高中英语词汇学习困难成因与应对策略

高中英语词汇学习困难成因与应对策略
高中英语词汇学习困难成因与应对策略

高中英语词汇学习困难成因与应对策略

发表时间:2013-08-09T16:04:49.607Z 来源:《中学课程辅导·教学研究》2013年第17期供稿作者:孙罗金

[导读] 英语词汇虽浩如烟海,但是高中英语新课标要求高中生掌握的数目相对于来说实际却很少。

孙罗金

摘要:词汇是高中英语学习的重要内容,是培养学生听说读写能力的基础。然而,很多高中生在词汇学习仅仅停留在死记硬背的层次上,同时英语教师在指导学生学习词汇也存在诸多问题。针对这些现象,本文根据词汇学习的实质提出了改进词汇学习的建议,对于解决词汇学习的问题有一定的启发作用。

关键词:高中英语;词汇学习;词汇深度

一、词汇在语言学习中的中重要性

词汇在学习中地位的重要性是毋庸置疑的。一般说来语言有三大要素:语音、词汇和语法。词汇可以比喻为结构中的最基本的建筑材料,而语法这是将建筑材料粘合起来的粘合剂。可以说词汇是语言体系中最为重要的因素,是体现语音、语法的材料,是学习语音和语法的基础,没有词汇语音不能发挥其交际作用,语法也只能是抽象而令人无法理解的规则,学习语言更是成了无源之本、缘木求鱼。难怪英国语言学家威尔金斯说:没有语法只能表达一点点东西;没有词汇则什么都不能表达。

1.词汇学习难在何处

其实大部分的英语教师和学生也都深知词汇对于英语学习中利害关系,但为何许多人会在这个问题上犯难呢?笔者以为有客观方面和主观方面的原因。

(1)客观原因

一方面,英语词汇量非常大,据现代英语收词最多的一本词典Webster’s Third International Dictionary 统计,所收词数约为540.000。其次是英语词汇具有繁杂的特点。英语的流传范围之广和其强大的生命力是其他世界上的语言所无法比拟的,这跟英语所具有的开放性和包容性是密不可分,它大量吸收了世界上其他语言的词汇,如英语词汇中受拉丁语的影响非常大,很多英语词汇中的词根词缀就源于拉丁语,同时把英语作为第一语言使用的除了英美两国外还有加拿大、澳大利亚、爱尔兰共和国、南非、新西兰等国,作为第二语言使用的国家则更多,这使英语词汇具有国别的特点,更使得英语词汇形态种类变得非常繁杂,而不像语音和语法那样具有系统性和规则性,通过简单的分析和归纳是不能掌握的。另外一方面,英语对于中国学生来说是外国语,由于中文和英语是两种不同的书写体系和发音体系,这样中国学生在学习英语时受母语思维的干扰很大。随着学习的深人,高中学生在词汇学习中很容易形成“记了忘,忘了记”的怪圈。

(2)主观原因

英语词汇虽浩如烟海,但是高中英语新课标要求高中生掌握的数目相对于来说实际却很少,约为3500个单词和短语,只不过这些词汇都是要求学生再实际运用中灵活掌握并变成自己产出性词汇的高频词。至于为何会出现前面说提到的“记了忘,忘了记”的怪圈是教师指导方式不当和学生自身在学习词汇有偏差使然。很多英语教师虽深知词汇在学生学习中重要作用,也苦口婆心地教导学生应该付诸行动加以重视,但毕竟词汇不像语音和语法教起来的操作性那么强,因而造成教学方法单一枯燥,照本宣科,检查学生的词汇掌握情况也仅仅是听写和做些词汇练习,词汇教学基本上到此为止,至于学生掌握程度如何以及如何改进学生的学习方式他们并无很明确的答案,有的英语教师甚至认为学词汇就是背词汇,是学生自己的事,教师无法代替,自己能做的仅仅的是教给他们一些比死记硬背更为有用的方法而已。而学生在没有得到教师有效的指导之下很多人的词汇学习方法基本上还局限于对教材后面所附的词汇表的死记硬背,如反复朗读、反复拼写、边读边写等,这样的学习效率是可想而知的。

二、如何提高高中生的词汇学习效率

1.理论依据

20世纪70年代以来,随着人们对美国语言学教乔姆斯基以句法为核心的语言能力研究的深入了解,越来越多的研究者开始意识到语言水平不仅仅表现为一个人的语法能力,其词汇能力同样是判断学习者语言整体水平的一个不可忽视的重要指标(肖善香,刘绍龙,2003)。为此,研究者付出了大量的时间和精力来研究词汇的教学研究,“其主要调查对象为学习者在不同学习阶段所需的词汇量以及学习者通过阅读和各种练习、学习策略等能掌握的词汇量”(肖善香,刘绍龙,2003)。然而这不是词汇学习的全部,也就是说之前的研究只是注重了词汇的广度,强调是所认到的词汇的数量有多少,这样学习者会认为只要对词汇的音、形、义掌握即可,而很少涉及词汇的深度和质的问题,这导致了学习者片面追求词汇量的大小。

那么,什么是词汇的深度呢?掌握一个单词到底又意味着什么?这是习得词汇的一个关键问题。在这个问题上代表人物Richard 提出了完全掌握一个词所需要的各种知识的观点,其标准有七条:(1)单词的频率预测和同义联想;(2)单词使用的得体性;(3)单词的句法行为或语法特征;(4)单词的基本形式和派生形式;(5)词的联想;(6)概念定义;(7)一词多义(转引自马克莎,2001)。在理查德(Richard)研究的基础上,内申(Nation)提出了一个更为具体的词汇知识体系,包括了八类:发音、书写、句法特征、搭配、使用频率、得体性、概念定义、词间的联想等(转引自肖善香,刘绍龙,2003)。综合其他学者的一些研究的观点,判断学习者是否掌握一个词的标准包括:该词的字面意义;该词的多层含义;该词运用有何限制,如地域限制、口头或书面语等;由该词而来的转化词;该词的句法特征;该词的语域特征;和该词密切相关的词,如搭配等等(吴霞,王蔷,1997)。

2.提高高中生词汇学习效率的建议

由上述可知,词汇学习的面是非常广的,要注意到词汇知识的方方面面。首先,英语教师应该要有这样的意识即不能要求学生片面追求词汇量的大小,更不能以二分法(习得或不习得,认识或不认识)来看待词汇知识的掌握,而应该让学生的学习过程中教会他们在词汇学习过程中应该掌握什么。其次,英语教师应该指导学生摆脱死记硬背的束缚,采用一定的学习词汇的策略和方法,减少盲目性,提高词汇学习的效率。根据上述词汇知识的特征,以下几种策略和方法可以供参考。

(1)利用词源学的知识

利用词源学的知识在词汇学习中能起到其他方式所无法替代的巨大威力。词源理据包含了极其丰富的内容,既有词语的来源语、结构形态的发展、构词的过程,也包括了词汇单位的形成和轨迹,如典故、隐喻。这就能很好解释和更深刻的理解词汇的字面意义和多项词

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