advocates of the open-loop concept claim that the reliability of the system is great enough that feedback controls are not needed and are an unnecessary extra cost.Sequence controls coordinate the activities of the other elements of the controller unit. The tape reader is actuated to read data into the buffer from the tape, signals are sent to and from the machine tool, and so on. These types of operations must be synchronized and this is the function of the sequence controls.Another element of the NC system, which may be physically part of the controller unit or part of the machine tool, is the control panel. The control panel or control console contains the dials and switches by which the machine operator runs the NC system. It may also contain data displays to provide information to the operator. Although the NC system is an automatic system, the human operator is still needed to turn the machine on and off, to change tools (some NC systems have automatic tool changers), to load and unload the machine, and to perform various other duties. To be able to discharge these duties, the operator must be able to control the system, and this is done through the control panel.Machine toolThe third basic component of an NC system is the machine tool or other controlled process. It is the part of the NC system which performs useful work. In the most common example of an NC system, one designed to perform machining operations, the machine tool consists of the worktable and spindle as well as the motors and controls necessary to drive them. It also includes the cutting tools, work fixtures, and other auxiliary equipment needed in the machining operation.Transfer MachinesThe highest degree of automation obtainable with special-purpose, multifunction machines is achieved by using transfer machines. Transfer machines are essentially acombination of individual workstations arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices, and integrated with interlocked controls. Workpieces are automatically transferred between the stations, which are equipped with horizontal, vertical, or angular units to perform machining, gagging, workpiece repositioning, assembling, washing, or other operations. The two major classes of transfer machines are rotary and in-line types.An important advantage of transfer machines is that they permit the maximum number of operations to be performed simultaneously. There is relatively no limitation on (the number of workpiece surfaces or planes that can be machined, since devices can be interposed in transfer machines at practically any point for inverting, rotating, or orienting the workpiece, so as to complete the machining operations. Work repositioning also minimizes the need for angular machining heads and allows operations to be performed in optimum time. Complete processing from rough castings or forgings to finished parts is often possible.One or more finished parts are produced on a transfer machine with each index of the transfer system that moves the parts from station to station. Production efficiencies of such machines generally range from 50% for a machine producing a variety of different parts to 85% for a machine producing one part, in high production, depending upon the workpiece and how the machine is operated (materials handling method, maintenance procedures, etc.)All types of machining operations, such as drilling, tapping, reaming, boring, and milling, are economically combined on transfer machines. Lathe-type operations such as turning and facing are also being performed on in-line transfer machine, with the workpieces being rotated in selected machining stations. Turning operations are performed in lathe-type segments in which multiple tool holders are fed on slides mounted on tunnel-type bridge units. Workpieces are located on centers and rotated by chucks at each turning station. Turning stations with CNC are available for use on in-line transfer machines. The CNC units allow the machine cycles to be easily altered to accommodate changes in workpiece design and can also be used for automatic tooladjustments.Maximum production economy on transfer lines is often achieved by assembling parts to the workpieces during their movement through the machine. Such items as bushings, seals, Welch plugs, and heat tubes can be assembled and then machined or tested during the transfer machining sequence. Automatic nut torturing following the application of part subassemblies can also be carried out.Gundrilling or reaming on transfer machines is an ideal application provided that proper machining units are employed and good bushing practices are followed. Contour boring and turning of spherical seats and other surfaces can be done with tracer controlled single-point inserts, thus eliminating the need for costly special form tools. In-process gaging of reamed or bored holes and automatic tool setting are done on transfer machines to maintain close tolerances.Less conventional operations sometimes performed on transfer machines include grinding, induction heating of ring gears for shrink-fit pressing on flywheels, induction hardening of valve seats, deep rolling to apply compressive preloads, and burnishing.Transfer machines have long been used in the automotive industry for producing identical components at high production rates with a minimum of manual part handling. In addition to decreasing labor requirements, such machines ensure consistently uniform high-quality parts at lower cost. They are no longer confined just to rough machining and now often eliminate the need for subsequent operations such as grinding and honing.More recently, there has been an increasing demand for transfer machines to handle lower volumes of similar or even different parts in smaller sizes, with means for quick changeover between production runs. Built-in flexibility, the ability to rearrange and interchange machining units, and the provision of idle stations increases the cost of any transfer machine, but such features are economically feasible when product redesigns are common. Many such machines are now being used in no automotive applications for lower production requirements.Special features now available to reduce the time required for part changeover include I standardized dimensions, modularconstruction, interchangeable fixtures mounted on master pallets that remain on the machine, interchangeable fixture components, the ability to lock out certain stations for different parts by means of selector switches, and programmable controllers. Product design is also important and common transfer and clamping surfaces should be provided on different parts whenever possible.Programmable Logic ControllersA programmable logic controller (PLC) is a solid-state device used to control machine motion or process operation by means of a stored program. The PLC sends output control signals and receives input signals through input/output (I/O) devices. A PLC controls outputs in response to stimuli at the inputs according to the logic prescribed by the stored program. The inputs are made up of limit switches, pushbuttons, and thumbwheels switches, pulses, analog signals, ASCII serial data, and binary or BCD data from absolute position encoders. The outputs are voltage or current levels to drive end devices such as solenoids, motor starters, relays, lights, and so on. Other output devices include analog devices, digital BCD displays, ASCII compatible devices, servo variable-speed drives, and even computers.Programmable controllers were developed (circa in 1968) when General Motors Corp, and other automobile manufacturers were experimenting to see if there might be an alternative to scrapping all their hardwired control panels of machine tools and other production equipment during a model changeover. This annual tradition was necessary because rewiring of the panels was more expensive than buying new ones.The automotive companies approached a number of control equipment manufacturers and asked them to develop a control system that would have a longer productive life without major rewiring, but would still be understandable to and repairable by plant personnel. The new product was named a "programmable controller".The processor part of the PLC contains a central processing unit and memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the "traffic director" of the processor, the memory stores information. Coming into the processor are the electrical signals from the input devices, as conditioned by the input module to voltage levelsacceptable to processor logic. The processor scans the state of I / O and updates outputs based on instructions stored in the memory of the PLC. For example, the processor may be programmed so that if an input connected to a limit switch is true (limit switch closed), then a corresponding output wired to an output module is to be energized. This output might be a solenoid, for example.The processor remembers this command through its memory and compares on each scan to see if that limit switch is, in fact, closed. If it is closed, the processor energizes the solenoid by turning on the output module.The output device, such as a solenoid or motor starter, is wired to an output module's terminal, and it receives its shift signal from the processor, in effect, the processor is performing a long and complicated series of logic decisions. The PLC performs such decisions sequentially and in accordance with the stored program. Similarly, analog I / O allows the processor to make decisions based on the magnitude of a signal, rather than just if it is on or off. For example, the processor may be programmed to increase or decrease the steam flow to a boiler (analog output) based on a comparison of the actual temperature in the boiler {analog input) to the desired temperature. This is often performed by utilizing the built-in PID (proportional, integral, derivative) capabilities of the processor.Because a PLC is "software based", its control logic functions can be changed by reprogramming its memory. Keyboard programming devices facilitate entry of the revised program, which can be designed to cause an existing machine or process to operate in a different sequence or to respond to different levels of, or combinations of stimuli. Hardware modifications are needed only if additional, changed, or relocated input / output devices are involved.中文翻译：生产自动化摘要：自动化是一个在制造业中广泛使用的术语。
自动化专业可参考的外文文献
1外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e-ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am/d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A-1, o th ers fo ll ow t hep h il os op hy, wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al-p ur po se co m pu te rs a ndm i cr op ro ce ss o r s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n inF i g.3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e-chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce, as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s u su al ly f or th e p er ma ne nt,n o n-vo la ti le s tor a ge o f an a pp lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs an d mi cr oc on tr ol le r s a re in t en de d fo r h ig h-v ol ume a p pl ic at i o ns a nd h en ce t he e co nom i ca l ma nu fa ct ure of t he d ev ic es r e qu ir es t ha t the co nt en ts o f the pr og ra m me mo ry b e co mm it te dp e rm an en tl y d ur in g th e m an uf ac tu re o f c hi ps . Cl ear l y, th is im pl ie sa ri g or ou s a pp roa c h t o R OM co de d e ve lo pm en t s in ce c ha ng es ca nn otb e m a d e af te r man u fa ct ur e .T hi s d e ve lo pm en t pr oce s s ma y in vo lv e e m ul at io n us in g a s op hi st ic at ed deve lo pm en t sy st em w i th a ha rd wa re e m ul at io n ca pa bil i ty a s we ll a s th e u se of po we rf ul so ft wa re t oo ls.So me m an uf act u re rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l RO M opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th ei r ra ng e de vi ce s wi th (or i nt en de d fo r us e wi th) u s er pr og ra mm ab le m em or y. Th e s im p le st of th es e i s us ua ll y d ev ice w h ic h ca n op er ate in a m ic ro pr oce s so r mo de b y usi n g so me o f th e i n pu t/ou tp ut li ne s as a n ad dr es s an d da ta b us f or acc e ss in g e xt er na l m e mo ry. T hi s t ype o f d ev ic e c an b e ha ve fu nc ti on al l y a s t he si ng le c h ip mi cr oc om pu te r fr om wh ic h i t i s de ri ve d a lb eit w it h r es tr ic ted I/O an d a mo di fie d e xt er na l ci rcu i t. T he u se o f t h es e RO Ml es sd e vi ce s is c om mo n e ve n in p ro du ct io n c ir cu it s wh er e t he v ol um e do es n o t ju st if y th e d e ve lo pm en t co sts of c us to m on-ch i p RO M[2];t he rec a n st il l b e a si g ni fi ca nt s a vi ng in I/O a nd ot he r c hi ps co mp ar ed t o a c on ve nt io nal mi cr op ro ce ss or b as ed c ir cu it. M o re e xa ctr e pl ac em en t fo r RO M d ev ic es c an b e o bt ai ne d in t he f o rm o f va ri an ts w i th 'pi gg y-ba ck'EP RO M(Er as ab le p ro gr am ma bl e ROM)s oc ke ts o rd e vi ce s w it h EP ROM i ns te ad o f R OM 。
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面
1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of b oth t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at edc i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le-c hip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A-1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy, wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al-p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee np r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re, sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e-chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce, as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s us ua ll y f or th e p e rm an en t,n o n-vo la ti le s tor a ge o f an a pp lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs an d m ar e in te nd e d f or hi gh-v ol um e a p pl ic at io ns a n d he nc e t h e eco n om ic al m an uf act u re o f th e de vic e s re qu ir es t h at t he co nt en t s o f t he pr og ra m me m or y b e co mm it t ed pe rm a ne nt ly d u ri ng t he m an ufa c tu re o f ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, t hi s i m pl ie s ar i go ro us a pp ro ach to R OM c od e de ve l op me nt s in ce ch a ng es c an no t b e m ad e af te r m anu f a c tu re .Th is d ev e lo pm en t pr oc ess ma y in vo lv e e m ul at io n us in g a so ph is ti ca te d d e ve lo pm en t sy ste m w it h ah a rd wa re e mu la tio n c ap ab il it y as w el l as t he u se o f po we rf ul s o ft wa re t oo ls.So me m an uf act u re rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l RO M opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th eir r a n ge d ev ic es wi t h (or i nt en de d f o r u se w it h) u s er p ro gr am ma ble me mo ry. Th e sim p le st o f th es e i s u su al lyd e vi ce w hi ch c an o p er at e in a mi cro p ro ce ss or m od e b y u si ng s om e o f t he i np ut/o utp u t li ne s as a n a d dr es s an d da ta b us f ora c ce ss in g ex te rna l m em or y. T hi s t y pe o f de vi ce ca nb eh av ef u nc ti on al ly a s t h e si ng le ch ip mi cr oc om pu te r fro m w hi ch it is d e ri ve d al be it wi t h re st ri ct ed I/O a nd a m od if ied ex te rn alc i rc ui t. Th e u se o f th es ed ev ic es i s c om mo ne ve n i n pr od uc ti on c i rc ui ts wh er e t he vo lu me do es no t j us tif y t h e d ev el o pm en t c os ts o f c us to m o n-ch i p R OM[2];t he re c a n s ti ll be a s ig nif i ca nt sa vi ng i n I/O an d o th er c h ip s c om pa re d t o a co nv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es so r b a se d ci rc ui t. Mo r e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be o b ta in ed i n th e f o rm o f va ri an ts w it h 'p ig gy-b ack'E P RO M(Er as ab le pr o gr am ma bl e RO M )s oc ke ts o r d ev ic e s wi th EP RO M i n st ea d o f RO M 。
生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献随着科技的不断进步和人们对效率的追求，生产自动化已经成为现代工业的重要组成部份。
生产自动化通过引入先进的机械和电子设备，以及自动化控制系统，实现了生产过程的自动化和智能化。
本文将介绍一些关于生产自动化的研究和应用的外文翻译文献。
1. 文献一：《生产自动化的发展与趋势》这篇文献介绍了生产自动化的发展历程和未来的趋势。
文章指出，生产自动化的发展可以追溯到20世纪初，随着电子技术和计算机技术的不断进步，生产自动化得到了快速发展。
未来，生产自动化将更加注重智能化和柔性化，以适应不断变化的市场需求。
2. 文献二：《生产自动化在汽车创造业中的应用》这篇文献探讨了生产自动化在汽车创造业中的应用。
文章指出，汽车创造业是生产自动化的典型应用领域之一。
通过引入机器人和自动化生产线，汽车创造商可以大大提高生产效率和产品质量。
此外，生产自动化还可以减少人力成本和人为错误。
3. 文献三：《生产自动化对工作环境和员工的影响》这篇文献研究了生产自动化对工作环境和员工的影响。
文章指出，尽管生产自动化可以提高生产效率，但它也带来了一些负面影响。
例如，自动化设备的噪音和振动可能对员工的健康造成影响。
此外，自动化还可能导致一些工人失去工作机会。
因此，为了最大限度地发挥生产自动化的优势，必须采取适当的安全措施和培训计划。
4. 文献四：《生产自动化在食品加工行业中的应用》这篇文献讨论了生产自动化在食品加工行业中的应用。
文章指出，食品加工是一个复杂而繁琐的过程，生产自动化可以大大提高生产效率和产品质量。
通过引入自动化设备和控制系统，食品加工商可以减少人为错误和污染风险。
此外，生产自动化还可以实现对食品生产过程的精确控制和监测。
5. 文献五：《生产自动化在医药创造业中的应用》这篇文献探讨了生产自动化在医药创造业中的应用。
文章指出，医药创造是一个高度精细和复杂的过程，生产自动化可以提高生产效率和产品质量的同时，确保药品的安全和一致性。
自动化外文参考文献(精选120个最新)
自动化外文参考文献（精选120个最新）自动化外文参考文献（精选120个最新）本文关键词：外文，参考文献，自动化，精选，最新自动化外文参考文献（精选120个最新）本文简介：自动化（Automation）是指机器设备、系统或过程（生产、管理过程）在没有人或较少人的直接参与下，按照人的要求，经过自动检测、信息处理、分析判断、操纵控制，实现业绩预期的目标的过程。
下面是搜索整理的关于自动化参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。
自动化外文释义一：[1]NazriNasir,Sha自动化外文参考文献（精选120个最新）本文内容：自动化（Automation）是指机器设备、系统或过程（生产、管理过程）在没有人或较少人的直接参与下，按照人的要求，经过自动检测、信息处理、分析判断、操纵控制，实现预期的目标的过程。
下面是搜索整理的关于自动化后面外文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。
自动化外文引文一：[1]Nazri Nasir,Shabudin Mat. An automated visual tracking measurement for quantifying wing and body motion of free-flying houseflies[J]. Measurement,2021,143.[2]Rishikesh Kulkarni,Earu Banoth,Parama Pal. Automated surface feature detection using fringe projection: An autoregressive modeling-based approach[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering,2021,121.[3]Tengyue Fang,Peicong Li,Kunning Lin,NengwangChen,Yiyong Jiang,Jixin Chen,Dongxing Yuan,Jian Ma. Simultaneous underway analysis of nitrate and nitrite inestuarine and coastal waters using an automated integrated syringe-pump-based environmental-water analyzer[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2021,1076.[4]Shengfeng Chen,Jian Liu,Xiaosong Zhang,XinyuSuo,Enhui Lu,Jilong Guo,Jianxun Xi. Development ofpositioning system for Nuclear-fuel rod automated assembly[J]. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2021,61.[5]Cheng-Ta Lee,Yu-Ching Lee,Albert Y. Chen. In-building automated external defibrillator location planning and assessment through building information models[J]. Automation in Construction,2021,106.[6]Torgeir Aleti,Jason I. Pallant,Annamaria Tuan,Tom van Laer. Tweeting with the Stars: Automated Text Analysis of the Effect of Celebrity Social Media ications on ConsumerWord of Mouth[J]. Journal of Interactive Marketing,2021,48.[7]Daniel Bacioiu,Geoff Melton,MayorkinosPapaelias,Rob Shaw. Automated defect classification of SS304 TIG welding process using visible spectrum camera and machine learning[J]. NDT and E International,2021,107.[8]Marcus von der Au,Max Schwinn,KatharinaKuhlmeier,Claudia Büchel,Bj?rn Meermann. Development of an automated on-line purification HPLC single cell-ICP-MS approach for fast diatom analysis[J]. Analytica ChimicaActa,2021,1077.[9]Jitendra Mehar,Ajam Shekh,Nethravathy M. U.,R. Sarada,Vikas Singh Chauhan,Sandeep Mudliar. Automation ofpilot-scale open raceway pond: A case study of CO 2 -fed pHcontrol on Spirulina biomass, protein and phycocyanin production[J]. Journal of CO2 Utilization,2021,33.[10]John T. Sloop,Henry J.B. Bonilla,TinaHarville,Bradley T. Jones,George L. Donati. Automated matrix-matching calibration using standard dilution analysis withtwo internal standards and a simple three-port mixing chamber[J]. Talanta,2021,205.[11]Daniel J. Spade,Cathy Yue Bai,ChristyLambright,Justin M. Conley,Kim Boekelheide,L. Earl Gray. Corrigendum to “Validation of an automated counting procedure for phthalate-induced testicular multinucleated germ cells” [Toxicol. Lett. 290 (2021) 55–61][J]. Toxicology Letters,2021,313.[12]Christian P. Janssen,Shamsi T. Iqbal,Andrew L. Kun,Stella F. Donker. Interrupted by my car? Implications of interruption and interleaving research for automatedvehicles[J]. International Journal of Human - Computer Studies,2021,130.[13]Seunguk Lee,Si Kuan Thio,Sung-Yong Park,Sungwoo Bae. 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Mann,Juliane Heide,Thomas Knott,Razvan Airini,Florin Bogdan Epureanu,Alexandru-FlorianDeftu,Antonia-Teona Deftu,Beatrice Mihaela Radu,Bogdan Amuzescu. Recording of multiple ion current components and action potentials in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes via automated patch-clamp[J]. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods,2021,100.[24]Rhar? de Almeida Cardoso,Alexandre Cury,Flavio Barbosa. Automated real-time damage detection strategy using raw dynamic measurements[J]. Engineering Structures,2021,196.[25]Mengmeng Zhong,Tielong Wang,Chengdu Qi,Guilong Peng,Meiling Lu,Jun Huang,Lee Blaney,Gang Yu. Automated online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry investigation for simultaneous quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental waters[J]. 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Automated atrophy assessment for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis from brain MRI images[J]. Magnetic Resonance Imaging,2021,62.自动化外文参考文献二：[31]Vaanathi Sundaresan,Giovanna Zamboni,Campbell Le Heron,Peter M. Rothwell,Masud Husain,Marco Battaglini,Nicola De Stefano,Mark Jenkinson,Ludovica Griffanti. Automatedlesion segmentation with BIANCA: Impact of population-level features, classification algorithm and locally adaptive thresholding[J]. NeuroImage,2021,202.[32]Ho-Jun Suk,Edward S. Boyden,Ingrid van Welie. Advances in the automation of whole-cell patch clamp technology[J]. Journal of Neuroscience Methods,2021,326.[33]Ivana Duznovic,Mathias Diefenbach,Mubarak Ali,Tom Stein,Markus Biesalski,Wolfgang Ensinger. Automated measuring of mass transport through synthetic nanochannels functionalized with polyelectrolyte porous networks[J]. Journal of Membrane Science,2021,591.[34]James A.D. Cameron,Patrick Savoie,Mary E.Kaye,Erik J. Scheme. Design considerations for the processing system of a CNN-based automated surveillance system[J]. Expert Systems With Applications,2021,136.[35]Ebrahim Azadniya,Gertrud E. Morlock. Automated piezoelectric spraying of biological and enzymatic assays for effect-directed analysis of planar chromatograms[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2021,1602.[36]Lilla Z?llei,Camilo Jaimes,Elie Saliba,P. Ellen Grant,Anastasia Yendiki. TRActs constrained by UnderLying INfant anatomy (TRACULInA): An automated probabilistic tractography tool with anatomical priors for use in the newborn brain[J]. NeuroImage,2021,199.[37]Kate?ina Fikarová,David J. Cocovi-Solberg,María Rosende,Burkhard Horstkotte,Hana Sklená?ová,Manuel Miró. A flow-based platform hyphenated to on-line liquid chromatography for automatic leaching tests of chemical additives from microplastics into seawater[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2021,1602.[38]Darko ?tern,Christian Payer,Martin Urschler. Automated age estimation from MRI volumes of the hand[J]. Medical Image Analysis,2021,58.[39]Jacques Blum,Holger Heumann,Eric Nardon,Xiao Song. Automating the design of tokamak experiment scenarios[J]. Journal of Computational Physics,2021,394.[40]Elton F. de S. Soares,Carlos Alberto V.Campos,Sidney C. de Lucena. Online travel mode detection method using automated machine learning and feature engineering[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems,2021,101.[41]M. Marouli,S. Pommé. Autom ated optical distance measurements for counting at a defined solid angle[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2021,153.[42]Yi Dai,Zhen-Hua Yu,Jian-Bo Zhan,Bao-Shan Yue,Jiao Xie,Hao Wang,Xin-Sheng Chai. Determination of starch gelatinization temperatures by an automated headspace gas chromatography[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2021,1602.[43]Marius Tarp?,Tobias Friis,Peter Olsen,MartinJuul,Christos Georgakis,Rune Brincker. Automated reduction of statistical errors in the estimated correlation functionmatrix for operational modal analysis[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2021,132.[44]Wenxia Dai,Bisheng Yang,Xinlian Liang,ZhenDong,Ronggang Huang,Yunsheng Wang,Wuyan Li. Automated fusionof forest airborne and terrestrial point clouds throughcanopy density analysis[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2021,156.[45]Jyh-Haur Woo,Marcus Ang,Hla Myint Htoon,Donald Tan. Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Versus Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty andPenetrating Keratoplasty[J]. American Journal of Ophthalmology,2021,207.[46]F. Wilde,S. Marsen,T. Stange,D. Moseev,J.W. Oosterbeek,H.P. Laqua,R.C. Wolf,K. Avramidis,G.Gantenbein,I.Gr. Pagonakis,S. Illy,J. Jelonnek,M.K. Thumm,W7-X team. Automated mode recovery for gyrotrons demonstrated at Wendelstein 7-X[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design,2021,148.[47]Andrew Kozbial,Lekhana Bhandary,Shashi K. Murthy. 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机械设计制造及其自动化参考文献英文
机械设计制造及其自动化参考文献英文机械设计制造及其自动化参考文献英文：1. Chen, J., & Mei, X. (2016). A review of intelligent manufacturing in the context of Industry 4.0: From the perspective of quality management. Engineering, 2(4), 431-439.这篇文章回顾了智能制造在工业4.0背景下的发展，并从质量管理的角度进行了分析。
2. Wu, D., & Rosen, D. W. (2015). Cloud-based design and manufacturing: A new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation. Computer-Aided Design, 59, 1-14.该研究探讨了基于云计算的设计和制造，认为这是数字制造和设计创新的新范式。
3. Wang, L., Trngren, M., & Onori, M. (2015). Current status and advancement of cyber-physical systems in manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 37, 517-527.这篇文章综述了制造业中物联网技术的现状和进展，强调了制造业中的网络化和物理化系统。
4. Xie, Y. M., & Shi, Y. (2008). A survey of intelligence-based manufacturing: Origins, concepts, and trends. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 4(2), 102-120.该文章综述了智能制造的起源、概念和趋势，并对智能制造的方法和技术进行了详细描述。
自动化的英语作文
自动化的英语作文Title: The Advantages of Automation。
Automation refers to the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. This can include anything from robotic assembly lines in manufacturing to automatic bill payments in personal finance. The rise of automation has had a profound impact on various aspects of our lives, and its benefits are numerous.One of the key advantages of automation is increased efficiency. Machines and technology are able to perform tasks at a much faster rate than humans, and they can do so consistently without the need for breaks or rest. This means that businesses and industries can produce more goods and services in a shorter amount of time, leading to increased productivity and profitability. In addition, automation can also reduce the occurrence of errors and mistakes, as machines are programmed to perform tasks with precision and accuracy.Another benefit of automation is cost savings. Whilethe initial investment in automation technology may be high, the long-term savings can be substantial. By replacing human labor with machines, businesses can reduce theirlabor costs, as well as the costs associated with employee benefits and training. In addition, automation can alsolead to savings in terms of energy consumption, as machines are often more energy-efficient than human workers.Automation also has the potential to improve safety in various industries. By taking over dangerous or repetitive tasks, machines can help reduce the risk of workplace accidents and injuries. For example, in the manufacturing sector, robots can handle tasks that involve heavy liftingor exposure to hazardous materials, keeping human workers out of harm's way. This not only protects workers, but it also reduces the financial burden on companies in terms of worker compensation and insurance costs.Furthermore, automation can lead to higher quality products and services. Machines are able to perform taskswith a level of precision and consistency that is difficult to achieve with human labor alone. This can result in products that are more uniform in quality and free from defects. In addition, automation can also lead to improved customer service, as technology can be used to streamline processes and reduce wait times.In addition to these benefits, automation also has the potential to create new job opportunities. While it is true that some jobs may be displaced by automation, the implementation of new technology also creates a demand for workers with the skills to operate and maintain automated systems. This can lead to the creation of new, high-tech jobs in fields such as engineering, programming, and maintenance.Despite these advantages, it is important to acknowledge that automation also presents challenges. The displacement of workers by machines can lead to job loss and economic hardship for some individuals and communities. In addition, there are concerns about the ethical implications of automation, particularly in terms ofprivacy and data security. It is important for society to address these challenges and ensure that the benefits of automation are equitably distributed.In conclusion, automation offers numerous advantages across a wide range of industries and sectors. From increased efficiency and cost savings to improved safety and product quality, the benefits of automation are clear. While it is important to address the challenges that come with automation, the potential for positive impact on society and the economy is significant. As technology continues to advance, the role of automation is likely to become even more prominent in our lives.。
论述自动化专业的作文英语
论述自动化专业的作文英语Automation is a field of study that has revolutionized industries and technology in the modern world. With the advancement of robotics and artificial intelligence, automation plays a crucial role in enhancing efficiency, productivity, and precision in various sectors. As a student majoring in automation, I have come to appreciate the importance of this field in shaping the future.In today's fast-paced world, automation has become essential in manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and many other industries. Automated systems can perform tasks with speed and accuracy that surpass human capabilities. This not only increases productivity but also reduces errors and promotes safety in the workplace.As an automation student, I have learned how to design and program automated systems, analyze data, and optimize processes. These skills are in high demand in the job market, as companies seek to streamline their operations and stay competitive in the global economy. By studying automation, I am preparing myself for a career that is both challenging and rewarding.In conclusion, automation is a dynamic and rapidlyevolving field that has a significant impact on society. As a student of automation, I am excited to be part of this technological revolution and contribute to creating a more efficient and innovative world.中文翻译：自动化是一个在现代世界中彻底改变了产业和技术的领域。
自动化专业外文文献
Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important.Several key words of the sensor：1 Sensor ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical sensor respectively.2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteristics.ahigh fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion.bThere should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way.cSize. The sensor must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.dThere should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal. eThe sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.fThe natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand.Sensors can be divided into the following categories：1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement.Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups:avariable-control-parameter types,which include:iresistanceiicapacitanceiiiinductanceivmutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.bself-generating types,which includeielectromagneticiithermoelectriciiiphotoemissiveivpiezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric sensor normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the sensor exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor may be divided into two groups, as follows:iThose which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.iiThose which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuit methods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either the relative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate that variations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d. Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infinite resolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement or quantities which may be changed to produce a displacement.4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctance of the inductive circuit.Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor:aA.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors.bA.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.cD.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor. dFrequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows:iresolution infiniteiiaccuracy±0.1% of full scale is quotediiidisplacement ranges 2510-6 m to 10-3mivrise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level.5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Sensor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed ofresponse and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and the development, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies betweenthe constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient is small.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component;enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’ corrosion technology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by the feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.SMI the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi 1KPa, it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy.Another characteristic is can be sensitive is small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will caus e it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOVASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics: Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft,makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor Smart Sensor, on the spaceship this kind of sensor is extremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especially the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.——FromSensor Technology Handbook,Jon Wilson,Newnes传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件;输出信号有不同形式,如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等,能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求,是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件;如果把计算机比作大脑,那么传感器则相当于五官,传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量,对系统的质量起决定性作用;自动化程度越高,系统对传感器要求越高;传感器的几个关键词：1传感器元件除特例外,大多数的传感器都由敏感元件、转换元件或控制元件组成;如振动膜、波纹管、应力管和应力环、低音管和悬臂都是敏感元件,它们对压力和力作出响应把物理量转变成位移;然后位移可以改变电参数,如电压、电阻、电容或者感应系数;机械式和电子式元件合并形成机电式传感设备或传感器;这样的组合可用来输入能量信号;热的,光的,磁的和化学的相互结合产生的热电式、光电式、电磁式和电化学式传感器;2 传感器灵敏度通过校正测量系统获得的被测物理量和传感器输出信号的关系叫做传感器灵敏度K1,也就是K1=输出信号增量/测量增量;实际中,传感器的灵敏度是已知的,并且通过测量输出信号,输入量由下式决定,输入量=输出信号增量/K1;3 理想传感器的特性a高保真性：传感器输出波形应该真实可靠地再现被测量,并且失真很小;b可测量最小的干扰,任何时候传感器的出现不能改变被测量;c尺寸：传感器必须能正确地放在所需的地方;d被测量和传感器信号之间应该有一个线性关系;e传感器对外部影响的灵敏度应该小,例如压力传感器经常受到外部振动和温度的影响;f传感器的固有频率应该避开被测量的频率和谐波;传感器可分为以下几类：1 电传感器电传感器具有许多理想特性;它们不仅实现远程测量和显示,还能提供高灵敏度; 电传感器可分为两大类;a变参数型,包括：i电阻式；ii电容式；iii自感应式；v互感应式；这些传感器的工作依靠外部电压;b自激型,包括：i电磁式；ii热电式；iii光栅式；iv压电式;这些传感器根据测量输入值产生输出电压,而且这一过程是可逆的;比如,在一般情况下,压电式传感器可根据晶体材料的变形产生一个输出电压；但是,如果在材料上施加一个可变电压,传感器可以通过变形或与变电压同频率的振动来体现可逆效应;2 电阻式传感器电阻式传感器可以分为两大类：i那些表现为大电阻变化的物理量可通过分压方式进行测量,电位器就属于此类; ii那些表现为小电阻变化的物理量可通过桥电路方式进行测量,这一类包括应变仪和电阻温度计;3 电容式传感器电容量随着相对介电常数、截面面积、或者极板间的距离的变化而变化;电容的特征曲线表明,在空间的一段范围内,截面面积和相对介电常数的变化与电容量变化成线性关系;不象电位器,变极距型电容传感器有无限的分辨率,这最适合测量微小的位移增量的位移;4 电感式传感器电感可以通过改变电感电路的阻抗来调节;电容式和电感式传感器的测量技术：a用差分式电容或电感作为交流电桥；b用交流电位计电路做动态测量；c用直流电路为电容器提供正比于容值变化的电压；d采用调频法,C或者L随着振荡电路频率的变化而改变;电容式和电感式传感器的一些重要特性如下：i分辨率无限ii精确到满量程的±0.1%iii位移范围从2510-6m到10-3miv上升时间小于50us典型的被测量是位移、压力、振动量、声音和液位;5 线性调压器6 压电式传感器7 电磁式传感器8 热电式传感器9 光电管10 机械式传感器及敏感元件在今天的信息时代里,信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分,即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术;现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展,而已经充分发达后,不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高,还要求其成本低廉且使用方便;显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰;世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发,并且都已取得极大的突破;如今传感器新技术的发展,主要有以下几个方面：利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理,所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作,是研究开发新型传感器的基础;日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器,是传感器技术的重大突破,其灵敏度高,仅次于超导量子干涉器件;它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单;可用于磁成像技术,有广泛推广价值;利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时,会引起电极电位的变化,利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器;用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查;如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎,起到快速、准确作用;美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器;传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础,由于材料科学进步,人们可制造出各种新型传感器;例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器；光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器；用陶瓷制成压力传感器;高分子聚合物能随周围环境的相对湿度大小成比例地吸附和释放水分子;高分子电介常数小,水分子能提高聚合物的介电常数;将高分子电介质做成电容器,测定电容容量的变化,即可得出相对湿度;利用这个原理制成等离子聚合法聚苯乙烯薄膜温度传感器,其有以下特点：测湿范围宽；温度范围宽,可达-400℃～+1500℃；响应速度快,小于1S；尺寸小,可用于小空间测试；温度系数小;陶瓷电容式压力传感器是一种无中介液的干式压力传感器;采用先进的陶瓷技术和厚膜电子技术,其技术性能稳定,年漂移量小于0.1%F.S,温漂小于±0.15%/10K,抗过载强,可达量程的数百倍;测量范围可从0到60Mpa;德国E+H 公司和美国Kahlo公司产品处于领先地位;光导纤维的应用是传感材料的重大突破,其最早用于光通信技术;在光通信利用中发现当温度、压力、电场、磁场等环境条件变化时,引起光纤传输的光波强度、相位、频率、偏振态等变化,测量光波量的变化,就可知道导致这些光波量变化的温度、压力、电场、磁场等物理量的大小,利用这些原理可研制出光导纤维传感器;光纤传感器与传统传感器相比有许多特点：灵敏度高,结构简单、体积小、耐腐蚀、电绝缘性好、光路可弯曲、便于实现遥测等;光纤传感器日本处于先进水平;如IdecIzumi公司和Suns公司;光纤传感受器与集成光路技术相结合,加速光纤传感器技术的发展;将集成光路器件代替原有光学元件和无源光器件,使光纤传感器有高的带宽、低的信号处理电压,可靠性高,成本低;半导体技术中的加工方法有氧化、光刻、扩散、沉积、平面电子工艺,各向导性腐蚀及蒸镀,溅射薄膜等,这些都已引进到传感器制造;因而产生了各种新型传感器,如利用半导体技术制造出硅微传感器,利用薄膜工艺制造出快速响应的气敏、湿敏传感器,利用溅射薄膜工艺制压力传感器等;日本横河公司利用各向导性腐蚀技术进行高精度三维加工,制成全硅谐振式压力传感器;核心部分由感压硅膜片和硅膜片上面制作的两个谐振梁结成,两个谐振梁的频差对应不同的压力,用频率差的方法测压力,可消除环境温度等因素带来的误差;当环境温度变化时,两个谐振梁频率和幅度变化相同,将两个频率差后,其相同变化量就能够相互抵消;其测量最高精度可达0.01%FS;美国Silicon Microstructure IncSMI公司开发一系列低价位,线性度在0.1%到0.65%范围内的硅微压力传感器,最低满量程为0.15psi1KPa,其以硅为材料制成,具有独特的三维结构,轻细微机械加工,和多次蚀刻制成惠斯登电桥于硅膜片上,当硅片上方受力时,其产生变形,电阻产生压阻效应而失去电桥平衡,输出与压力成比例的电信号;象这样的硅微传感器是当今传感器发展的前沿技术,其基本特点是敏感元件体积为微米量级,是传统传感器的几十、几百分之一;在工业控制、航空航天领域、生物医学等方面有重要的作用,如飞机上利用可减轻飞机重量,减少能源;另一特点是能敏感微小被测量,可制成血压压力传感器;中国航空总公司北京测控技术研究所,研制的CYJ系列溅谢膜压力传感器是采用离子溅射工艺加工成金属应变计,它克服了非金属式应变计易受温度影响的不足,具有高稳定性,适用于各种场合,被测介质范围宽,还克服了传统粘贴式带来的精度低、迟滞大、蠕变等缺点,具有精度高、可靠性高、体积小的特点,广泛用于航空、石油、化工、医疗等领域;集成传感器的优势是传统传感器无法达到的,它不仅仅是一个简单的传感器,其将辅助电路中的元件与传感元件同时集成在一块芯片上,使之具有校准、补偿、自诊断和网络通信的功能,它可降低成本、增加产量,美国LUCAS、NOV ASENSOR公司开发的这种血压传感器,每星期能生产1万只;智能化传感器是一种带微处理器的传感器,是微型计算机和传感器相结合的成果,它兼有检测、判断和信息处理功能,与传统传感器相比有很多特点：具有判断和信息处理功能,能对测量值进行修正、误差补偿,因而提高测量精度；可实现多传感器多参数测量；有自诊断和自校准功能,提高可靠性；测量数据可存取,使用方便；有数据通信接口,能与微型计算机直接通信;把传感器、信号调节电路、单片机集成在一芯片上形成超大规模集成化的高级智能传感器;美国HONYWELL公司ST-3000型智能传感器,芯片尺寸才有3×4×2mm3,采用半导体工艺,在同一芯片上制成CPU、EPROM、静压、压差、温度等三种敏感元件;智能化传感器的研究与开发,美国处于领先地位;美国宇航局在开发宇宙飞船时称这种传感器为灵巧传感器Smart Sensor,在宇宙飞船上这种传感器是非常重要的;我国在这方面的研究与开发还很落后,主要是因为我国半导体集成电路工艺水平有限;传感器的发展日新月异,特别是80年代人类由高度工业化进入信息时代以来,传感器技术向更新、更高的技术发展;美国、日本等发达国家的传感器技术发展最快,我国由于基础薄弱,传感器技术与这些发达国家相比有较大的差距;因此,我们应该加大对传感器技术研究、开发的投入,使我国传感器技术与外国差距缩短,促进我国仪器仪表工业和自化化技术的发展;摘自——传感器技术手册,Jon Wilson,Newnes。