考研英语语法

考研英语语法非限定动词（3）动词最重要简单句（5种基本句型）限定动词并列句名词性从句（4）长难句分析复合句定语从句（5）状语从句（6）时态（1）被动（2）It（7）：做先行代词的用法在强调结构中的用法倒装（8）：if 在虚拟结构中的条件从句Only或否定词提前As 或 however在前的让步状语从句比较级句子：跟句子、短语等"---" （9）在句中的意义：解释说明和插入（不影响句子本身结构）带"-"的形容词（10）五种基本句型：最基本的，有助于分析句子结构，理解长难句。

1、动词时态：在英语中，不同时间一不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态要用不同的动词形式来表示。

在时间上分为四大类---现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时；在行为上又分为四种---一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。

考研中常用到的有一定难度的：过去进行时、过去将来时（would 表过去习惯动作）、现在完成时、现在完成进行时等。

现在完成时（表示动作或状况发生在现在以前的某个未经明确指出的过去时间内，目前已经完成或结束，给现在造成了影响；或者这个动作至今还未完成，可能继续下去也可能停止）He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.（08）现在完成进行时(表示由过去某时开始或发生至今仍将继续进行或刚刚结束的动作；重复发生的动作)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education.(09)2、被动语态：当主语是动作的承受者时，动词要用被动语态，只有及物动词才有被动语态；由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成，它的时态由be动词的变化体现。

考研中常用的被动语态与时态的结合：一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时一般现在时：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（02）一般过去时：3、非限定动词（不能单独做谓语，没有性数变化，不包括在句子的主干中）包括动词不定式、分词（-ed -ing）、动名词1、动词不定式：由(not)+to+动词原形构成，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语或状语做主语和宾语：To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. （09）做表语：The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.（07）做宾补：If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.（07）做状语：To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.（01）2、分词：它兼有动词、形容词、和副词的特征；有两种形式，-ed 被动完成， -ing主动进行；在句中担任定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。

现在分词和过去分词的区别：a moving film surprising The play was boring.a moved audience surprised I left because I was bored.做定语：A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.(08)Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd.(09)Specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.（01）做状语：（-ing 与主句主语是主动关系； -ed与主句主语被动关系）We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.（09）Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.（03）状语（while或when）while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work。

(09)独立结构：Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The . workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor . economic performance.(09)3、动名词：兼有名词和动词的特征，可在句中做主语、表语、宾语等Finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient.(04)4、名词性从句：在句中起名次作用的从句，包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。

（连接词that, whether...or, if 在从句中不做任何成分Who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever 在句中充当语法成分When, where, why, how 在从句中做状语成分）主语从句：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.（06）表语从句：宾语从句：Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors.(02)On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.（09）同位语从句：A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.（05）5、定语从句：在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句。

先行词和关系词。

关系词既起着联系从句和主句的作用，又代替先行词在从句中担当有语法成分。

（that, which, who, whom, whose; when, where, why）关系代词：It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.（04）（作主语）Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.（03）All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware.(09)（加介词）There are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping out.（01）Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story, which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.（02）（非限制性）关系副词：In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak。