英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语语言学

一、名词解释

第一课

共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.

语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.

任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no

natural relationship to their meaning.

第二课

音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is

called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.

音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.

pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs

in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

第三课

形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled…morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.

第四课

语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern

the formation of sentences.

categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.

structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization prope rties, is called

deep structure or D- structure.

structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.

第五课

指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship

between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.

上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more

specific word.

第六课

语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.

meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in

a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.