高中数学立体几何重要的知识点(经典)

高中数学立体几何重要的知识点(经典)
高中数学立体几何重要的知识点(经典)

立体几何知识点

1、柱、锥、台、球的结构特征 (1)棱柱:

几何特征:两底面是对应边平行的全等多边形;侧面、对角面都是平行四边形;侧棱平行且相等;平行于底面的截面是与底面全等的多边形。 (2)棱锥

几何特征:侧面、对角面都是三角形;平行于底面的截面与底面相似,其相似比等于顶点到截面距离与 高的比的平方。 (3)棱台:

几何特征:①上下底面是相似的平行多边形 ②侧面是梯形 ③侧棱交于原棱锥的顶点 (4)圆柱:定义:以矩形的一边所在的直线为轴旋转,其余三边旋转所成

几何特征:①底面是全等的圆;②母线与轴平行;③轴与底面圆的半径垂直;④侧面展开图是一个矩形。 (5)圆锥:定义:以直角三角形的一条直角边为旋转轴,旋转一周所成

几何特征:①底面是一个圆;②母线交于圆锥的顶点;③侧面展开图是一个扇形。 (6)圆台:定义:以直角梯形的垂直与底边的腰为旋转轴,旋转一周所成

几何特征:①上下底面是两个圆;②侧面母线交于原圆锥的顶点;③侧面展开图是一个弓形。 (7)球体:定义:以半圆的直径所在直线为旋转轴,半圆面旋转一周形成的几何体 几何特征:①球的截面是圆;②球面上任意一点到球心的距离等于半径。

4、柱体、锥体、台体的表面积与体积

(1)几何体的表面积为几何体各个面的面积的和。

(2)特殊几何体表面积公式(c 为底面周长,h 为高,'

h 为斜高,l 为母线)

ch S =直棱柱侧面积 rh S π2=圆柱侧 '2

1ch S =正棱锥侧面积 rl

S π=圆锥侧面积

')(2

121h c c S +=正棱台侧面积 l R r S π)(+=圆台侧面积 ()l r r S +=π2圆柱表 ()l r r S +=π圆锥表 ()

22R Rl rl r S +++=π圆台表

(3)柱体、锥体、台体的体积公式

V Sh =柱 2V S h r h π==圆柱 13

V S h =锥 h r V 23

1π=圆锥

'1()3

V S S h =+台 '2211()()33V S S h r rR R h π=+=++圆台

(4)球体的表面积和体积公式:V 球=343

R π ; S 球面=2

4R π

1、平面及基本性质

公理1 ααα??∈∈∈∈l B A l B l A ,,, 公理2 若βα∈∈P P ,,则a =?βα且α∈P

公理3 不共线三点确定一个平面(推论1直线和直线外一点,2两相交直线,3两平行直线) 2、空间两直线的位置关系

共面直线:相交、平行(公理4) 异面直线 3、异面直线

(1)对定义的理解:不存在平面α,使得α?a 且α?b (2)判定:反证法(否定相交和平行即共面) 判定定理:15P

★(3)求异面直线所成的角:①平移法 即平移一条或两条直线作出夹角,再解三角形. ②向量法 |,cos |cos b a =

><=θ (注意异面直线所成角的范围]2

,

0(π)

(4)证明异面直线垂直,①通常采用三垂线定理及逆定理或线面垂直关系来证明;

②向量法 0=??⊥

(5)求异面直线间的距离:大纲仅要求掌握已给出公垂线或易找出公垂线的有关问题计算.

9.2 直线与平面的位置关系 1、直线与平面的位置关系

A a a a =??ααα,//,

2、直线与平面平行的判定

(1)判定定理: ααα////b a a b b ???

?

??

?? (线线平行,则线面平行17P )

(2)面面平行的性质:

βαβα////a a ??

??

? (面面平行,则线面平行) 3、直线与平面平行的性质

b a b a a //,//??

??

=??βαβα (线面平行,则线线平行18P )

★4、直线与平面垂直的判定 (1)直线与平面垂直的定义的逆用

a l a l ⊥??

??

?⊥αα,

(2)判定定理:αα⊥???

?

??

=??⊥⊥l A n m n m n l m l ,, (线线垂直,则线面垂直23P )

(3)

αα⊥??

??

⊥a b b a // (25P 练习 第6题) (4)面面垂直的性质定理:βαβαβα⊥???

?

??

⊥?=?⊥a l a a l , (面面垂直,则线面垂直51P )

(5)面面平行是性质:

βαβα⊥??

??

⊥l l // 5、射影长定理

★6、三垂线定理及逆定理 线垂影?线垂斜 9.3 两个平面的位置关系

1、空间两个平面的位置关系 相交和平行

2、两个平面平行的判定 (1)判定定理:βαβα

α//,,//,//??

??

=?P b a b a b a (线线平行,则面面平行19P )

(2)

βαβα//??

??

⊥⊥l l 垂直于同一平面的两个平面平行 (3)βαγβγα////,//? 平行于同一平面的两个平面平行 (21P 练习 第2题) 3、两个平面平行的性质

(1)性质1:βαβα//,//a a ??

(2)面面平行的性质定理:

b a b a //,//??

??

=?=?γβγαβα (面面平行,则线线平行20P )

(3)性质2:βαβα⊥?⊥l l ,// 4、两个平面垂直的判定与性质

(1)判定定理:βααβ⊥??⊥a a , (线面垂直,则面面垂直50P )

(2)性质定理:面面垂直的性质定理:βαβαβα⊥???

?

??

⊥?=?⊥a l a a l , (面面垂直,则线面垂直51P )

9.4 空间角

1、异面直线所成角(9.1)

2、斜线与平面所成的角 )2

,

0(π

(1)求作法(即射影转化法):找出斜线在平面上的射影,关键是作垂线,找垂足. (2)向量法:设平面α的法向量为n ,则直线AB 与平面α所成的角为θ,则

|,cos |sin n AB =

><=θ )2

,

0(πθ∈

(3)两个重要结论

最小角定理48P :21cos cos cos θθθ= ,,26P 例4 28P 第6题 9.5 空间距离

1、求距离的一般方法和步骤 (1)找出或作出有关的距离; (2)证明它符合定义;

(3)在平面图形内计算(通常是解三角形) 2、求点到面的距离常用的两种方法

(1)等体积法——构造恰当的三棱锥;

(2)向量法——求平面的斜线段,在平面的法向量上的射影的长度:|

|n d =

3、直线到平面的距离,两个平行平面的距离通常都可以转化为点到面的距离求解

4、异面直线的距离

① 定义:和两异面直线都垂直相交且夹在异面直线间的部分(公垂线段) ② 求法:法1 找出两异面直线的公垂线段并计算,法2 转化为点面距离 向量法 d =

A ,

B 分别为两异面直线上任意一点,为垂直于两异面直线的向量) 注意理解应用:

θcos 22222mn d n m l ±++= 重点例题:51P 和55P 例2

赠送以下资料

英语万能作文(模板型)

Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that....

随着社会的不断发展,出现了越来越多的问题,其中之一便是____________。

As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.

然而,对于此类问题,人们持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法)

As society develops, people are attaching much importance to....

随着社会的发展,人们开始关注............

People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting 求职的过程中,人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。

As to whether it is worthwhile ....., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.

关于是否值得___________的问题,一直以来争论不休。当然,不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。

In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma.

在都市的发展中,我们往往会陷入困境。

Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that....

最近,这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注,有人开始担心______________。

The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, with the

increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.

人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段,经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快,随之给我们带来了很多问题。

...... plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?"

_______显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题,这是无可厚非的。不过,问题是:"我们该如何抉择?"

Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges,

现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。

People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.

不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。

The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.

这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。

When asked ..., some people think..... while some prefer...

说到______,有人认为________,而另一些人则认为__________。

Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.

俗话说,""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。

To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.

对于这个问题,不同的人持不同的观点。

There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...

万事万物都有其两面性,所以,勿庸置疑,____________。

When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....

提到_________问题,很多人认为_________,不过,一些人则认为______是____.

When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...

提到_________问题,仅少数人认为________,但另一些人则认为_________。

There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of .... There who criticize ...argue that ...., they believe that ...,but people who favor .., on the other hand, argue that...

目前,____问题争议较大。批判_____的人认为_____,他们认为_____,不过,另一方面,赞同_____的人则认为_______。

Some people are of the opinion that.. 有些人认为_________。

Many people claim that... 很多人认为_________。

A majority of 绝大多数

A large number of 很多人

Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages) 有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。

Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.

觉得_____的人认为,______ 城市的经济发展。

Some people advocate that ....

有些人在坚持认为_________。

They hold that ... 他们认为_________。

People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons (grounds)

坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。

Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it. 那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。

Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.

强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。

Many people would claim that... 有人会认为___________。

People who support ... give some or all of the following reasons.

那些支持_________观点的人列出了如下原因:________。

But others hold the view that ...但是,另外一些人则认为_______。

观点的用词:Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组:Take, have, come up with,set forth, put forward等。

But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that..,.

不过,另一方面,也有少部分人坚持认为_______________。

But people who are ..., on the other hand , maintain that...

不过,另一方面,________的人认为__________。

However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case.

然而,很多人对此有不同的看法。

问题用词:Issue, phenomenon,后接介词, on, over等。

However, some others argue that... 然而,另一些人则认为____。

However, there are also some others who contend that...

然而,也有人认为__________。

But other people set forth completely totally different argument concerning this case.

不过,对于此,另一些人则持完全不同的观点。

Some people examine this issue from another angle.

有的人用另一角度来看这一问题。

On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly ...

另一方面,也有很多反对的人,他们认为_____________。

According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer ... rather than...

根据我的个性以及兴趣,我选择_______而不会选择__________。

Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion...

就我个人而言,我支持后者(前者)___________。

Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view.

就我个人而言,我较同意前一种看法。

To my point of view 我认为

To my mind, the advantages far overweigh the drawbacks(disadvantages, shortcomings)

我认为,优点胜过缺点。

For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that..

就我而言,我较赞同后一种观点________________。

As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter view.

在我看来,我较同意后一种观点。

After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the latter view that...

经过深思熟虑,我较支持后一种看法,亦即___________。

If asked to make a decision, I would prefer...

如果真的需要作出选择,我宁愿____________。

展现问题篇

问题的常用词:question, problem, issue

Recently, the issue of ...... has been brought into public focus.

近来,_______的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。

Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in people’s attitude towards some traditional practice.

现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代,很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大改变。

Recently the issue of whether or not ... has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.

近来,是否____的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。

The issue whether it is good or not to .... has aroused a heated discussion all over the country.

______的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。

At present, some people think ....while others claim ...Both sides have their merits.

目前,一些人认为_____而另一些人则认为_____。其实,两种观点都其可取之处。

People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.

对于这种极具争议的话题,我们很难作出绝对的回答。

People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.

不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。

The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.

这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。

When asked ..., some people think..... while some prefer...

说到______,有人认为________,而另一些人则认为__________。

Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.

俗话说,""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。

To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.

对于这个问题,不同的人持不同的观点。

There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...

万事万物都有其两面性,所以,勿庸置疑,____________。

When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....

提到____问题,很多人认为____,不过,一些人则认为____是____.

When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...提到___问题,仅少数人认为___,但另一些人则认为____.

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