重音 停顿 节奏 语调

三、英语中的节奏


先看例子：She studies every morning. She stu dies eve ry mor ning. 在朗读时，重读音节要念得重些，长些，慢些（因而 显得特别响亮清楚）；非重读音节则要念得轻些、短 些、快些（因而显得不是那么响亮清楚）。

这种自然形成的轻重、长短、快慢等有规律的 交替就构成英语里的基本节奏。
1. 冠词

This is a computer. The computer is my sisters.
2. 代词（人称、物主、关系代词）

I am a teacher. They are my friends. My mother often helps me. The book that he is reading is mine. Do you remember the girl whom we met at the party?

二、停顿、意群、气群



为了使意思表达得更清楚，或者为了换气的需 要，人们在说话或朗读的时候，经常需要停顿 （pausing）。 形式上，标点符号提示停顿，而且提示停顿的 长短。逗号、分号、冒号等停顿较短，句号停 顿较长。 意义上，停顿和意群、气群密切相关。
意群


Байду номын сангаас

一个句子可以按照意义和语法结构分为几个部 分，每一个部分可以称为一个意群（sense group）。 从语义、语法上来讲，意群是能表达某种意思 的一个词，一组词，一个短语或一个分句，一 个从句或一个主句。 从语调上来说，意群是可以用降调、升调或平 调来朗读的一个语调单位。
o ooo

Send him away. Terribly slow. Give him a book What is the time? Sing us a song. Throw it away.
o

o ooo
I’ve eaten them all. He wanted us to. I know what it is. He gave it to me. We had to do it.
o

o oo o oo
He started to talk to me. She wanted to write to him. I’ll borrow another one. You’ll get it on Sunday. He came on a bicycle.
四、英语语调

I think he did it carefully. I wonder if he’ll ask me in advance. They said they had to go at once. How far is it from here to London? Where did you say you had put my glasses?
为什么我的英语不自然？
“I got every sound exact and correct, but still, it doesn’t sound right….” If that is the problem, then this lecture might hopefully be a solution.
语法单位 语调单位
①1949年 介词短语 升调（句子的一 前 （状语） 部分，意思不完 整） ②我住在 香港 ③在香港 教书 主句（主 升调（句子的一 语、谓语、部分，意思不完 状语） 整） 主句第二 降调（全句结束， 部分 意思完整）
意群的语调


意群根据其在句中的位置可分为句首、句中和 句末意群三种。通常来说，句首和句中意群用 升调，表示意思不完整，尚须往下听。 但如果句首或句中意群表意完整、语义重要， 和后面部分联系并不密切，就可用降调表示。
气群

凡是一口气能说完或读完的一个句子或句子中 一部分称为一个气群。一个气群一般包含若干 个意群，气长的人可以念完一个很长的句子而 不换气，但最短的气群也不得少于一个意群。

Hurry up! // Take it away. // Both my brothers and I /are fond of music.// Mary and her friend /had a big quarrel.// Which is bigger, //an elephant /or a tiger?//

A: I thought you were a student. B: I am a student. ….and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
3. 非实义动词

John is studying Chinese. The meeting will be cancelled. He may not go to Shanghai tomorrow. I used to go there.
4.连词

and, or, for, but, as, than, if, when, while, since, now (that), as if, as though, etc. I won’t do it, for I don’t think it’s right. Will you stay home or stay with me? He works much harder than you. He came to see me but didn’t stay long.

5.介词

at, by, for, from, of, in, to, into, etc. I met him at the airport. He’s from Hong Kong.

注意

和单词重音不同，语句重音并不是一成不变的 语音现象。根据说话时的不同心态、不同的着 重点、不同的强调内容、不同的语气等可以使 原来在句中应重读的词失去重音，而原来不重 读的词却又成了重读的词。
1.名词 noun

An elephant is an animal. I’m a teacher.
2.形容词 adjective

She’s beautiful. Her skirt is blue and white.
3.数词 numeral

I have two brothers. John is nine.




3. 不定代词 some, every, all, both, none, other, many, few, somebody, something…. Everybody was late. Some are red; some are blue.
7.疑问词

1.疑问代词 what, which, who, whom, whose What would you like to eat？ 2.疑问副词 when, where, how When did you get there?


He put the letter into the envelope↘, /smoked a cigarette ↘/and then walked out of his room. ↘ When she learned that, ↗ /she was very angry↘/ and decided to punish the man. ↘
oo o

I think so. I’d like to. Of course not. It’s early. She’s ready. I’m sorry.
oo oo

It’s possible. He wanted it. They’ve finished it. I’ve heard of it. I’ve paid for it. Be nice to her. a friend of mine.
4.实义动词 notional verb

She sings well. Mary loves her dolls.
5.副词 adverb

He speaks English slowly and carefully.
6.某些代词（指示代词等）pronoun

1. 指示代词 this, that, these, those That boy over there is my cousin. 2. 反身代词 myself, yourself, themselves…. He himself hurt his own foot.
一个节奏群

It’s fine. I’m busy. He’s a doctor. There’s a letter for you.
两个节奏群

Go there. I want to go. I wanted to know. I wanted you to know. I wanted you to do it. I wanted you to write to him.

人们在说话或朗读时，声音时升时降，时高时 低。这种声音的高低升降与句子重音结合在一 起便构成英语语调。 英语里最基本的语调有两种：降调和升调。
– –

句子末尾用下降语调的叫降调。 句子末尾用上升语调的叫升调。
降、升调的三个共同点
• • • •
1. 句子中第一个重读音节的声调最高。 Both the children are playing outside. Both the child ren are play ing out ↘side.
主要内容

一、 语句重音 二、停顿、意群、气群 三、英语中的节奏 四、英语语调
一、语句重音

语句重音指的是人们在朗读连贯的语句时，哪 些词要重读哪些词不要重读的规则。 一般规则
– –

重读 不重读

注意
一般规则（一）：哪些词重读


在连贯的语句中通常需要重读的词有：1.名词、 2.形容词、3.数词、4.实义动词、5.副词、6. 某些代词（指示代词等）、7.疑问词、8.叹词。 这条规则可以总结为：实词重读
o o

Come here. Look out! What for? No more. Say “yes”. Ask John.
o oo

Try again. Not enough. Look inside. Do it now. Not so fast. Cut the bread.

8.叹词（interjection）

Oh, it’s snowing. My, what a downpour! Hey, that’s a nice shot! Dear me!
一般规则（二）：哪些词不重读

在连贯的语句中通常不重读的词有： 1. 冠词、2. 代词（人称、物主、关系代词）、 3. 非实义动词、4.连词、5.介词。
Before 1949, I used to live in Hong Kong and worked as a teacher.

① Before 1949/, ↗ ②I used to live in Hong Kong/ ↗ ③and worked as a teacher. ↘
意义单位
o

o oooo
I think it will be fine. I wanted you to know. You ought to go to bed. You only have to try. I’ll try to be in time. He didn’t know the way.