高二下英语语法

Promoter: enlightenment stage in RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase and specific areas of the template DNA, is refers to the RNA polymerase to recognize, and start a DNA sequenceHalf reserved copy: DNA is made up of two DNA nucleotide chain, two chain by hydrogen bonds. In DNA replication, unwinding, two chain on a chain as a template, the synthesis of new chain, so the new synthesis of two strands of DNA, a new synthetic, is the mother of one is the original chain, so called a reserved copyAsymmetric transcription: in RNA synthesis, just a chain of double-stranded DNA as a template, the template strand is not on the same single foreverOkazaki fragments: during the discontinuous synthesis of DNA with chain after the fragments generated, prokaryotic cells is 1000-2000 nucleotides in length, length of eukaryotes, 100-200 nucleotides.Hyperchromic effect: when nucleic acid degeneration or reduce its ultraviolet absorption significantly enhancedHypochromic effect: when the degeneration of the nucleic acid under certain conditions to restore its original properties, and the strength of the ultraviolet absorption can be restored to the original level, called hypochromic effectEnzyme active site (center) : the enzyme molecule and the substrate directly and make it into a product areaMolecular hybridization between different sections of DNA, if each other's complementary nucleotide sequence can also be irreversible, form a new double helix. This according to the complementary base pairing and make the incomplete complementary two polynucleotide process known as molecular hybridization combined with each otherThrough photosynthesis, green plants chloroplasts use light energy to convert CO2 and H2O is converted into sugar, and O2 release process.Structure domain: polypeptide chain on the basis of the structure of super second round to fold into further closely approximate spherical structure, has some biological functionTranscription factors: every transcription start necessary, but not any protein, RNA polymerase composition are defined as transcription factorsSD sequence: the mRNA upstream about 4-13 bases before starting password, there is a sequence that are rich in purines, said SD sequence.Half a discontinuous copy: the synthesis of DNA polymerase is one-way 5 'to 3' direction and the DNA double bond are complementary parallel relationship, the direction from the starting point with the copy of the same child DNA synthesis is continuous said leading chain, in contrast to thereplication direction of the offspring of DNA synthesis is discontinuous, with even after said, such a copy is called half a discontinuous replication.Central dogma: refers to the genetic information from DNA to RNA, again from RNA to protein, to complete the process of transcription and translation of genetic information, can also be passed to the DNA from DNA, to complete the process of DNA replication, RNA in some viruses replicate and reverse transcription by RNA as template in some viruses into the DNA of the process is the supplement.Cis function components: refers to the DNA nucleotide sequence associated with transcription start and regulation, including promoter, enhancer and silence, etc.Trans action factor: is able to combine direct or indirect identification or conveniently function to each element of the core sequence, protein involved in regulating gene transcription.Oxidative phosphorylation: refers to the direct coupling with biological oxidation by phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP, is the main way of the body to produce ATPIn the process of the P/O ratio: breathing, inorganic phosphorus and the ratio of atomic oxygen consumption, consumption per 2 e A TP molecules produced by the respiratory chain to oxygenElectron transport chain: biological oxidation process, the metabolites on off after a series of hydrogen in a certain order of hydrogen transfer and electron transfer, and finally passed to oxygen molecules and generate H2O, the hydrogen and the electronic transfer system called respiratory chain, electron transport chainSD sequence: the mRNA upstream about 4-13 bases before starting password, there is a sequence that are rich in purines, said SD sequence.Signal peptide: located in n-terminal secreted protein peptide bond, length of about 15-30 amino acid residues, have highly hydrophobic amino acidsFatty acid oxidation of beta: refers to the fatty acids in the role of a series of enzyme, the alpha and beta - carbon atoms break between carbon atoms, generate two carbon atoms of acetyl COA and less than the original two C atoms in the process of fatty acyl COA.Gene: eukaryotic gene structure, encoded by a number of areas and non-coding regions separated from each other, but there are continuous inlay, go unless the coding regions after the connection, can translate by continuous complete protein amino acid composition, these genes called a gene.Reverse transcription, RNA as the template, in under the action of reverse transcriptase chain of RNA, DNA hybridization, in the process of formation of DNA.Cistron: several base of prokaryotic cells string into a transcription unit, transcription of RNA cancode several function related proteins.Attenuator: weakening, gene attenuation, the attenuation gene, is in the DNA transcription can lead to premature termination of a nucleotide sequenceLactose operon: lactose operon has a set of functions related to the structure of the gene (z, y, a) manipulation of gene activity (o) (I) (p) regulation genes, three structural gene transcription "open" can be the same of mRNA in the translation of three kinds of use of lactose enzyme (beta - galactose is acerbity, beta galactose glucoside permease, beta light acetyl galactose enzymes)Tryptophan operon: tryptophan operon 5 structure genetic ABCDE structure containing genes, genetic manipulation and promoter and a damping and a leading sequence, usually tryptophan operon show open.Sugar dysplasia: by the sugar material into the process of glucose, called glucose dysplasia.TCA: namely the Krebs cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, cycle each round has two C atoms to enter in the form of acetyl COA, completely oxidized to CO2 release, at the same time generate NADH, FADH and ATPEMP approach: namely the glycolytic pathway, glycogen or glucose molecules generated in the stage of pyruvic acid, make the main way to sugar metabolism in the bodyLight reaction: the light reaction time can be transformed into chemical energy of the reaction, plants absorb light energy to chemical reactions of chlorophyll, split the activation of water molecules out of O2, H ﹢and releasing process of electronic and generate ATP and NADPH.Dark reaction: dark reaction is a process of CO2 reduction of sugar is produced by the reaction of light NADH and ATP in the enzymatic reaction, because don't need the light, so that the dark reaction.Photophosphorylation: caused by illumination electron transport and phosphorylation phase coupling and generate ATP process.Nucleic acid modified: is when the nucleic acid solution by some physical or chemical factors, the influence of the double helix structure of DNA was damaged, hydrogen bond rupture, into a single, causing the change of the physical and chemical properties and biological function of nucleic acid reduced or lostNucleic acid compound: degeneration of DNA in the appropriate conditions, the two single synthesis of double helix, the association of its physical and chemical properties and biological activity recovery process called nucleic acid compoundProtein secondary structure, protein folding and uncoiling of the polypeptide chain itselfProtein tertiary structure: refers to the atoms of the polypeptide chain (including the main chainand side chain) distribution in three-dimensional spaceProtein quaternary structure: central Asia based stereo configuration, protein molecules of the interaction between the subunits and the layout of the contact areaRibozyme: has the catalytic activity of RNAIs feed-forward effect: in front of the metabolic pathway of the substrate on the regulation of a catalytic reaction following enzyme activation effectNegative feedforward function: in the metabolic waste, excessive metabolic pathway in front of the substrate on the regulation of a catalytic reaction following enzyme activation effectCascade system: chain of an enzyme in the metabolic reactions are activated after the happening of the chain of other enzymes are activated, lead to the original signal amplification. This chain of metabolic reactions system called cascade systemCo-workers receptor tRNA: carry the same amino acid, but a group of RNA that anticodon differentSuper second structure: refers to the conformation of secondary structure several adjacent units interact with each other, forming a rules, can identify secondary structure on the space, "she saidFatty acid oxidation of alpha: 3-18 carbon atoms of free fatty acid as the substrate, a molecular oxygen indirect participation, the fatty acid peroxide enzyme catalysis, start from alpha carbon oxidation, oxidation product is D - alpha hydroxy fatty acids or less a carbon atom of the fatty acidsFatty acid w - oxidation: w - oxidation is C5, C6, C10, C12 fatty acids from carboxyl end of alkyl carbon atoms are oxidized to hydroxyl, be further oxidized to carboxyl, generate alpha, w - dicarboxylic acid processCopy: DNA as template, such as DNA polymerase function factor, with four dNTP as raw material, according to the principle of complementary base pairing chain, generates two the same DNA as the parent process of double chainTranscription: the meaning of a chain with DNA as a template, under the effect of RNA polymerase, with four NTP as raw material, according to the principle of base pairing, the corresponding RNA synthesis processTranslation: tRNA in mRNA coding sequence, read the password and activation of amino acids in turn into the ribosome, used in the process of protein synthesisCodon: by the adjacent three bases on mRNA as a group, encoding the nucleotide sequence of an amino acid or termination signalSynonymous codon: encoding codes of the same kinds of amino acids3 '5' 2 phosphate ester bond: a DNA nucleotides of DNA on the 5 'a phosphate group and another DNA nucleotides of DNA and formation of hydroxyl groups on 3' phosphate ester bond, theformed by the same phosphate ester bond is called3 '5' 2 phosphate ester bondKm: michaelis constant, enzyme reaction velocity V is maximum reaction rate Vmax halfway through the concentration of the substrateThe PPP approach: the pentose phosphate pathway, including oxidation and oxidation in two stages. In oxidation phase, glucose - 6 - phosphate, into ribulose - 5 - phosphoric acid and CO2 and generate two molecules of NADPH, in the stage of oxidation, heterogeneous ribulose - 5 - phosphoric acid imRNA - 5 - phosphateAllosteric enzymes: some enzyme molecular surface to remove the activity center, has to adjust parts, when regulating objects to the site, cause conformational changes of enzyme, enzyme activity change, these enzymes called allosteric enzymesSubstrate phosphorylation levels: in the substrate by oxidation process, the substrate molecule internal energy distribution to produce high-energy phosphate bond, thus high-energy keys provide energy to ADP (GDP) phosphorylation to generate ATP (GTP) made process is referred to as the substrate phosphorylation levelCoenzyme: protein and enzyme combined with more loose small molecule organic matter Prosthetic group, with the close combination of protease small molecule organic compound, with dialysis method cannot be removedIsozyme: catalytic the same chemical reaction, but the primary structure of enzymes, three-dimensional structure, physical and chemical properties and biological function is not identical to fly a group of enzymesSub: participate in the form of protein quaternary structure, each has the tertiary structure of a polypeptide chainTrigger enzymes: primers synthetase, based on DNA template synthesis of an RNA enzymes, this period of RNA as synthetic DNA primersNoncompetitive inhibition of enzymes: some inhibitor combined with enzyme active center outside of the parts, so can and free enzyme combined with the enzyme substrate compounds, ESI but cannot translate into product, further this effect called noncompetitive inhibitionMonomer enzyme: only composed of a polypeptide chain enzymes, generally for hydrolytic enzymes。