概要写作中的paraphrasing
什么是改写作文
什么是改写作文英文回答：Paraphrasing is a technique used to rewrite a text in your own words while retaining its original meaning. It involves understanding the source material thoroughly and expressing its key ideas in a different way. Paraphrasingis an important skill in academic writing, as it allows you to demonstrate your comprehension of a text and avoid plagiarism.When paraphrasing, it is important to:Read the original text carefully and identify its main points.Understand the meaning of the text, including any underlying assumptions or implications.Rewrite the text in your own words, using differentsentence structures and vocabulary.Make sure that your paraphrase conveys the same meaning as the original text.Cite the original source to acknowledge its authorship.中文回答：改写作文是一种将文章用自己的语言重新书写，同时保持其原始意义的技术。
这包括透彻理解源材料并以不同的方式表达其关键思想。
paraphrasing and essay introduction写作练习
Paraphrasing (改写，释义)Effective paraphrasing is vital in academic writing to avoid the risk of plagiarism. Paraphrasing does not aim to shorten the length of a text, merely to restate it.A good paraphrase is significantly different from the wording (用词，措辞) of the original, without changing the meaning at all.练习：1. Read the text below and then decide which is the better paraphrase, (a) or (b) 原文：Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself.a) The sudden ending of Egyptian civilization over 4,000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south. Without the regular river flooding there would not have been enough food.b) Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.2. Paraphrase the paragraphs as fully as possible.Paragraph 1FOUR WHEELS GOODThe growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the industry developed ‘planned obsolescence’, whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Later, from the 1970s, environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming. At this time, trades unions became increasingly militant in defense of their members’ j obs. Today the industry owns some of the strongest brands in the world. However, many major car companies struggle with stagnant (不景气的) markets and falling profits.Paragraph 2Before the last century no humans had visited Antarctica, and even today the vast continent has a winter population of fewer than 200 people. However, a recent report from a New Zealand government agency outlines the scale of the pollution problem in the ice and snow. Although untouched compared with other regions in the world, thebitter cold of Antarctica means that the normal process of decay is prevented. As a result some research stations are surrounded by the rubbish of nearly 60 years’operations.Despite popular belief, the polar continent is really a desert, with less precipitation than the Sahara. In the past, snowfall slowly covered the waste left behind, like beer cans or dead ponies, but now, possibly due to global warming, the ice is thinning and these are being exposed. Over 10 years ago the countries using Antarctica agreed a treaty on waste disposal, under which everything is to be taken home, and this is slowly improving the situation. However, the scientists do not want everything removed. The remains of very early expeditions at the beginning of the twentieth century have acquired historical value and will be preserved.答案：练习1 (b) is the better paraphrase练习2 (A number of possibilities are acceptable here. These are suggestions.)Paragraph 1 (Sample)The expansion of contemporary capitalism matches the rise of the automobile industry. After starting in Germany and France, it accelerated in the United States. There the moving assembly line was modified by Henry Ford from the Chicago meat industry to manufacturing cars: the invention of mass production. General Motors dominated the world’s car companies in the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan. The development of ‘planned obsolescence’ by the industry began after the Second World War, by which the frequency of model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than necessary. Environmental criticism of the industry from the 1970s focused on the contribution to global warming made by the production of inefficient models which used too much petrol. At this time increasingly militant trades unions defended their members’ jobs. Although some of the world’s strongest brands are today owned by the industry, many major motor companies struggle with declining profits and static markets.Paragraph 2 (Sample paraphrase)Antarctica was unexplored until the twentieth century, and still has a tiny population in relation to its size. Yet it suffers from various pollution problems which have been described in a report by a New Zealand government agency. The low temperatures there impede the usual pattern of decay, though compared with most parts of the world it remains in pristine condition. Some long-established scientific bases have large piles of garbage around them.Few people realize that Antarctica has very little precipitation, so that in the current context of global warming the ice tends to reveal the rubbish that previously was slowly being buried under snow. For more than a decade the nations involved in Antarctic research have respected an agreement to repatriate their garbage, and this should gradually solve the problem. But there are a few items which will not be cleared up, since they belonged to the early period of exploration and have now acquired historic interest.Introduction writing (简单介绍，请大家仔细读)There is no such thing as a standard introduction, and much depends on the nature of the research and the length of the essay. However, the following are worth including, in this order.a) Definitions of any terms in the title that are unclearb) Some background informationc) Reference to other writers who have discussed this topicd) Your purpose in writing and the importance of the subjecte) Any limitations, e.g. geographical or chronological, that you set yourselff) A summary of the main points you intend to cover以Discuss the Impact of Privatization on the British Economy 为例分析上面的各个步骤：a) It may be necessary to clarify some of the words in the title. This may be because they are not in common use or have a specialized meaning.Privatization is the process of transferring certain industries from state control to the private sector, which began in Britain in 1981 with British Telecom . . . b) Background information helps to give a context for your essay.In recent years the privatization of state owned businesses, especially monopoly utilities such as electricity and telecoms, has become widespread in both developed and developing nations.c) It is important to show that you are familiar with current research. This can be demonstrated using phrases such as:A number of researchers have examined this issue, notably . . .Various investigations have explored the subject, especially . . .d) You must show the importance of the topic. This can be either in the academic world, or as a contemporary issue of wider relevance.As privatization is increasingly seen as a remedy for economic ills in many other countries, it is worth examining its impact in Britain, which was a pioneer in this process.e) As you are only writing an essay, not a book, it is obviously not possible to deal with all aspects of your subject. Therefore you need to explain what limits you are setting on the discussion, and possibly give reasons for this.Only privatizations completed between 1981–1995 will be dealt with, as it is too soon to assess the impact of later developments.f) For your own benefit, as well as the reader’s, it is useful to outline how the essay will be organized.An assessment will first be made of the performance of the privatized industries themselves, on an individual basis, and then the performance of the economy as awhole will be examined.作业：（这项作业下周上课交上来。
浅谈paraphrase在高中英语阅读和写作中的运用
浅谈paraphrase在高中英语阅读和写作中的运用【摘要】Paraphrasing 在高中英语学习中起着至关重要的作用。
通过改写他人的文字，可以帮助学生更好地理解文章内容，提高阅读理解能力。
在写作中，paraphrasing 可以帮助学生避免抄袭，同时提升表达能力。
为了提高paraphrase 的准确性，学生需要掌握相关的技巧和方法，如替换同义词、改变句子结构等。
通过训练和练习，学生可以逐渐提高paraphrase 的能力。
在使用paraphrase 时，学生也需注意不改变原文的含义，并避免过度改写。
通过加强对paraphrase 的理解和应用，可以有效提升高中生的英语学习水平。
未来，随着英语学科的不断发展，paraphrase 的重要性也将越来越凸显。
通过对paraphrase 的深入研究和应用，高中生们可以更好地掌握英语语言，提升综合素养。
【关键词】paraphrase, 高中英语, 阅读, 写作, 学习, 方法, 训练, 注意事项, 意义, 发展, 总结1. 引言1.1 paraphrase的定义Paraphrase是指对原文内容进行重新表述或转述的过程。
在英语学习中，paraphrase是指将原文的意思重新表达出来，但用完全不同的词语和句子结构。
通过paraphrase，学生可以更好地理解和掌握原文的意思，同时也可以提高自己的英语表达能力。
在高中英语学习中，paraphrase是一项重要的技能，不仅可以帮助学生在阅读和写作中更好地理解和运用语言，还可以提高他们的语言表达能力和写作水平。
通过练习paraphrase，学生能够更深入地理解原文内容，从而提高他们的英语水平和成绩。
在学习paraphrase的过程中，学生需要掌握一些技巧和方法，比如理解原文的主要内容和观点，找到关键词和短语，以及灵活运用不同的句型和结构进行转述。
学生还需要通过大量的练习来提高自己的paraphrase能力，可以通过阅读大量的英语文章和练习paraphrase来提升自己的水平。
复述（retelling）和改述（paraphrasing）
复述（retelling）和改述（paraphrasing）复述（retelling）和改述（paraphrasing）是通往有效记诵的必经之路，同时也会慢慢让我们明确背诵的⽬的，达成输⼊和输出之间的良性互动。
我不否认背诵是⼀个⾮常好的学习习惯。
但是我们已经背过⽆数⾸唐诗宋词，为什么不能写出属于⾃⼰的⼀⾸诗？背过⽆数⾸流⾏歌曲的歌词，不能写出属于⾃⼰的⼀⾸歌？好不容易能写出⼀⾸，多半还是这样：“七⽉份的尾巴，你是狮⼦座；⼋⽉份的前头，你还是狮⼦座。
”⼀个字：囧。
其实归根结底不是背不背的问题，⽽是为什么要背，什么东西需要背，还有怎么背的问题。
⼤部分⼈背诵的⽬的是为了完成，在我看来，没有弄清楚为什么要背⽽背的⼈是悲哀的。
有⼈会说：“书读百遍，其义⾃见”，却忽略了这句话强调的是解读以及解读的反复性，⽽并不是为了强调背诵这个动作的完成。
通常情况下，在我们输⼊⼀段信息的时候，不论通过听还是读，都会在脑⼦⾥⾯留下⼀些印象，这些印象可能是完整的，也可能只是⼀些部分。
经过⼤脑重新组合后，再输出，也就是我们所说的复述和改述。
复述和改述要求的并不是逐字逐句的死记硬背，⽽是通过反复的复述，使得输⼊输出有个良性互动循环。
“⼈⽣，在于呼吸之间”。
所谓的“吸”，也就是“输⼊”，所谓的“呼”就是“输出”。
很明显，吸进去和呼出来的成分⾃然不会完全⼀致，我们⽣命不息的关键不是看是否吸与呼的成分完全⼀致，⽽是在于吸与呼的和谐互动。
同理，我们的英语学习效果不是看到底我们输出的⽂字是否完全与输⼊吻合，⽽是要看输⼊和输出的良性互动。
什么东西才需要我们逐字逐句铭记于⼼呢？是那些传世经典，那些我们⽆论如何也⽆法超越的东西，那些会让我们受⽤⼀⽣的信条。
明⽩这些以后，我们来看怎么实施这个复述的过程。
⽅法很简单，⾸先选择⼀篇⽂章进⾏记忆，如《新概念英语》三册的第⼀课：A puma at large。
如果⼤家读过⼏次，⼤概对每句话的含义都了解了，然后⾃信满满地⾛到英语⾓，当然不能随便拉⼀个⼈就开始背“Pumas are large cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously…”我们⾸先是听别⼈说什么，如果这组讨论的是⾳乐，⽽你准备的是Puma,⾃然不能不择⼿段动说：“Music? I hate music. I like puma. You know pumas are large cat-like animals which are found in America.”这样就彻底废了。
怎样复述一篇英语作文课文
怎样复述一篇英语作文课文英文回答：Paraphrasing: A Guide to Rephrasing Text.Paraphrasing is a valuable skill that involves expressing the ideas and information from a text in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. To effectively paraphrase, you need to understand the content thoroughly and then use different vocabulary and sentence structures to convey the same message.Steps for Paraphrasing:1. Read the original text carefully to grasp the main ideas.2. Note down the key points and supporting details.3. Replace specific words and phrases with synonyms oralternative expressions.4. Alter the sentence structure and word order without changing the meaning.5. Maintain the overall tone and style of the original text.6. Ensure that your paraphrase is concise and clear.Benefits of Paraphrasing:1. Enhances understanding: Paraphrasing forces you to think deeply about the text, aiding in comprehension.2. Improves writing skills: By practicing paraphrasing, you develop your vocabulary and improve your ability to express ideas clearly.3. Prevents plagiarism: Paraphrasing allows you to use someone else's ideas without directly copying them.4. Encourages critical thinking: It challenges your ability to interpret and convey information in alternative ways.Techniques for Paraphrasing:1. Substitute words: Replace specific terms with synonyms or more general words.2. Change sentence structure: Alter the word order or combine multiple sentences into one.3. Add or remove details: Summarize or expand on certain points to enhance clarity.4. Use different grammatical constructions: Convert active voice to passive voice or vice versa.5. Change the perspective: Express the ideas from a different viewpoint.中文回答：如何复述一篇英语作文。
7招搞定概要写作中的paraphrasing
7招搞定概要写作中的paraphrasing1)。
The teacher asked the students to XXX可以改写成The students XXX.2)。
XXX.可以改写成As a result of his XXX。
XXX.5.第五招：增减法。
即在原句的基础上增加或删除一些信息，使其表达更加精炼。
例：1)。
The company is planning to launch a new product next month.可以改写成The company plans to launch a new product next month.2)。
The book is about the history of the American n。
which happened in the late 18th century.可以改写成The book is about the late 18th century XXX.6.第六招：转换视角法。
即从不同的角度来表达相同的意思。
例：1)。
The government should do more to ce air n.可以改写成More should be done by the government to ce air n.2)。
The company needs to XXX.可以改写成XXX better service from the company.7.第七招：改变语态法。
即改变主动语态为被动语态或被动语态为主动语态。
例：1)。
The teacher gave the students a test.可以改写成A test was given to the students by the teacher.2)。
The car was hit by a truck.可以改写成A truck hit the car.1) Children deserve XXX.2) In order to help children learn faster。
Paraphrasing,Summarizing,andMainIdea
Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Main IdeaWhat is a Paraphrase?When you paraphrase, you are putting another writer’s words and ideas into your own words. You change the writer’s words and sentence structure but not the writer’s meaning and ideas. Paraphrasing is usually used for shorter pieces of writing that you want to put into your own words.A paraphrase can be as long as the original writing or it can be slightly shorter. It does not condense or reduce the amount of information that the original writer wrote, but a paraphrase does include all the writer’s original ideas, thoughts, details, and examples in your own words. How to ParaphraseThe following are a few steps to help you paraphrase:1.Reread the original piece of writing until you understand it completely (vocabulary andmeaning).2.Look up any words or phrases you don’t understand and find synonyms for these.3.If you need to, paraphrase sentence by sentence, answering the who, what, where,when, why, and how of each sentence.4.When you are done writing, compare your work to the original and make sure thatyou have changed enough of the language so that the paraphrase doesn’t sound likethe original, but also check to make sure you have not changed the meaning or themeof the original writing.5.If you have a unique term or phraseology from the original that you must include inyour paraphrase, make sure you have used quotation marks to indicate that you haveborrowed material word for word from the original source.Example ParaphraseOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986) Paraphrase: One amazing characteristic of the English spoken in Australia is that it is mostly the same everywhere in the country. Even though Australia is about the same size asEurope, there is almost no change in accent from region to region. Someone livingin Perth sounds similar to someone living in Adelaide or Sydney, as well as a gasstation attendant living in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. On the other hand, evensomeone who is just visiting England or the U.S. can tell from hearing the localaccent whether or not they are in the north or south of England or the east or southof the U.S.(over)What is a Summary?When you summarize, you are putting the writer’s words and ideas into your own words as well shortening the length of the original work. A summary is a shortened version of the original work that includes the writer’s main idea with some of the more important supporting points and general ideas in your own words. A summary is shorter than a paraphrase. Summarizing is generally used for longer original pieces of writing that you want to put into your own words. Summarizing captures the writer’s main ideas in a shorter version of the original and does not include all of the writer’s examples and supporting details .How to SummarizeThe following are a few steps to help you summarize:1.Reread the material you want to summarize and make sure you understand themeaning and any unfamiliar vocabulary.2.Underline topic sentences.3.Write a sentence that expresses the writer’s main idea in your own words.4.Write a few sentences that express the writer’s most important supporting ideas (referto the topic sentences you underlined for step #2). Do not copy phrases or sentences.Put everything in your own words. If you cannot do this, reread the passage until youfully understand it.5.Do not include examples, descriptive details, or quotations.6.Reread your summary to determine whether it contains sufficient information. Use thistest: Would your summary be understandable to someone who had not read thearticle/book? If not, revise your summary to include additional information.Example SummaryOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986) Summary: One of the amazing characteristics of English spoken in Australia is that it sounds so similar all over the country. In contrast, the English spoken in England and theUnited States has a distinct accent from region to region.What is the Main Idea?The main idea of a piece of writing is the writer’s general message. It is the thought that is present from the beginning to the end, and most of the sentences support, describe, or explain the main idea. The main idea can often be found in the first or last sentence of the paragraph or introduction, depending on how long the piece of writing is that you are reading.How to Find the Main IdeaThe following are a few questions to ask yourself to help you discover the main idea:1.“What idea is common to most of the text?2.What is the idea that relates the parts to the whole?3.What opinion do all the parts support?4.What idea do they all explain or describe?” (Reader’s Choice, p.18, 2002)Example Main IdeaOriginal text: “A remarkable feature of Australian English is its comparative uniformity. Australia,a continent roughly the size of Europe, has almost no regional variation of accent.A citizen of Perth can sound much like a citizen of Adelaide or Sydney, or like astation hand in Alice Springs or Broken Hill. In Britain or the United States, bycontrast, even the outsider can probably decide from the local accent whether he orshe is in Scotland or Dorset, New England or Louisiana.” (McCrum, 1986)Main Idea: The English spoken in Australia sounds almost the same in all parts of the country compared to the English spoken in England and the U.S. where the accent canchange from region to region.(All material adapted f rom OWL website and Reader’s Choice, 2002)。
例谈高中英语概要写作教学
三四两段内容有重叠袁 可以整合遥 留 角色个体和
下 院 那 个 角 色 为 何 那 么 出 名 院 why 电影片段的
野the little tramp冶 is known
具体描写
得到 什么 奖章及 获 奖原 因 contri鄄 其余删除 butions + award
通读全文理解大意可以帮助学生从宏观上把握文本的 行文逻辑尧 篇章结构和主旨袁 为写作奠定基础遥 而多数学 生在阅读原材料的过程中往往只注重对单个的词尧 短语和 句子的理解袁 忽视对文章整体结构的把控遥 因此袁 本环节 通过速览全文和填空袁 训练学生速读和概括大意的能力袁 让学生思考文本部分与整体间的关系以及文本篇章结构的 安排问题遥
叶普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明 渊高 考综合改革试验省份试用冤曳 渊简称 野叶说明曳冶袁 下文同冤 对概要写作做出了明确要求院 考查学生的归纳概括能力及 对文本作者观点的思考能力曰 考查学生对文本语篇结构及 上下逻辑关系的分析能力曰 考查学生综合运用语言知识 渊语法尧 词汇尧 句型结构等冤 的能力曰 考查学生的独立创新 输出能力袁 要求学生对原文的词尧 句等合理转换袁 概括文 章信息袁 再用自己的语言进行输出遥 该题型使阅读和写作 有机结合袁 若能长期坚持练习袁 对学生的英语语用能力会 有较大的促进作用遥 下面袁 笔者以 野A Master of Nonverbal Humor冶 的概要写作课为例袁 对此进行了探讨遥
有效课堂是一种理念袁 更是一种价值追求尧 一种教学实践 模式遥 我们期待以自己的思考尧 交流袁 引发更多教师对这 一问题的关注尧 探索遥
参考文献院 [1] 贾琳红.新课程目标下研究提高初中数学课堂教学效率[D].石 家庄:河北师范大学,2014. [2] 沈文汉.摭谈多媒体在初中数学课堂教学中的角色定位与优势 [J].中国电化教育,2011,(10):121-124. [3] 黄文雅.初中数学课堂教学小组合作学习存在的问题及对策研 究[D].成都:四川师范大学,2011.
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概要写作中的paraphrasing概要写作：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
评分要点：1）理解准确，涵盖全部要点；2）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；3）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑；4）使用自己的语言表述。
这一题型要求考生在通读全文，明确主题的基础上，划分段落，确定要点（main ideas + main points），并能用自己的语言来表达要点，并将要点连接成文。
如何用自己的语言来概括要点而不照抄原文呢？我们可以下几个方面入手来解决这一难题。
1. 第一招：运用正反法。
即把肯定形式改成否定形式，否定改成肯定。
例：1) You will fail. → You will not succeed.2) Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hoped to.→ Though Jack failed to pass the driving test, he still hoped to.2. 第二招：同义替换法。
即用相同或相近含义的词来替换原句中的表达。
例：1) Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer. → Keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger.2) I didn’t catch any fish because I was not patient. → I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.3.第三招：词性转换法。
即改变原句中一些重要词汇的词性来表达相同的含义。
例：1) Patience is very important. → Patience is of great importance.2) The pollution makes people very anxious about their living environment. → People show great anxiety about their living environment.4.第四招：句式变换法。
即运用不同的句式来表达相同的句意。
例：1) Parents should give children more praise. → Children should be given more praise. （主动句转换成被动句）2) Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster. → Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.（简单句转换成复合句）3) Children are given more praise. They will achieve more success. → When given more praise, children will achieve more success.（简单句转换成复合句）5.第五招：连词衔接法。
即运用连词把单句衔接起来。
例：1) We should encourage students. We should not scold them. → We should encourage students instead of scolding them.2) Cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more frequent in the winter?... No one has yet found the answer. → However, no one has yet found the answer why colds are frequent in the winter.......6. 第六招：细节省略法。
即省略原文中的一些细节，不改变句子主要含义。
例：Recordings of angry bees are enough to send big, tough African elephants running away! → Recordings of angry bees can send African elephants running away!7. 第七招：句意理解法。
即根据对原文句子意思的理解重新写一个句子。
例：1) Because he played carelessly we lost the game. → But for his carelessness, we wouldn’t have lost the match.2) Shopping on the internet is becoming increasingly popular. → More and more people prefer Internet shopping.小测试1. What is beneficial to nature may not be good for people.Everything __________ nature is not necessarily good for people.2. She went to study in New Zealand because she intended to immigrate there.She went to New Zealand ___________________ immigrating there.3. The police said that the case was being investigated.According to the police, the case is __________________.4. Because he played carelessly we lost the game.______________________, we wouldn’t have lost the match.5. Studies showed that they were endowed with something special.Studies _______ that they _______________ something special.6. On a personal note, the Internet is very valuable._______, the Internet ________________.7. In general men are not aware of this problem as women.Men should raise the ______________ of this problem in general.8. The more one knows about pollution, the more one can do for our environment.One should _______________________ of pollution to contribute to the environment. 9. Children’s culture affects their cognitive development.Children’s cognitive development ___________ their culture.10. She lay under the building and she was trapped there for three days.She lay ________ under the building for three days.Once upon a time, industrial goods were made to last forever. If you bought a car or a stove, it was a once-in-a-lifetime investment. You paid good money for it, and you took care of it.Nowadays industry has persuaded us that products couldn’t last a long time. It is cheaper t o throw them away than to repair them. This has led directly to the “throw-away society” which is a great waste of the earth’s resources. Just think of the cars that are traded daily, just because they are out of style. Think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away every time a new object is bought. And we shoppers have to pay for that material!Our industrial society has turned us into spoiled children. This wastefulness has got us into the great trouble we are in now. When we have no resources left, then we will start to take care of what we have. But why can’t we act before this happens? Why can’t we try to build a society in which the prevention of waste is a virtue? (182 words)__________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________60 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _The food we eat seems to have a great effect on our health. Although science has made big steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of human illness is related to food and forty percent of cancer is related to food as well. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, some researchers realized that things commonly used to keep colour in meats and other food additives（添加剂）caused cancer.Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it is difficult to know which things on the wrappings（包装）of foods are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to their animals, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of cows. Sometimes similar tings are supplied to animals not for their health, but just to make a profit.The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to get a higher price on the market. Although some countries have tried to control such things, the practice continues.__________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ _________ _________ __________60 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Exercise 3:Weight loss is most likely to be successful when people change their habits. Here are several ways to make that happen.Regular physical activity burns calories and builds muscles ---both of which help you look and feel good and keep weight off. Walking the family dog, cycling to school, and doing other things that increase your daily level of activity can all make a difference.One reason people get less exercise these days is because of an increase in “screen time”--- the amount of time spent watching TV, looking at the computer, or playing video games. Limit recreational screen time to less than 2 hours per day. When you really get away from “screens”, such as TV, computers, IPad or mobile phones, you will really benefit a lot.Portion sizes are bigger than they used to be, and these extra calories contribute to obesity. Another key factor in weight gain is that more people drink sugary drinks, such as sodas, juice drinks, and sports drinks. So choose smaller portions (or share restaurant portions) and go for water or low-fat mild instead of soda.People who skip breakfast often feel so hungry that they eat more later on. So they get more calories than they would have if they ate breakfast. In fact, people who skip breakfast tend to have higher BIMs than people who eat breakfast.If you really put the above into practice at once, you will definitely reduce your weight gradually. And wish you have a good figure. (251 words)Exercise 4:Rats eat our food or make it so dirty that it isn't fit for people at all. That's why people often kill them by laying down poison. After a day or two, they find the poison still there. The rats haven't touched it, even though it is near the food which they eat. People think they must be clever and cunning. Some scientists have been trying to find the best way to poison rats. They have watched to see just what a rat does day and night. They have found out that rats aren't so clever. They are just very shy.Rats usually live in holes. They run from these holes to the places where they eat and drink. They have special paths on which they travel each time. So they know their paths quite well.If anything new, such as stone or wood, is put in the path, the rats won't go near it at first as they are too frightened. It will take them many days to get over the fear. They are also frightened to go near a place that they know, where something has been taken away. If a path goes around a rock, the rats follow the same path around the rock each time. If the rock is taken away, they will still run round the place where the rock was! They won't cross the empty place, which is now open to them, even though it would be quicker.Rats will always keep away from anything unusual to them. That's why they won't eat poison on the first or second night. They usually won't go anywhere near it for about four days until they get used to being there. Even then they only eat a little at a time. If people want to kill rats with poison, all they have to do is to leave it out for a few days. 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