宏观经济学课件(第二讲)

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宏观经济学第二章课件PPT课件

宏观经济学第二章课件PPT课件

11
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宏观经济学ppt(完整版)第2章

宏观经济学ppt(完整版)第2章

货币政策的目标、工具及实施效果
01
货币政策的目标
02
稳定物价
促进经济增长
03
货币政策的目标、工具及实施效果
实现充分就业
1
保持国际收支平衡
2
货币政策的工具
3
货币政策的目标、工具及实施效果
01
法定存款准备金率
02
再贴现率
03
公开市场操作
货币政策的目标、工具及实施效果
01
02
03
04
货币政策的实施效果
研究对象
主要包括国民收入、就业、通货膨 胀、经济增长、国际收支等宏观经 济现象和问题。
宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系
联系
两者都是经济学的重要分支,共同构成了经济学的完整体系。 微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础,宏观经济学是微观经济学的 延伸和拓展。
区别
微观经济学研究个体经济单位(如家庭、企业)的经济行为, 而宏观经济学研究整个经济体系的运行和总体经济问题。微观 经济学关注个体决策和市场机制,宏观经济学关注总体经济指 标和政策效应。
中央银行过度发行货币, 导致货币贬值和物价上涨。
失业与通货膨胀的关系及治理政策
关系
长期中,失业率和通货膨胀率之间不存在稳定的负相关关 系。
菲利普斯曲线表明,在短期内失业率和通货膨胀率之间 存在负相关关系,即通货膨胀率上升时失业率下降,反 之亦然。
治理政策
针对失业的政策措施:促进经济增长以增加就业岗位;加 强职业培训和再教育以提高劳动者技能;完善劳动力市场 以减少信息不对称和就业歧视。
政策实践
政府可以采取多种政策措施来促进经济增长,如加大投资力度、优化产业结构、推 动技术创新、改善制度环境等。同时,也需要注意防范潜在风险和挑战,确保经济 增长的可持续性。

《宏观经济学第二章》PPT课件

《宏观经济学第二章》PPT课件

货币政策的目标
02
稳定物价
充分就业
03
货币政策的定义、目标与工具
经济增长
1
国际收支平衡
2
货币政策的工具
3
货币政策的定义、目标与工具
01
法定存款准备金率
02
再贴现率
03
公开市场操作
财政政策与货币政策的协调与配合
财政政策与货币政策的协调
松的财政政策和松的货币政策搭配,即“双松”政策,应用于社会总需求 严重不足,社会有效供给不足,物价持续下跌阶段。
策略
经济发展的策略包括促进创新、 优化产业结构、推动区域协调发 展、加强国际合作等。
经济增长与经济发展的关系
联系
经济增长是经济发展的基础,没有经济增长就难以实现经济发展。同时,经济发展是经 济增长的延伸和拓展,强调更全面、更协调、更可持续的发展。
区别
经济增长主要关注经济总量的增加,而经济发展则更注重经济质量的提升和社会全面进 步。此外,经济增长是一个相对短期的过程,而经济发展则是一个长期的过程。
开放经济下的汇率制度与外汇市场
汇率制度 开放经济下,汇率制度的选择对一国经济发展至关重要。 常见的汇率制度包括固定汇率制度、浮动汇率制度等。
外汇市场 外汇市场是开放经济下国际间进行货币兑换和资金流动的 重要场所。外汇市场的参与者包括商业银行、中央银行、 跨国公司等。
汇率波动与风险管理 开放经济下,汇率波动会对一国经济产生重要影响。企业 和个人需要采取有效的风险管理措施来应对汇率风险。
应得的收入份额以及因从事生产活动向政府支付的份额的角度来反映最
终成果的一种计算方法。
国民收入核算中的其他重要指标
人均国内生产总值
国民总收入(GNI)

宏观经济学完整教学课件2

宏观经济学完整教学课件2
16% 14% 12% 10%
8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
Annual Percentage Increase
2009, 33.5万亿, 8.7% 2010. 39.8万亿, 10.3%
GDP三次产业结构, 1978-2004
2009年1-11月规模以上工业企业 实现利润及增长速度 单位:亿元
6.06%
4. 利率与汇率
汇率
外汇市场的供求 名义汇率和实际汇率:R=ePf/P 名义有效汇率和实际有效汇率 人民币进一步升值,对美元中间价6.6 2010年全年,人民币实际有效汇率升4.72%
2005 年6 月至2007 年6 月主 要货币有效汇率升值幅度
5. 财政收支
税收
间接税:
权重:食品占34% ,衣着占9.1%,家电占6%,交 通运输(汽车)占10.4%,娱乐教育 14.2%,医疗 10%,住房 13.2%
2006 1.5%, 2007年4.8%,GDP缩减指数5.6%,
2008年上半年cpi 7.9%,2008年5.9%。 2009年-0.7%, 2010年3.3%,
宏观经济学
宏观经济学 1
导论与国民收入核算
第一章 导论
宏观经济学的研究范围 主要宏观经济学流派 与微观经济学的联系 宏观经济学的研究框架 主要宏观经济指标
一、宏观经济学的研究范围
宏观经济学的产生
现实背景
1929年大危机与罗斯福新政
理论背景 经济与政府关系
凯恩斯《就业、利息与货币通论》1936年
三、与微观经济学的联系
研究对象 研究方法 结论:
互为前提 微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础
四、宏观经济学的研究框架
三个市场:
金融市场 商品市场 劳动市场

《宏观经济学》课件-第二章 公共部门与收入再分配

《宏观经济学》课件-第二章 公共部门与收入再分配

(2)间接税:指在生产与销售过程中对产 品和劳务所征收的税。 (P43第3段第3行)
4、累进税、比例税与累退税
(1)累进税:对富人收入征收的百分比大 于对穷人收入征收的百分比的税种。如个 人所得税。 (P43第4段第2行)
(2)比例税:对富人收入征收的百分比等 于对穷人收入征收的百分比的税种。如销 售税。
三、基尼系数:用来衡量一国收入分配平均程 度的一个系数。
1、G=A/(A+B)
2、经济学意义: (P56第3段第4行)
基尼系数越小,该国的收入分配越平均; 反之当基尼系数越大时,该国的收入分 配就越不平均。
3、国际公认标准:
0.2<G<0.35 收入分配相对平均
0.35<G<0.5 收入分配相对不均
4、建立安全保障系统: (P50倒数第3段) 为了保护社会中那些最不幸的人们,确保 他们能够获得一定量最低水平的基本生活 必需品。
(1)向贫病交加的人们提供医疗救助
(2)发放食品券
(3)提供住房补贴
四、建立社会保险制度: (P51正数第2段) 包括养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险和伤残保 险等。
2、机会均等:指该社会中所有的人在选择居 住、教育、工作、投资的时候应该享有平等的 机会。 (P52第3段第2行)
当一个国家缺少机会均等时,该社会根本就谈 不上有“公平”两字。
机会均等的意义: (P53第2段)
社会为每个人提供均等的发展机会,收入分配 不均可能是令人奋发向上的强大动力。正是这 种想快速致富,想改变自己生活现状的想法, 引导着人们去勤奋工作,不断创新,经济增长 才能插上翅膀。而在一个贫富均匀的社会中, 缺乏刺激人们上进的因素,想创造经济奇迹是 不可能的。

宏观经济学教学课件(全)

宏观经济学教学课件(全)

宏观经济政策
• 宏观经济政策是从全局上对经济运行施加 影响的经济政策。财政政策和货币政策是 两种最主要的宏观经济政策形式。
➢财政政策是通过改变政府的支出和税收对 宏观经济的运行施加影响。
➢货币政策主要是指通过中央银行这一政府 机构控制货币供应量和利率水平,进而影 响宏观经济的运行。
• 政府宏观经济政策的目标主要应该包括以下五个 方面的内容:
➢2、股票价格与经济周期
• 同失业率相比,股票价格与经济周期的吻 合性稍显逊色。总的来说,股票价格能够 反映经济周期的演变,并且由于其往往领 先于经济活动的变化,因而具有一定的预 测性。因此,股票价格常常被认为是国民 经济的晴雨表,这一点在大萧条期间表现 得最为突出。发生在1929年的股价暴跌正 是后来经济滑坡的先兆,而在其后的经济 恢复时期,股市的表现明显领先于实际GDP 的增长。
大萧条
25
1990-91萧条
20
1982年萧条
2001萧条
15
1973石油危机
新经济
10
二战
5
0
1928 1938 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2003
图1.3 美国失业率的变动
从图1.3的美国经济的历史表现来看,在大萧条、石油危机和20世纪80年 代后的历次萧条中,失业率均创出阶段性的高点,而在二战期间由于政 府战争支出大幅增加,20世纪90年代由于“新经济”带动的经济高速增 长等,失业率均达到一个显著的低点。这极好地反映了失业率与实际GDP 的联动性,二者的波动非常吻合。
133.8,1989年12月的消费者价格指数为126.1,
则: 1990年通货膨胀率
133.8
-
126.1

宏观经济学课件chapter02精选全文

宏观经济学课件chapter02精选全文

可编辑修改精选全文完整版宏观经济学课件chapter02Macroeconomics, 6e (Blanchard/Johnson)Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book2.1 Multiple Choice Questions1) Fill in the blank for the following: GDP is the value of all ________ produced in a given period.A) final and intermediate goods and services produced by the private sector onlyB) final goods and servicesC) final and intermediate goods and services, plus raw materialsD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 12) When using the income approach to measure GDP, the largest share of GDP generally consists ofA) interest income.B) labor income.C) indirect taxes.D) profits.E) capital income.Answer: BDiff: 13) For this question, assume that 1980 is the base year. Given macroeconomic conditions in the United States over the past three decades, we know thatA) nominal GDP is always smaller than real GDP since 1980.B) real GDP and nominal GDP would be equal for the entire period.C) real GDP is larger than nominal GDP from 2002 to 2008.D) real GDP and nominal GDP were equal in 1980.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 24) Suppose nominal GDP increased in a given year. Based on this information, we know with certainty thatA) real output has increased.B) the price level (GDP deflator) has increased.C) real output and the price level (GDP deflator) have both increased.D) either real output or the price level (GDP deflator) have increased.E) real output has increased and the price level has decreased.Answer: DDiff: 25) Use the following information to answer this question. If nominal GDP rises from $100 trillion to $120 trillion, while the GDP deflator rises from 2.0 to 2.2, the percentage change in real GDP is approximately equal toA) -10%.B) 10%.C) 20%.D) 9.1%.E) 0%.Answer: DDiff: 26) Hedonic pricing isA) the way that luxury goods are priced in a market economy.B) the tendency for the inflation rate to rise by greater and greater amounts.C) the tendency for nominal GDP to rise when the price level rises.D) the process of translating nominal GDP into real GDP.E) the process of pricing individual characteristics of a good or service.Answer: EDiff: 17) In a given year, suppose a company spends $100 million on intermediate goods and $200 million on wages, with no other expenses. Also assume that its total sales are $800 million. The value added by this company equalsA) $200 million.B) $300 million.C) $500 million.D) $700 million.E) $800 million.Answer: DDiff: 28) A firm's value added equalsA) its revenue minus all of its costs.B) its revenue minus its wages.C) its revenue minus its wages and profit.D) its revenue minus its cost of intermediate goods.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 29) Suppose you are provided with the following data for yourcountry for a particular month: 200 million people are working, 20 million are not working but are looking for work, and 40 million are not working and have given up looking for work. The official unemployment rate for that month isA) 7.7%.B) 9.1%.C) 10%.D) 23%.E) 30%.Answer: BDiff: 110) In the United States, someone is classified as unemployed if he or sheA) does not have a job.B) does not have a job, or else has a job but is looking for a different one while continuing to work.C) does not have a job, has recently looked for work, and is collecting unemployment insurance.D) does not have a job, and is collecting unemployment insurance.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 111) An individual is said to be a discouraged worker if he or sheA) is working, but prefers not to work.B) is working part time, but would prefer a full time job.C) is working in jobs she/he is not suited for.D) wants to work, and is actively searching for a job.E) wants to work, but has given up searching for a job.Answer: EDiff: 112) Which of the following tends to occur when the unemployment rate increases?A) a reduction in the labor force participation rateB) a reduction in the number of discouraged workersC) an increase in the number of employed workersD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 113) Labor income's share in an advanced country is likely to beA) 70%.B) 45%.C) 29%.D) 10%.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 214) The labor force in the United States is defined asA) the total number of individuals who are employed.B) the sum of the total number of individuals who are employed and the officially unemployed.C) the sum of the total number of individuals who are employed, the officially unemployed, and discouraged workers.D) the total number of individuals who are 16 years old and older, but not retired.E) none of the aboveAnswer: BUse the information provided below to answer the following questions.Suppose a country using the United States' system of calculating official unemployment statistics has 100 million people, of whom 50 million are working age. Of these 50 million, 20 million have jobs. Of the remainder: 10 million are actively searching for jobs; 10 million would like jobs but are not searching; and 10 million do not want jobs at all.15) Refer to the information above. The labor force isA) 20 million.B) 40 million.C) 60 million.D) 80 million.E) 100 million.Answer: CDiff: 216) Refer to the information above. The labor force participation rate isA) .2.B) .3.C) .4.D) .6.E) .8.Answer: DDiff: 217) Refer to the information above. The official unemployment rate isA) .1.B) .2.D) .4.E) .66.Answer: CDiff: 218) The GDP deflator provides a measure of which of the following?A) the ratio of GDP to the size of the populationB) the ratio of GDP to the number of workers employedC) the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDPD) the price of a typical consumer's basket of goodsE) real GDP divided by the aggregate price levelAnswer: CDiff: 119) Which of the following calculations will yield the correct measure of real GDP?A) divide nominal GDP by the consumer price indexB) divide the GDP deflator by the consumer price indexC) multiply nominal GDP by the consumer price indexD) multiply nominal GDP by the GDP deflatorE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 220) The prices for which of the following goods are included in both the GDP deflator and the consumer price index?A) goods bought by householdsB) goods bought by firmsC) good bought by governmentsD) goods bought by foreign households (i.e., exports)E) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 221) Suppose we switch the base year from 2000 to 2008. This change in the base year will causeA) nominal GDP in every year to increase.B) nominal GDP in every year to decrease.C) both nominal and real GDP in every year to decrease.D) real GDP in every year to decrease.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 222) Pure inflation occurs whenA) nominal wages rise faster than all prices.B) all prices rise faster than nominal wages.C) all prices and nominal wages rise by the same percentage.D) the GDP deflator and Consumer Price Index rise by the same percentage.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 223) One of the reasons macroeconomists have concerns about inflation is that inflation causesA) real GDP to rise.B) nominal GDP to fall.C) wages to rise as fast as prices.D) real GDP to exceed nominal GDP.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 124) Changes in GDP in the short run are caused primarily byA) demand factors.B) supply factors.C) technology.D) capital accumulation.E) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 225) Changes in GDP in the medium run are determined primarily byA) demand factors.B) supply factors.C) monetary policy.D) all of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 226) Changes in GDP in the long run are determined primarily byA) monetary policy.B) fiscal policy.C) demand.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 227) Which of the following prices will be used when calculating the rate of growth of real GDP between the year's 2005 and 2006 using the chain method?A) prices in the base year (2002)B) prices in 2005C) prices in 2006D) the average of prices in 2005 and 2006E) prices in 2005, 2006, and in 2002 (the base year)Answer: DDiff: 228) Which of the following factors is NOT believed to affect output in the long run?A) technologyB) monetary policyC) the size of the labor forceD) the capital stockAnswer: BDiff: 129) The Okun's law shows the relationship betweenA) inflation and unemployment rate.B) output growth and unemployment.C) inflation and output growth.D) output growth and money supply.Answer: BDiff: 230) The Phillips curve describes the relationship betweenA) output growth and unemployment.B) inflation and output growth.C) output growth and money supply.D) inflation and unemployment .Answer: DDiff: 231) Prices for which of the following are included in the GDP deflator, but not included in the Consumer Price Index?A) firms' purchases of new equipmentB) intermediate goods and servicesC) consumption of goodsD) consumption of servicesAnswer: ADiff: 132) Macroeconomists are concerned about changes in the unemployment rate because changes in the unemployment rate provide information aboutA) the state of the economy.B) the welfare of those who are unemployed.C) none of the aboveD) both A and BAnswer: DDiff: 133) Based on the notation presented in Chapter 2, which of the following expressions represents nominal GDP?A) Y tB) P t Y tC) Y t/P tD) $Y t/P tAnswer: BDiff: 134) Deflation generally occurs when which of the following occurs?A) the consumer price index is greater than the GDP deflatorB) the consumer price index decreasesC) the rate of inflation falls, for example, from 4% to 2%D) nominal GDP does not changeAnswer: BDiff: 135) During the mid-1980s, we observed a significantreduction in oil prices. In the United States, we would expect that this reduction in oil prices would causeA) a larger reduction in the CPI compared to the GDP deflator.B) an equal reduction in the CPI and GDP deflator.C) a larger reduction in the GDP deflator compared to the CPI.D) no change in the CPI and a reduction in the GDP deflator.Answer: ADiff: 236) Suppose nominal GDP in 2009 does not change (compared its previous level in 2008). Given this information, we know with certainty thatA) real GDP increased during 2009.B) the GDP deflator increased during 2009.C) both the GDP deflator and real GDP fell during 2009.D) more information is needed to answer this question.Answer: DDiff: 237) During the late 1990s, Japan experienced reductions in the GDP deflator. Given this information, we know with certainty thatA) real GDP fell during these periods.B) real GDP did not change during these periods.C) the overall price level in Japan decreased during these periods.D) both real GDP and the overall price level decreased during these periods. Answer: CDiff: 238) Hedonic pricing is used toA) convert nominal values to real values.B) calculate the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP.C) measure the rate of change in real GDP.D) obtain chain-weight indexes.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 139) GDP in current dollars is equivalent to which of the following?A) real GDPB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in 2000 dollarsD) GDP in constant dollarsE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 140) Which of the following does NOT represent real GDP?A) GDP in current dollarsB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in base year dollarsD) GDP in constant dollarsAnswer: ADiff: 141) which of the following represents real GDP?A) GDP in constant dollarsB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in base year dollarsD) all of aboveAnswer: ADiff: 142) According to convention, a recession is referred to if an economy goes throughA) at least two consecutive quarters of negative growthB) at least three consecutive quarters of negative growthC) at least four quarters of negative growthD) at least two consecutive months of negative growthAnswer: ADiff: 143) Based on the notation presented in Chapter 2, which of the following expressions represents real GDP?A) Y tB) P t Y tC) Y t/P tD) $Y t/P tAnswer: ADiff: 144) Measures of aggregate output have been published on a regular basis in the United States sinceA) 1947.B) 1933.C) 1917.D) 1946.Answer: ADiff: 145) Which of the following about capital income is NOT correct?A) it refers to a firm's revenue.B) it is also called profit income.C) it goes to the firms.D) it accounts for less than 35% of income in advancedcountries.Answer: ADiff: 146) Which of the following about the Phillips curve is NOT correct?A) It shows the relation between GDP growth and unemployment.B) It has been redefined as a relation between the change in the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate.C) It was first explored by A. W. Phillips.D) The curve is downward sloping.Answer: ADiff: 12.2 Essay Questions1) Explain the three ways GDP can be measured.Answer: GDP can be measured three ways. First, GDP represents the market value of the final goods and services produced in the economy during a given period. This would be obtained by adding C, I, G, and NX. Second, GDP is the sum of the value added by firms. The value added for a firm equals the value of the production (at that stage of the production process) minus the value of the intermediate goods (excluding labor services). The final value of aggregate output can be calculated by either summing the value of all final goods and services OR by summing the value added of all goods and services at each stage of production. And finally, GDP is also the sum of all incomes earned in a given period.2) First, define nominal GDP and real GDP. Second, is it possible for nominal GDP in a year to be less than real GDP in the same year? Explain.Answer: Nominal GDP represents the value of goods and services produced using current prices. Real GDP measures the value of the same goods and services using some base year prices. It is possible for nominal GDP to be less than real GDP in a given year. Given the definitions of the two variables, this will occur if prices in that year are simply less than prices in the base year. If, for example, the base year is 2002, it will generally be the case that nominal GDP will be less than real GDP for those years prior to 2002 given that prices have generally risen in all years. 3) Explain whether it is possible for nominal GDP to increase and real GDP to decrease in the same period.Answer: Nominal GDP can rise because either the price level is rising or the real quantity of goods and services produced has increased. Nominal GDP can increase while real GDP falls if the increase in the aggregate price level is larger (in a proportionate sense) than the drop in real economic activity.4) Explain the difference between the unemployment rate and the participation rate.Answer: The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force (those employed and unemployed) that is unemployed. The participation rate is the percentage of the working age population that is in the labor force.5) Explain how the existence of discouraged workers alters the extent to which the official unemployment provides an accurate measure of the use of labor resources.Answer: Discouraged workers are those individuals who have decided to stop searching for employment because they have become "discouraged" about employment opportunities. At some point, these individuals will no longer be considered as part of the labor force. The existence of discouraged workers willcause the official unemployment rate to provide an under-estimate of the underutilization of labor.6) Briefly explain why the reported official unemployment rate in Spain in 1994 may have provided an over-estimate of unemployment in Spain.Answer: The relatively high unemployment rate in Spain is partly the result of a relatively large underground economy. The underground economy is that part of the economy not measured in official statistics. After taking into account those individuals who are "employed" in the underground economy, the unemployment rate in Spain would have been lower (but still relatively high).7) What are the social and economic implications of unemployment? Explain.Answer: Economic implications: signal of economic activity and measure of the utilization of labor. Social implications: the emotional and psychological suffering that occurs as a result of being unemployed.8) Explain what factors cause changes in output in: (1) the short run; (2) medium run; and (3) long run.Answer: In the short run, demand factors primarily cause changes in output. In the medium run, factors such as the technology, amount of capital, and the skill and size of the labor force (supply factors) affect output. And in the long run, the education system, saving rate, and role of government affect economic activity.9) Will the CPI and GDP deflator always move together? Explain.Answer: No they will not. Some of the goods included in the GDP deflator (some investment goods) are not included in theCPI. Some of the goods included in the CPI (foreign goods) are not included in the GDP deflator.10) Explain how inflation can lead to distortions.Answer: First, not all prices and wages adjust automatically when inflation occurs. Second, variations in relative prices (which occur when there is not pure inflation) can lead to uncertainty. Inflation can also lead to distortions if the tax system is not adjusted when inflation occurs (e.g. nominal income tax brackets).11) Explain why economists care about inflation.Answer: Inflation will cause relative prices to change. It will also cause changes in the distribution of income. Inflation will lead to other distortions such as tax distortions and uncertainty.12) Explain Okun's Law.Answer: It shows the relationship between GDP growth and unemployment rate. If output growth is high, unemployment will decrease.13) Explain the Phillips curve.Answer: It shows the negative relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate. After 1970s, it was redefined as the relationship between the change in the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate.14) Explain why the Phillips curve on average is downward sloping.Answer: When unemployment becomes very low, the economy is likely to overheat and this will lead to upward pressure on inflation.15) Explain why economists care about unemployment.Answer: First, they care about unemployment because of its direct effect on the welfare of the unemployed. Unemployment is often associated with financial and psychological suffering.Second, they care about unemployment because it provides a signal that the economy may not be using some of its resources efficiently.16) Can an economy maintain high output growth, low unemployment, and low inflation at the the same time? Explain.Answer: It would be very hard to achieve the three objectives at the same time. High output growth leads to low unemployment, which is likely to put pressure on inflation.。

宏观经济学2PPT课件

宏观经济学2PPT课件
MPL
MPL
生产函数的斜率等于MPL
1
L 劳动
15
2边际产量递减规律
在其他条件不变的情况下,随着一种要素投入的增加,它的边际产 品在下降 在资本固定时,随着劳动力投入的增加,将导致: 对于每个工人来讲,将会拥有少量的机器 更低的生产效率
2020/8/3
16
测验:
下面哪种函数的劳动边际产量递减?
需求方: 消费、投资和政府购买的决定
均衡: 产品市场 可贷资金市场
2020/8/3
3
有用的假设:
不考虑货币的作用
没有与其它国家发生贸易往来
只存在两种生产要素
资源得到了充分利用
资本存量、劳动力和生产技术是不变的
没有考虑短期粘性物价的作用
2020/8/3
4
第一节 是什么决定了产品与服务的总生产
23
中国国民收入分配现状
2020/8/3
24
2020/8/3
25
2020/8/3
26
第三节 什么因素决定产品与服务需求
封闭经济体中的总需求构成:
C = 消费需求 I = 对商品的投资需求 G = 政府购买需求
(封闭经济: no NX )
2020/8/3
27
C 消费需求,
定义 可支配收入是由总收入减去总的税收:
41
答案
S Y C G Y 0 .8 ( Y T) G 0 .2 Y 0 .8 T G
a. S100
b . S0 .8 1 0 08 0
S c . 0 .2 1 0 0 2 0
Y L d . M P L 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 ,
S Y 0 . 2 0 . 2 2 0 0 4 0 .
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主动学习 2
GDP及其组成部分
在下面的各种情形下,计算GDP及它受影响的组成部分 的变化量
A. Debbie在波士顿最好的饭店花了$200请他丈夫吃晚 饭 B. Sarah为了出版业务的需要,花$1800买了一台新笔 记本。这台笔记本是在中国制造的 C. Jane为了她编辑业务的需要花了$1200购买一台新 电脑,这台电脑是由本地的制造商在去年生产的 D. 通用汽车公司生产了价值5亿美元的汽车,但消费者 只购买了价值4.7亿美元的汽车
自己而做的家务;(2)地下经济活动所产生的产品和服 务的交易躲过了政府的记录,没有被计入GDP。
注意:若干政府服务并不在市场上出售,从而没有市场
价格。但国民收入核算通过按成本来估价而把这些服务 包括在GDP中。
7
国内生产总值 (GDP) :
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物 品和劳务的市场价值
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物 品和劳务的市场价值 通常是一年或一个季度(3个月) ; 公布一个季度的GDP时,通常按“一年的增长率” 来计算;
季度调整,避开季度性周期
12
主动学习
1
• 1、生产一磅汉堡包或生产一磅鱼子酱,哪一个对 GDP的贡献更大?为什么? • 2、农民以2美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。面包 师用小麦制成面包,以3美元的价格出售,这些交 易对GDP 的贡献是多少? • 3、许多年前,小刚为收集唱片而花了500美元, 今天他在旧货销售中把他收集的物品卖了100美 元。这种销售如何影响现期GDP?
17
投资 (I)
(1)含义 投资:增加或替换资本资产(包括厂房和住宅 建筑、购买机器设备以及存货)的支出。
资本物品:在生产别的产品过程中只是部分地被消耗。 中间产品:在生产别的产品时全部被消耗掉。 面包厂买进1吨面粉、面包厂购进一台烘烤机,哪个 计入GDP?
18
投资 (I)
(2)组成部分:
①企业固定投资(Business fixed investment):指企业购买新 增资本品的支出,包括企业购买机器设备的支出(固定设备 投资)和购买厂房和办公楼的支出(企业住房投资) 。 ②住房投资(Residential investment):购买新居民住宅的支出。 ③存货投资(Inventory investment):指企业持有的存货价值 的增加(或减少),等于年末存货价值减去年初存货价值。 存货:指企业中没有卖掉的产品、半成品和原材料等。 若存货不计入GDP,所计得的是销售额而不是生产额。
21
净出口 (NX)
• NX = 出口 – 进口 • 出口代表外国对国内生产物品与劳务的支出 • 进口是消费,投资和政府购买中对外国生产的物 品和劳务的支出 • 把所有组成部分加总起来得到:
Y = C + I + G + NX
思考:为何计入GDP的只能是净出口而不是出口?
22
美国的GDP及其组成部分:2007
GDP包括有形的物品 (比如DVD, 山地自行车, 啤酒)
也包括无形的劳务 (比如干洗, 音乐会, 移动电话服务)
9
国内生产总值 (GDP):
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终 物品和劳务的市场价值
GDP 只包括现期生产的物品,不包括过去生产的 物品
注意:在某一年转手的以前建成的房屋的交易中 , 房屋的 价值不应计算在该年 GDP中,但在这一交易中所提供的劳 务,即佣金,是该年的劳务,应计算在该年的GDP中。
第一篇
导论
第二章 宏观经济学的数据
一、经济活动价值的衡量:国内生产总值 二、物价水平和失业的衡量
2016/1/15
1
1
一、经济活动价值的衡量
• 国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量经济中所有人的总收入 • GDP也衡量用于经济中物品与劳务生产的总支出
对一个整体经济而言, 收入等于支出 因为某个买者的1美元支出正是某个卖者的1 美元收入
一国收入的衡量 32
GDP与社会福利
1、闲暇 闲暇带来的社会福利水平的增加未纳入GDP指标 2、自然资源与环境 • “绿色 GDP” :改革现行的国民经济核算体系,对环 境资源进行核算,从现行GDP中扣除环境资源成本和 对环境资源的保护服务费用,可得绿色GDP。 • 经济增长不等于全面发展 发展:福利状态的质的提高。 增长:物品和服务在物质产出上的扩张。 传统的发展:狭义的发展(经济增长)。 广义的发展:可持续发展。 十七大报告提出“改变经济发展方式”,用发展替代 33 了原来的增长”。 2016/1/15 33
2016/1/15
C I 减少了存货 投资,增加 了消费。 C G 减少了净出 口NX,增加 了消费。 28 28
参考材料:其他收入衡量指标
• 1、国民生产总值(GNP):衡量一国永久居民或“国 民”(公民及其工厂)所赚到的总收入。 GNP=GDP+来自国外的要素支付—面向国外的要素 支付 • 2、国民生产净值(NNP):一国居民的总收入 (GNP)减折旧。折旧是经济中设备和建筑物存量的 磨损或损耗。 • 3、国民收入(NI):一国居民在物品与劳务生产中 赚到的总收入。 国民收入=NNP-间接企业税
占总量的百 总量(10亿) 分比 $13,841 100.0 人均量
Y C
I G NX
$45,825 32,228
7,037 8,905 –2,344
9,734
2,125 2,690 –708
70.3
15.4 19.4 –5.1
23
中国的GDP构成图(2007)
2007中国GDP为246619亿增11.4% 。统计显示,在2007年 11.4%的经济增长中,有2.7个百分点是由出口贡献的,4.3个百 分点是由投资贡献的,剩余4.4个百分点都是由消费贡献的。
D. 通用汽车公司生产了价值5亿美元的汽车,但消 费者只购买了价值4.7亿美元的汽车 消费增加4.7亿美元,存货投资增加0.3亿,GDP 增加5亿美元
27
主动学习 3
GDP及其组成部分
下列每种活动会影响GDP的哪一部分? • 家庭购买了一台冰箱。 • 舅舅买了一所新房子。 • 长春一汽公司由其存货中出 售了一部奥迪A4汽车。 • 你买了一个比萨饼。 • 中国建了一条滇藏高速公路。 • 你买了一瓶法国红酒。
10
国内生产总值 (GDP):
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终 物品和劳务的市场价值
GDP 衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范 围之内,不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的 外国人生产 国民生产总值(GNP):即一国公民在一定时 期内(通常是一年)所生产的所有最终产品和服务 的市场价值。
11
国内生产总值 (GDP):
13
补充: GDP的三种核算方法
• 国内生产总值 (GDP):在某一既定时期一个国家 内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 1、可以通过核算一国内各行各业在一定时期生 产中的价值增值来求得。(生产法、增长法) 2、可以通过核算整个社会在一定时期内购买最 终产品的支出总和来求得。(支出法) 3、可以通过核算整个社会在一定时期内获得的 收入来求得。(收入法)
2
循环流量图
• 宏观经济的一个简单描述 • 用支出,收益,要素支付和收入来说明GDP • 预备知识:
– 生产要素:诸如劳动,土地,资本,自然资源等投入 – 要素支付:支付给生产要素的报酬(例如,工资,租 金,利润)
3
循环流量图
家庭: 拥有生产要素,出售或出租它们给 企业以换取收入 购
A. Debbie在波士顿最好的饭店花了$200请他丈夫 吃晚饭
消费和 GDP都增加了200美元
B. Sarah为了出版业务的需要,花$1800买了一台 新笔记本。这台笔记本是在中国制造的 投资增加1800美元,净出口减少1800美元, GDP 不变
26
主动学习 2
参考答案
C. Jane为了她编辑业务的需要花了$1200购买一台 新电脑,这台电脑是由本地的制造商在去年生产 的 当前的GDP与投资都不变,因为电脑是在去年生 产出来的
• 政府
– 征税,购买物品与劳务
• 金融体系
– 在储蓄者资金的供给和借款者贷款的需求之 间达成均衡
一国收入的衡量
6
国内生产总值(GDP):
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终 物品与劳务的市场价值
所有物品都用相同的单位来衡量 (比如,在美国用美元) 那些没有市场价值的物品被排除在外,比如:(1)你为
30
知识卡片
• • • • • • • • • 直接税: 1、企业所得税; 2、个人所得税; 3、外商投资和外国企业所得税 4、房产税; 5、契税; 6、车船使用税; 7、城镇土地使用税。 间接税: 1、增值税; 3、营业税; 5、资源税;
2、消费税; 4、关税; 6、城市维护建设税。
31
参考材料:其他收入衡量指标
一国收入的衡量 29
知识卡片
• 间接税 :指纳税义务人不是税收的实际负担人,纳税义 务人能够用提高价格或提高收费标准等方法把税收负担转 嫁给别人的税种。一般在生产和流通环节征收。 • 直接税:指纳税义务人同时是税收的实际负担人,纳税人 不能或不便于把税收负担转嫁给别人的税种。一般在收入 环节征收,直接税以归属于私人(为私人占有或所有)的 所得和财产为课税对象。 • 为何间接税应计入GDP?GDP的等式中没有直接税? • 直接税(公司所得税、个人所得税等)都已包括在工资、 利润等项目中,所以不能再出现在GDP等式中。
GDP的组成部分
• GDP 是总支出
• 四个组成部分: – 消费 (C) – 投资 (I) – 政府购买 (G) – 净出口(NX) • 这四个组成部分的总和等于GDP(用Y表示):
Y = C + I + G + NX
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