词源学 -基础词汇
从词源学角度看“谈”“讲”“论”“说”的区别

从词源学角度看“谈”“讲”“论”“说”的区别词的产生往往建立在原有词的基础之上,即词语的产生是有一定理据的。
我们从词源的角度探究其隐含的构词理据会很容易将“谈”“讲”“论”和“说”区别开来。
这四个词语之间的构词理据并不相同,这也是他们能够共存的一个重要原因。
标签:词源潜在含义构词“谈”“讲”“论”“说”是我们日常生活中最常用的几个词。
当今,无论是中学生还是受过高等教育的老师,很少有人能准地确把他们区分开。
词的产生往往建立在原有词的基础之上,即词语的产生是有一定理据的。
我们从词源的角度探究其隐含的构词理据会很容易将他们区别开来。
“谈”即“谭”。
陈诗庭《读说文证疑》:“《说文》每引谭长说,而言部无‘谭’字。
案:‘谈’即‘谭’字,古文‘覃’‘炎’每相通。
”“谭”是形声字,从言,覃声。
覃,《广韵·覃韵》:“徒含切,定母,覃韵。
”《说文·厚部》:“覃,长味也。
”《广雅·释诂二》:“覃,长也。
”《尔雅·释言》:“覃,延也。
”从“覃”声的字很多都有“深”“长”之义。
如:潭,《广雅·释水》:“潭,渊也。
”指的是深渊。
《集韵·覃韵》:“潭,一说楚人名深为潭。
”《管子·侈糜》:“潭根之毋伐,故事之毋入。
”尹知章注:“潭,深也。
”《汉书·扬雄传》:“而大潭思浑天,参摹而四分之,极于八十一。
”颜师古注:“潭,深也。
”瞫,《说文·目部》:“瞫,深视也。
”段玉裁注:“见其底里曰㴱(深)视。
”《玉篇·目部》:“瞫,深视儿(貌)。
”橝,《说文·木部》:“屋梠前也。
从木,覃聲。
”徐灏注笺:“梠,盖谓屋瓦相叠如脊吕然,橝则瓦沟也。
橝之言覃也。
覃,延也。
字从木者,承檐言之耳。
”簟,一种竹子。
南朝宋·沈怀远《博罗县簟竹铭》:“簟竹既大,薄且空中,节长一丈,其直如松。
”可见,这种竹子是由于其节长而被称为“簟”。
词源学常见前缀

词源学常见前缀一览★高频前缀——prefix前缀prefix 英义English meaning 汉语释义Chinese meaningad-, ac-,af-, ag-,al-, am-, an-, ap-,ar-, as-, at-= to prep.向, 往, 给...,于...,直到...为止, 在...之前, 比, 对, [表示程度、范围] 到, 达toward prep.向, 对于, 为了adj.有希望的, 有利的, 逼近的re- = back adj.后面的, 在后面, 早过去的, 前(欠)的钱adv.向后地n.背部, 后面v.后退, 支持again adv.又, 再次, 此外, 再一次col-, com-, con-, cor-, co-, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys-= with prep.有,以, 用, 同...,由于,和...一致, 赞成,关于,就together adv.共同, 一起, 合起来, 集拢地dif- , dis-= =apart adv.分离, 分成零件, 分别地, 分离着adj.分开的against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着se- = apart adv.分离, 分成零件, 分别地, 分离着adj.分开的away adv. 远离, 在远处, 到远处, 离去pre- =before adv.在前, 以前prep.在...之前conj.在...之前, 与其...宁可pro- =before adv.在前, 以前prep.在...之前conj.在...之前, 与其...宁可forward adj.早的, 迅速的, 前进的vt.转寄, 促进, 运送adv.向前地, 向将来per-, dia- =through prep.穿过, 通过, 从开始到结束, 经由, 以adv.从头到尾, 自始至终, 直达地, 彻底, 完全adj.直达的, 直通的de- =down adj.向下的adv.向下, 在下面, 下去, 降下away prep.往下, 沿着in- =in prep.在...之内(上), 在...期间, 从事于, 符合, 穿着adv.进入, 朝里, 在家, 已到达(来临)adj.在里面的, 执政的into prep.到...里, 进入到...之内,成为...状况,深入...之中intensify vt.加强vi.强化in- =not(before adj) adv.不ex-,ef-, ec-, e- =out adj.外面的, 下台的, 出局的adv.在外, 出声地, 显露出来地, 明显地, 从头至尾地sub-,sus-,sug-, suf-,sup-, sur- =under→upprep.在...之下, 在...之内, 低于, adv. 在下adv.向上, 起来, prep.向/在上, 沿adj.向上的, 上行的above adj.上面的, 上述的, 上文的adv.在上面prep.在...上方, 过于, 超出super- = over adv.越过, 从头到尾prep.在...之上, 越过adj.上面的extra adj. 多于或超过通常的、正常的adv.特别地, 非常, 另外trans- =transfer vt.转移,转让, 改变crossing adj.交叉的, 相反的, v.横过ob-,=ad- =to prep.向, 往, 给...,于...,直到...为止, 在...之前, 比, 对,[表示程度、范围] 到, 达toward prep.向, 对于, 为了adj.有希望的, 有利的, 逼近的ob- =against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着in the way 挡道地, 处在阻碍、阻挡或干涉的位置上inter- =between prep.在...之间, 连接...un- = not adv.不do reversely 向相反的方向做anti- ante- =before adv.在前, 以前prep.在...之前conj.在...之前, 与其...宁可against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着ab- abs- =away adv.在远处, 到远处, 离去from prep.从, 今后, 来自, 由于。
词源学基础单词

a able accept acre 亩act add adult all ancient angle 角ant appear arch拱形arm art audio August away balance banana band布带bar bat bath bean豆believe bicycle bind 捆绑,债券bite black blank 空白,无信息blind blood blow 殴打,打击,吹奏,喘气blue board boat bone born borrow bow鞠躬branch break brief brother bull 公牛burn 烧伤camp营地,宿营candle cap帽子覆盖car care carry cartoon carve切开,雕刻,创制cash现金catch cave 洞穴,地窖cell chair channel chant咏唱charge circle clap 鼓掌clean clear climb close cock公鸡,首领。
使朝上collect comb梳子,鸡冠状的东西,蜂窝状的东西梳理,彻底搜查,涌起,卷起。
complete cook core 中心,核,去核。
corn 谷物cotton棉织物counter course 科目,方针。
cow 乳牛,母兽。
create creep爬行,蠕动。
cross culture cut day decent 正派的,得体的。
depend destroy dialogue dig 刺,戳,挖掘。
dip 浸discuss讨论door double down drag draw 下拉drink drive drop drought 干旱dryearth eat elect else end evening excite exit experiment实验factory faint 微弱,模糊fan fantasy幻想,想象。
英语词汇学知识点归纳

E n g l i s h L e x i c o l o g y(英语词汇学) Lexicology(词汇学): is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology:English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to:English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics(文体论) and lexicography(词典学)The reason for a student to study English lexicology:According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord(词的定义): A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning(声音与意义): almos t arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form(读音和形式):不统一的四个原因(1)the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other (2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years(3)some of the difference were creates by the early scribes (4)the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary(词汇): all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words:By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock(基本词汇): is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character(全民通用性most important) 2)Stability(相对稳定性)3)Productivity(多产性) 4)Polysemy(多义性) 5)Collocability(可搭配性)没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon(行话) (3)slang(俚语) (4)Argot(暗语)(5)Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms(古语) (7) Neologisms(新词语):Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words(本族语词): known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words(外来语词): words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens(非同化词/外来词):are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans(借义词):they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages(8大印欧语群)The Eastern set:(1)The Balto-slavic Group(波罗的-斯拉夫语族):Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.(2)The Indo-Iranian Group(印度-伊朗语族):Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group(亚美尼亚语族):Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group(阿尔巴尼亚语族):Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group(古希腊语族):Greek.(6)The Italian Group(意大利语族):Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group(凯尔特语族):Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group(日耳曼语族):Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词:the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme,differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)(1)Free Morphemes(自由词素): have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).(2)Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix (形容词后缀) that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root(自由词根)Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem(词根和词干)The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)词缀法(Derivation派生法):the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.(1)Prefixation(前缀法):It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes(逆反前缀): un-,de-,dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis(贬义前缀):mis-, mal-, pseudo- (bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀):arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude(倾向态度前缀):contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-6)Locative prefixes(方位前缀):extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order(时间和顺序前缀):fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes(数字前缀):uni-,mono-, bi-,di-, tri-,multi-,poly- ,semi-,(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes(混杂前缀):auto-, neo-, pan-, (deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation(后缀法): It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes复合法(also called composition)Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail),hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open 分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds(复合词的形式)(1)noun compounds :. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot(2)adjective compounds : . acid + head = acid-head(3)verb compounds : . house + keep = housekeep转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.(功能转换,又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation)拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. : motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN截短法四种形式:1).Front clippings删节前面 (phone from telephone)2).Back clippings删节后面 (dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.(1)Initialism(首字母缩写词法): initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. .: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)(2)Acronym(首字母拼音法):Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. .:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)(逆生法,逆构词)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames .: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt(瓦特,电功率单位)Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept(概念):which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(意义):It denotes the relationship inside the lan guage. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据):It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据):words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. .: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation (形态理据):multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. .: airmail, miniskirt .例外:black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation(词义理据):refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. :the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation (词源理据):the history of the word explains the meaning of theword. :pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)Meaning(语法意义):indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)Meaning (词汇意义)(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1)Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2)Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:(1)Connotative(内涵意义):the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来) (2)Stylistic(文体意义):many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.(3)Affective(感情意义):indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类:褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative(4)Collocative(搭配意义):is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field(语义关系和语义场)Polysemy(多义关系)Two approached to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):approach(历时方法) :from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development(词义的两种发展类型):1.radiation(辐射型):is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre andthe secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. : face, neck)2.concatenation(连锁型):is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move gradually awayfrom its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning. Inconcatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.Homonymy(同形同音异义关系):words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1)Perfect homonyms(完全同音同形异义词):words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs(同形异义词):words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3)Homophones(同音异义词):words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1)change in sound and spelling :(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2)borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3)Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes(同音同形异义词和多义词的区别):1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源):Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色):As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy(同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms(完全同义词):also known as complete synonyms are words which are identicalin meaning in all aspects, . both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms(相对同义词):also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same indenotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing(借词):最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage,buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English (方言和地区英语)3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words (单词的修饰和委婉用法):occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions(与习惯表达一致):win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity ofmeaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotive colouring ofwords. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词:answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词:policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌:ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference in usage in simpleterms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter)Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点:①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them . : single/married)2)contrary terms(对立反义词): antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms(关系反义词): this type consists of relational opposites.(parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give)Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion(语义内涵)4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms,differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms(反义词的使用)1)Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast. :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友,weal and woe哀乐)3)To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词):use subordinates which are concrete andprecise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory..(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language..(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐,妈妈的姐姐,父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)/generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)specialization(词义的缩小):is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]/amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble(粗陋的) beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]/ pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation ornon-affective words come to used in derogatory(贬损的) sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ](词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因):Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. : pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因):The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason(心理原因):the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.factors(语言内部原因):the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context(语境的种类)1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation(非语言语境):In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )context/ grammatical context(语言语境):In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类:1) Lexical context(词汇语境):It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. : paper, do)2) Grammatical context(语法语境):It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. : become)The role of context(语境的作用)of ambiguity(消除歧义)1)Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2)Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义?——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a littleof referents(限定所指)如何限定所指?——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal contextof clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy(上下义关系)7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms(习语的定义): are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms(俗语), Catchphrases (标语),slang expressions (俚语),proverbs(谚语),etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms(英语习语的特点)unity (语意的整体性): words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms(英语习语的分类)1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语(as poor as a church mouse)3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语(look into)4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语(tooth and nail 拼命)5 .sentence idioms 句式习语(never do things by halves)Use of idioms(习语的使用)features(文体色彩):1)colloquialisms(俗语)2)slang (俚语)3)literary expressions(书面表达)The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned(指派)different meanings.features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation (语音处理):(1)alliteration头韵法(2)rhyme尾韵法2)lexical manipulation(词法处理)(1)reiteration(duplication of synonyms)同义词并举 [scream and shout](2)repetition 重复[out and out](3)juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置 [here and there]of speech(修辞格)(1)simile明喻(2)metaphor暗喻(3)metonymy换喻/以名词代动作:live by one’s pen(4)synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体:earn one’s bread(5)Personification拟人法(6)Euphemism委婉语:kick the bucket(die)(7)hyperbole 夸张:a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式):增加删除替换位置转移分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology(语源).Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):& bilingual dictionaries(单语词典和双语词典):最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)and Encyclopedic dictionaries(语文词典与百科词典)(1)Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的(2)Encyclopedic dictionary:1)encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se(本身)but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2)Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia(<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>), desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典)(1)Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意) <Webster’s Third New International Dictionary>(2)Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000](3)Pocket D: 只有拼写、发音和最重要的意义,很少或者几乎不举例。
试论英语词源学在大学英语词汇教学中的应用

为一 门专 门的课程来讲授 。大学 英语教材在词 汇部 分的普遍 做 法是在课 文后面 列举 单词和该 单词的一两个主要的汉语释 义, 部分教材 的单词部 分有中 英文两种解 释 。英 语教师在 讲 解词汇 的时候 通常会按 照教材 的编排 顺序讲 解单 词 , 便讲 顺 解一些同义词和 反义词 。教 师在在词汇教 学上具有很大的随 意性 , 词汇教学效果低效 。部分老 甚至不讲解词汇 , 币 认为词 汇应 该是 学生的自学 内容 , 所以课堂上 的词汇教学一带 而过 , 较少传授 词汇记忆 策略 和 习得 观念 , 而使词汇 教学始 终 留 从 在学 生 自发学习阶段 。大多数学 生记忆单 词主要还是通过 重 复记忆模 式 , 既费时费力而 又收效甚微 , 结果往往是学生花 了 很大精 力记单 词 , 但在用的时候不会用 , 写作和翻译的时候 在 中国式英语遍 布的现 象非常 严重。 分析 这种现 象后面 的原 因 , 主要有以下几点 : 一是词源学 习在我国英语词汇教学 中长 期处于 被忽略 的状态 , 一点从 这 我国大学英语教材和教辅 资料中即可看出。 目前我国通用 的 大学英语教材 在处理 词汇的时候 还是沿着传统 的词汇列 表模 式。以英语短 语 p t w y为例 , 很 多教材在 处理这个 短语 u a a 的方式是 : P t w y rm v s . oapaew eei i uu “ u a : oe(t )t l hr s- a e h c ts ays rd( l t e 把……收起 来 , l o 放好 ) 。这 种词汇 处理方式 是我 ” 国大学英语教材通用的词汇 处理方 式 , 每篇课 文后面按 照这 种方式列举了需要掌握 的单词。这种词汇处理方式很少涉及 英语词汇的词源以及英语词汇的前后缀和搭配 问题 。 二是英语词源学涉及拉 丁、 希腊 等 古典 语 言或其他 多 门 外语 , 是~ 门相对艰深 的学科 。国内大学 英语师 资构成 主要 是来 自各高校外语专业 的毕 业生 , 目前 高校 外语专业在 在 古 典语言方面缺乏足够的师 资力量 , 因此 很多 外语院校 的英 语 专业毕业生也未能很好 地掌握 英语词源 学。另外 , 也有很 多 教师认为词源学是从历时 的角度 来研究词 汇 的发 展和 演变 , 而 目前在教学中应该从共 时的角度 去讲解 词汇 , 因而 忽略 了 词源学在i l 教学中的作用 。 SE 三是 目前图书市场 上的英语词汇学 习书籍大 多是简单 的 词汇罗列并附加一两个主 要的汉 语释义 , 有涉及 词源学方 鲜 面的知识 。相比较而言 , 欧美 国家 的词 汇学 习书籍 则多数 增 加词源学方面 的知识 , 类似 《 文解 字》 说 的体例 , 通过讲 解 词 源和构词方式来帮助学 习者更好地理解词汇并 且运用 词汇。 三、 词源学教学在 词汇教学中的意义 英语词汇极其丰富 , 数量 也极 为庞 大。词汇 的发 展和 来 源不是凭空 出现 的 , 正如 索绪 尔所说 : 不存在 这 样 的语 言 , “
英语词汇学复习资料

英语词汇学复习资料IntroductionEnglihaaglobal1)Morphology(构词学)2)Semantic(语义学)3)Stylitic(语体学)4)Etymology(词源学)3.研究le某icology的两大方法1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学Chapter1Le某icologyandbaicconceptofwordandvocabulary1.Word——Awordiaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathaagivenoundandmeaningandyn tacticfunction.2.Thereinologicalrelationhipbetweenoundandmeaningatheymbolic connectionbetweenthemiarbitrary(任意的)andconventional(约定的,俗称的).3.ound&formTheoundhouldbeimilarto/conitentwiththeform,butthereareomeill ogical不合逻辑的andirregularity不规则的1)influencedbyRoman2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlycribe(抄写员)4)borrowing4.Vocabulary——Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordinalanguage,butitcanta ndforalltheworduedinaparticularhitoricalperiod.5.ClaificationofW ordbaicfull/content实义词native/Anglo-Sa某onwordfrequencynotionoriginnonbaic/vocabularyfunctional/empty功能词borrowed/loanCollocability(可搭配性)neutralintyle(中立性)(2)Twofeatureofnativewordfrequentinue1)wordtakenoverfromforeignlanguageareknowaborrowedwordorloan wordorborrowinginimpleterm.2)ItietimatedthatEnglihborrowingconti tute80percentofthemodernEnglihvocabulary3)TheEnglihlanguagehavat debt.Inanydictionaryome80%oftheentrieareborrowed.Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglihvocabulary1.OldEnglih属于Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印欧语系)——Germanic(日耳曼语系),与德语最相似.2.Hitory1)OldEnglih(450-1150)a.Thefirtpeopleknowntoinhabit(居住)EnglandwereCelt,thelanguagewaCeltic(凯尔特语).b.TheecondlanguagewatheLatin(拉丁语)oftheRomanLegion(罗马军队).Romaninvaion→Anglo-Sa某on 三个事件TheintroductionofChri tianity→拉丁文的涌入Vikinginvaion(北欧海盗)andScandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传入word文档可自由复制编辑2)MiddleEnglih(1150-1500)在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象?French,Latin,EnglihinMiddleEnglihperiodeael,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段,属于哪一种外来词的引入?MiddleEnglih,Dutch(带来了2500个词汇)3)ModernEnglih (1500-uptonow)TheRenaiance(文艺复兴):LatinandGreekwererecognizedathelanguageoftheWeternworld’gr eatliteraryheritage(文化遗产).TheIndutrialRevolution(工业革命):17世纪中期Withthegrowthofcolonization(殖民化),Britihtentacle(魔爪)beganatretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe,thuenablingEnglihtoaborb(吸收)wordfromallmajorlanguageoftheworld.十六世纪,有一种新工业Printing出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这导致oundandform出现concord(一致)和tandardization第二次世界大战以后,大量外来词进入英语中,如:Maojacket,blackbelt,kongfu标准化Inflectionallanguage屈折语Analyticallanguage分析语TherapiddevelopmentofmoderncienceandtechnologySocial,economi candpoliticalchangeTheinfluenceofothercultureandlanguageThreemodeofvocabularyde velopmentChapter3ThetructureofEnglihwordword.)Free→cantandaloneaaword/independentofothermorphemeTypeprefi某ation前缀Le某ical→derivational→affi某ationBound→addedtoothermorphemeuffi某ation后缀Grammatical→inflectional2.Morph——Amorphememutberealizedbydicrete(离散的)unit.Theeactualpokenminimalcarrierofmeaningaremorph.Monomorpheni cword——morphemearerealizedbyinglemorph.Allomorph(词素变体)——Somemorphemearerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpoition .3.Root——Arootithebaicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttota lloofidentity.(Whatremainofawordaftertheremovalofallaffi某e.)Stem——aformtowhichaffi某eofanykindcanbeadded.Bae——refertoaformtowhichaffi某eofanykindcanbeadded.Itcanbearootortem.atemmayconitofainglerooto rtworootandarootpluaaffi某.atemcanbearootoraformbiggerthanaroot.请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,dict加以理论的分析(1)Bothnationanddictbelongtoroot,nationifreeroot,whichcanfun ctionaloneinaentence,Chapter4Word-formationinEnglih1.Therearefourmaintypeofword-formationinEnglih.word文档可自由复制编辑(1)★Affi某ation(prefi某ationanduffi某ation)构词能力最强Affi某ationigenerallydefinedatheformationofwordbyaddingwordformingorde rivationalaffi某etotem.fullconverion——Itcantakeanindefinitarticle(不定冠词)or-(e)toindicateingularorpluralnumber.e.g.black→ablackdrinkable→d rinkablepartialconverion——mutbeuedtogetherwithdefinitearticle.e.g.rich→therich2.Othertype ofword-formation(1)Clipping/hortening——hortenalongerwordbycuttingapartoftheoriginanduingwhatremainintea d.quake(earthquake)dorm(dormitory)pop(popularmuic)flu (influenza)(2)Acronymy首字母缩略法——joiningtheinitialletterofnameofocialandpoliticalorganizationorpe cialphraeandtechnicaltermeg:VOA-VoiceofAmericaTV-televiion绝大多数blending都是nouneg:mog(烟雾)frommoke+fogtele某(电传机)fromteleprinter+e某changeMedicare(医疗保险)frommedical+carelunarnaut(登月宇航员)fromlunar+atronaut(4)Back-formation逆构词法——iaproceofword-formationbywhichawordicreatedbythedeletion删除ofauppoedaffi某.donate(donation)loaf(loafer)babyit(babyitter)laze(lazy)Chapter5Wordmeaning1.Analytical(referential)分析的Reference–therelationhipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Operational(conte某tual)运用到具体场景中Concept–whichbeyondlanguageithereultofhumancognitionreflectingthe objectiveworldinthehumanmind★Sene1)enedenotetherelationhipinidethelanguage.Theeneofane某preioniitplaceinaytemofemanticrelationhipwithothere某preioninthelanguage.’2)Sincetheeneofane某preioninotathing,itioftendifficulttoaywhatortofidentityiti.Itial oanabtraction.3)Everywordthathameaninghaene(noteverywordhareference)2.Motivation(理据)——accountfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguitic(语言学的)ymbolanditmeaning.non-motivatedOnomatopoeic(拟声的)——thewordwhoeounduggettheirmeaning.Semantic(语义学的)——refertothementalaociationuggetedbytheconceptual概念上的meaningofaword.eg:atthefootofmountain,themouthofriverword文档可自由复制编辑Etymological(词源学的)——Thehitoryoftheworde某plainthemeaningoftheword.3.TypeofmeaningGrammatical语法–refertothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicategrammaticalconc eptorrelationhipConceptual概念——themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformthecore核心ofword-meaning.Le某ical词汇Connotative内涵意义eg:Mother—afemaleparent—loveAociative联想Stylitic语体1)formal2)neutral3)informalAffective/Emotive——appreciativeandpejorativeCollocative固定搭配Chapter6SenerelationSynchronicapproachRadiation辐射像车轮式一样进行发展的语义e.g.face,neck(3)TwoproceofdevelopmentConcatenation–meaning―linkingtogether‖串联 2.Homonymy(1)定义:Homonymaregenerallydefinedaworddifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenti cal(完全相同的)bothinoundandpellingoridenticalonlyinoundorpelling.PerfectHomonym同音同形异义词e.g.bear忍受;熊ball球;舞会(2)TypeHomograph同形异义e.g.minute分钟;微小的(1)定义:Synonymareworddifferentinoundandpellingbutmotnearlyalikeore某actlytheameinmeaning.Aboluteregioned地域(BritihEnglih&AmericanEnglih)(2)TypetyliticdegreeRelative(Near)hadeofmeaningemotiverangecollocative搭配Borrowing(themotimportantource)(1)定义:Antonymyiconcernedwithemantic语义学的oppoition.Relative(dependoneachother)eg:parent—child,ell—buy,predeceor前辈—ucceor继承者word文档可自由复制编辑(3)Characteritic1)Antonymareclaifiedonthebaiofemanticoppoition.2)Awordwhichhamorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3)Antonymdifferinemanticincluion.4)Contrarytermaregradableantonym,differingindegreeofintenity,oeach haitowncorrepondingoppoition.(4)Ue。
(完整word版)词源学记单词

cave 洞穴cavern 洞穴cavernous 洞穴的 cavity 中空concave 凹的excavate 挖掘excavation 挖掘excavator 挖掘者recessive 退行的,逆行的 retrocede 归还,交还,退却 retrocession 归还,交还secede 正是脱离seceder 脱离者secession 脱离,分离succeed 成功,继承centigrade 摄氏度centimeter 厘米centipede 蜈蚣 centuple 百倍的centuplicate 使百倍的 percent 百分之一percentage 百分比centripetal 向心的;acentric 无中心的,离开中心的;anthropocentric 以人类为中心的concentrate 集中与;concentration 集中专心浓度; decentralize 给予更多权利discretion 慎重,斟酌,自由处理excrete 排泄,分泌excrement 排泄物,大便 secret 秘密secretary 秘书secrete 隐秘secretion 分泌,分泌物Certify 证明;证实certifiable 可保证的;可证明的;可确认的 certificate 证书;执照certification 认证certitude 确信concert 音乐会disconcert 使不安;使为难chronology年代学,年表chronological按发生时间顺序排列的chronometer天文钟chronometry计时学,精密计时法chronoscope极微时间测定器anachronismə'nækrənizəm]时代错误,过时的人或事物Pesticide杀虫剂precise: 准确的precision:准确patricide:杀父matricide:杀母suicide:自杀homicide:他杀semicircle n.半圆cycle n.圆cyclist n.骑自行车的人cyclone n.旋风bicycle n.自行车tricycle n.三轮车encyclopedia n.百科全书recital:背诵,朗诵(动词)recitation:背诵;背诵的诗文(名词)resuscitate:使复活,使恢复(动词)resuscitator:救生者,使复生的人;使苏醒的人(名词)solicit:请求,征集;招揽(动词)solicitation:请求,恳求;教唆(名词)solicitor:请求者,恳求着(名词)exclamation惊呼,惊叹词exclamatory感叹的,惊叹的proclaim宣布,公告,宣言,表明,赞扬proclamation 宣言,公布,文告reclaimvt. 开垦,改造,感化,纠正,回收vi. 改造,感化 reclaimable 可收回的,可教化的 reclamation 矫正,驯养,教化declivous 下坡的,向下倾斜的 incline 倾斜,斜坡,斜面 inclination 倾向,意愿,点头 disincline 使讨厌,不感兴趣的disinclination 不起劲,不感兴趣proclivity 倾向,癖性 recline 使斜靠climax 高潮,极点inclusion 包含inclusive 包括的 occlude 封闭occlusion 闭塞preclude 预先排除preclusion 预防,排除阻止 recluse 隐居的,隐士reclusion 隐居幽禁ignorance 无知; 不知ignorant 无知识的, 幼稚的, 不知道的 incognito 微行,用假名的 prognosis 预知, 预后, 预测 prognosticate 预知, 预测, 预言core 核心,果心,争论的核心accord 协议 accordance 一致,和谐,符合;给予 according 根据,按照,依,随…accordingly 因此,于是,如前所说,相应地cordial n. 兴奋剂,补品a. 热忱的,诚恳的,兴奋的 cordiality 诚实,郑重,恳挚corporeal 肉体的,身体的,物质的corpulent 肥胖的corpus 资料,文集,尸体corpuscle血球,微粒子incorporate 合并组成公司incorporation 合并,结合corset 紧身胸衣cosmogony,宇宙的产生,宇宙进化论cosmopolitant,世界性,四海为家的,国际性的世界主义的micrososm,小宇宙count 计算,数countdown 倒数记秒counter n.柜台,计数器V。
fall的词源学-解释说明

fall的词源学-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述:"Fall" 是一个充满魅力的词汇,它承载着丰富的历史和文化背景。
本文将对“fall”的词源学进行深入探讨,从不同语言中的含义到在文化中的象征意义,逐步揭示其丰富多彩的内涵。
通过对“fall”这一词汇的全面解析,我们可以更深入地理解其在人类社会中的重要地位和影响。
同时,本文也将展望“fall”在未来可能产生的新意义和影响,以引发更多深入思考和讨论。
通过本文的阐述,读者将能够对“fall”这一词汇有一个全新的认识,并对其在语言学和文化传承中的重要性有更深入的理解。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容:本文主要分为三个部分:引言、正文和结论。
在引言部分,我们将概述文章的主题内容,并介绍文章的结构和目的。
在正文部分,我们将深入探讨fall这个词的词源及在不同语言中的含义,并探讨它在文化中的象征意义。
在结论部分,我们将对文章的内容进行总结,分析fall这个词的影响,并展望它在未来可能的发展趋势。
通过这样的结构安排,希望能够全面而深入地探讨fall这个词的词源学,以及它在语言和文化中的重要意义。
1.3 目的:本文的主要目的是探讨英文单词"fall"的词源学,即该词的起源和演变过程。
通过对"fall"的词源进行深入研究,我们可以更好地理解和解释其在不同语言中的含义及其在文化中的象征意义。
同时,也可以通过对"fall"的词源学的探讨,来揭示该词在人类历史和文化发展中的影响和作用。
通过本文的研究,我们希望为读者提供一种全面深入的了解和认识"fall"这个词的新视角,同时也为词源学的研究提供一些新的思路和启示。
2.正文2.1 fall的词源在英语中,"fall"一词源自古英语"feallan",意为“下降,跌落”。
这一词源可以追溯到日耳曼语族中的原始词根"fallan",也是现代德语中的"fallen"、荷兰语中的"vallen"和瑞典语中的"falla"的词源。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
学习词源学需要的基础词汇 a able accept acre act add adult all ancient angle ant appear arch arm art audio August away balance banana band bar bat bath bean believe bicycle bind bite black blank blind blood blow blue board boat bone born borrow bow branch break brief brother bull burn camp candle cap car care carry cartoon carve cash catch cave cell chair channel chant charge circle clap clean clear climb close cock collect comb complete cook core corn cotton counter course cow create creep cross culture cut day decent depend destroy dialogue dig dip discuss door double down drag draw drink drive drop drought dry earth eat elect else end evening excite exit experiment factory faint fan fantasy fast father fear feather festival field finish fire first fist flat flow fly food foot force foreign forget form frozen fuck function fur gas generate get gift give glass go god grass green group grow guard guide hair half happy harm hat have head hear heart hell hero high hip hold hook hot hour house hunter hurt idea in it join juice jump junior just key kid knee know lace large last lawyer lead leaf lean leap least leather lecture leg lend length less letter lick light like limit line lip liquid live liver local long loose love low magic main man manage mass medicine metal meter middle might mill mind mirror mist money month moon more most mother mountain mouse mouth move music near neck new night no normal nose not notice number nurse October off old on one out over pair palm pan pare part passion patient pea period pet phone physics piano picture pile pine pipe plane plant please polite poll pond pool pop pore pork pose put pray price pull punch purple purse question quiet rage raise rapid rat receive remain rent result rice rich ring ripe rise road roll room root rope rough row rude saint salt same sea seat second section seed seek seem select self sense series serve shade shape share shell shift short sign similar sip sit six slap sleep slip slow small smell smoke snake sole solid son sound source spare spear special spell sphere sponge spoon spring stand star steal stick sting stop super swim tailor team tell temperature tense term textile thin three throat through to touch tower town travel tree turn tutor two up vanish vase venture video voice vote warm waste wave way wealth weather well whole wide wind wine wing wise wood word worth wound write yard zero 考研词汇记忆科学顺口溜rupt的功能词根破,因为ripe成熟作物才“破”,这一破可就了不得,引来了世间万种破——erupt火山爆发是向外破,interrupt打搅是在中间破,corrupt腐败是你破我也破,abrupt唐突把气氛打破,原来世间含义出于自然,追本溯源才明白所以然。
sole的含义是唯一,音变创造了sul兄弟;isolate是人(i)孤独,desolate是地(de)偏僻,insulate 是使之孤立,consolidate是合并一起。
元音降级不变义,o/u本是一家亲。
sorb是看得见的吸,absorb常指比喻的吸引。
sorb和soup和sip,都是模拟吸的声音。
单音节词汇义肤浅,多音节词汇义引申。
tract是词根拉,来自drag单词拽。
词根末尾喜欢加t,加t之后把g 变c,extract拔出向外拉subtract减少向下拉contract合同是往一起拉distract分散是往四方拉tract元音饱满是大动作拉,trig元音瘦弱是小动作啦,所以tractor动作大是拖拉机,而trigger动作小只能是扳机。
迎世界杯高兴考研词汇顺口溜连载celer是词根速度,来自拉丁文kele马跑,拉丁文热衷字母k,英语统统改成了c。
kele模仿马跑的声音,类似中文的嘎德儿嘎德儿。
原来词根来历有几扇门,晚期拉丁、古英语和法文。
cess是词根走,可是长得不像走。
sess是词根坐,倒是有点儿像sit。
不像干脆举个例,succese倒是很熟悉。
原来“成功”的本义是“继续”,suc-向下,cess-走,“继续”就是一直走下去。
别忘了cess的变体,ceed和cede将s变成了d。
这些变体没有跑出d/t/s/ge的通假关系,所以请不必觉得太诧异!mode是单词模型,谐音记忆好心情。
commodity一个模式造出是商品、日用品,accommodate像日用品一样提供方便。
除了mode模式还有model模特,英、汉谐音捆绑记忆也很有特色。
cum借鉴自日语“云”,风起云涌表“积累”;拼写上模仿前缀共同com,因为“积累”就是把东西放一处。
cumulous是形容词积云的,cumulus是名词积云,同义不同性也要互相模仿,怎么看怎么像一家人!cuse是词根骂,简写自单词curse 咒骂,单词变词根要瘦身,留谁去谁看发音。
r/l/n音最弱,被简化时是第一个。
s/t/d音最强,永远留下当霸王。
Ac作为词根尖,学习Angle单词角,Acid是单词尖酸的,id作化学后缀要明了。
Acute是单词急性的,常表病情着急火燎。
从“Ang”到“Ac”谁在逃跑?n 的发音太弱小,太弱小,它不跑谁跑?acro是前缀高,模仿macro前缀大,“高”“大”关系太融洽,大也是高来高也是大。
“高”“大”有多融洽问赵本山,因为他的经纪人是高大宽。
macro是前缀大,micro是前缀小,a肚子大声音也大,i长得小音量也小。
看来a和i的确有区别,身才长得壮,性格也粗野。
朗朗顺口溜词、根不会溜dict是词根说,最熟的单词是dictionary。
doct也是词根说,最熟的单词是doctor。
predict预言是提前说,indicate 暗示是在里面说。
addict上瘾是一直说,verdict裁定是非常地说。
dict简化后是dic和dit,doct简化后是doc和dot,词根简化是必然趋势,简化后三个字母正合适!equal相等的早就熟,反向获得词根equ,equator赤道是具体事物;equality相等性强调性质;equation 等式强调引申;equip装配是和船吻合,adequate足够的与参照相等;后缀的属性要明了,否则同根词易混淆。
her是her也不是her,是像he和her一样的粘着。
her与hes是同义词根,更证明二者相同的出身。
adhere是去粘着,coherent是黏在一起的。
coherent和cohesive 都一样,从头到脚都很像。
join是加入都清楚,还有“连接”的含义要补一补;其实“连接”还非得“进去”,从人到物到拼图游戏;joint表示了具体含义,junction更侧重引申和比喻。
单音节词汇功能潜,多音节词汇不一般。
从junct到jac发生了简化,从五变三是经常做法。
administer管家、部长和大臣,哪个含义是入门?掌握了“管家”就行了,“部长”和“大臣”便好引申。
为什么知道“管家”是主义,administer里面有manager的秘密。
为什么记含义要讲顺序,顺序对了背起来很有逻辑。
opt词根很有讨厌,选择、乐观还有看。
乐观简写自prospect,看是变化自spect。
选择去看手机option,别忘先把手机调成英文。
ance和anci 本是一家人,ante和anti关系也很亲。
四个符号都是表示“前”的含义。
抓住一个,串起四个的集体记忆。
要说最熟的,ancient古老的是突破点。
那就这样吧,用点串线再到面。