【全国校级联考】河北省承德市滦平一中高一2020-2021学年第一学期期末调研
解析河北省承德市2020┄2021学年高一上学期期末物理试卷
河北省承德市2020┄２０21学年高一上学期期末物理试卷一、选择题：本题共15小题，每小题3分,共４5分．第１-1０小题只有一个选项正确；第11-15小题有多个选项正确,选对但不全的得2分，有错选或不选的得0分１．（３分)海上生明月,天涯共此“食”．２021年10月8日晚６时，红月亮现身夜空，月亮由盈变亏再变盈，完成了一次完美月全食.整个月全食过程约２小时．下列说法正确的是()A. “8日晚６时”是时间间隔ﻩB. “约2小时”是时刻C．研究月全食时，可以把月亮当做质点D．研究月球绕地球做圆周运动时,可以把月球当做质点2.（３分)关于作用力与反作用力，下列说法正确的是()ﻩA．ﻩ相互作用的一对力究竟称哪一个力是反作用力是任意的Ｂ．ﻩ凡是大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一物体上的两上力必定是一对作用力与反作用力ﻩC.ﻩ凡是大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一直线上且分别作用在两个物体上的两个力必定是一对作用力与反作用力ﻩD．凡是大小相等、方向相反、分别作用在两个物体上的两个力必定是一对作用力与反作用力3.（3分)某物体做曲线运动，在一段时间内其位移大小为50m，则在这段时间内物体通过的路程Ｌ一定(）Ａ. 等于50m B．小于50mﻩC. 大于5０mﻩD.ﻩ无法确定4.（3分）一物体做自由落体运动，下落的总时间为4s,取g=10m/s2，则物体在下落的最后2s内通过的位移是（)A.ﻩ10mB.ﻩ25mﻩＣ．ﻩ６０m Ｄ．８０m5.(3分)如图所示为做直线运动的某物体的位移﹣时间图象，根据图中数据可以求出Ｐ点的瞬时速度.下列更接近P点瞬时速度的真实值的是（）2.2１1m/s2.2１m/sﻩD．ﻩA. 2.00m/sﻩB. 2.２0ｍ／s Ｃ.ﻩ6．（3分）如图所示,一质量为m的物块与车厢的竖直后壁间的动摩擦因数为μ，当该车水平向右做加速运动时，物块恰好沿车厢后壁匀速下滑,则车的加速度为（）A．ｇ B.ﻩμｇＣ．Dﻩﻩ．μgﻩ7.(３分）物体受共点力F1、Ｆ2、F３的作用而做匀速直线运动，则下列数值中这三个力可能是(）A.ﻩ15N、5N、6ＮﻩＢ.ﻩ3N、６N、4N C.ﻩ1N、2N、1０NﻩD．１N、６N、8N8.(３分)飞船返回地面时，为保护舱内仪器不受损坏，在靠近地面附近时,返回舱会自动放出降落伞减速．若返回舱离地面4ｋｍ时，速度大小为２00m/s、方向为竖直向下,此时返回舱将降落伞打开，设打开降落伞后返回舱做匀减速运动，要使返舱以最安全、最理想的方式着陆,则打开降落伞后飞船运动的加速度大小应为(）ﻩＡ. 2.5ｍ／s２ B. 5m/s２ﻩC．10m/s２ﻩＤ. １5m/s2９.(3分)如图所示,物体P放在粗糙水平面上，左边用一根轻弹簧与竖直墙相连,物体静止时弹簧的长度大于原长．若再用一个从0开始逐渐增大的水平力F向右拉P,直到拉动，那么在P被拉动之前的过程中，弹簧对P的弹力ＦT的大小和地面对Ｐ的摩擦力Ｆｆ的大小的变化情况是(）ﻩA．ＦT始终增大，F f始终减小B.ﻩFＴ保持不变，Ｆf始终增大ﻩC. FＴ保持不变,Ｆｆ先减小后增大ﻩD. F T先不变后增大,F f先增大后减小１0.（3分)如图所示,在倾角θ＝30°的足够长的固定斜面上,有一质量m=1kg的物体，被平行于斜面的恒力F=8Ｎ推着沿斜面以ｖ=4ｍ/s的速度匀速上滑，某时刻突然撤去推力F,则下列说法正确的是(ｇ取10ｍ/s２,设最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力）（)ﻩＡ．撤去推力Ｆ后,物体还可以沿斜面上滑１mB．ﻩ撤去推力F后,物体将沿斜面上滑,最后静止在斜面上ﻩC.ﻩ在撤去推力F后的瞬间,物体所受合力为5NﻩD. 物体与斜面间的动摩擦因数为11.(3分)关于物体的重力和重心，下列说法中正确的是（)Ａ．物体的重力就是地球对物体的吸引力ﻩB.ﻩ物体对水平支持物的压力一定等于物体的重力ﻩＣ．ﻩ重心是一种理想模型,是用等效的思维方法得出的D．重心的位置只与物体的形状和物体内部质量的分布有关，与周围环境无关1２.(3分)下列各图中可表示物体做匀速直线运动的是(）A．ﻩB．ﻩC．ﻩﻩＤ．ﻩ13．(3分）警车A停在路口，一违章货车Ｂ恰好经过A车时，Ａ车立即加速追赶,两车的v ﹣t图象如图所示，则在0﹣4s时间内,下列说法正确的是()Ａ.ﻩA车的加速度为5m/s２B．在２s末Ａ车追上B车C．ﻩ3s末A车速度为7.5ｍ/sﻩD．ﻩ两车相距最远为5m14.（3分)一个物体从高h处自由落下，当时间达到落地时间一半时，下列说法正确的是（)Ａ. 此时的速度为ﻩB.ﻩ下落的距离为hC. 此时的速度为Ｄ．下落的距离为ｈ15.(3分)如图所示，ACB是一光滑的、足够长的、固定在竖直平面内的“∧”形框架,其中CA、CB两边足够长且与竖直方向的夹角分别为３7°和53°，P、Ｑ两个轻质小环分别套在ＣA、CＢ上，两根轻质细绳的一端分别系在P、Q环上,另一端和一绳套系在一起，结点为O.将质量为m的钩码挂在绳套上,ＯP、OQ两根细绳受到的拉力分别用F1、F2表示，sｉｎ37°=0.6，ｃｏs37°=0.8,则(）ﻩＡ.ﻩ两细绳均垂直于杆 B.ﻩ两细绳互相垂直ﻩC.ﻩF1：F２＝４:3ﻩD．F1:F2=3:4二、非选择题.共6小题．解答题应写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要演算步骤,只写出最后答案的不能得分．有数值计算的题，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位．１6.（6分）在“探究匀变速直线运动”的实验中,某同学使用50Hｚ交变电流作电源,在打出的纸带上选择5个计数点A、B、C、D、E，相邻两个计数点之间还有４个点没有画出，他分别测量了各计数点间的距离如图所示．则纸带上C点的速度ｖC=ｍ/s,运动的加速度为m/s2．17.(6分)某实验小组利用如图甲所示的装置来验证在外力一定时，小车的加速度与小车质量的关系.实验时,平衡摩擦后，将两辆小车拉至打点计时器附近后同时秋放,动力系统拉着两辆小车做匀加速运动,打点计时器便在纸带上打出一系列点,根据打出的纸带求出两辆小车的加速度a１和a2.（1)若打出的纸带1如图乙所示,则从打A点到打下C点的过程中,小车位移的大小为ｃm．（２)该实验过程中，测出小车1、２的质量分别为m1、m２，钩码的质量为ｍ，（填“要求”或“不要求”)满足m1＞>m和m2＞>m（３）求出a1和a2后,需要验证的等式为.18.（９分）一质量m＝0.5kg的物体,从离地面ｈ＝36ｍ的高处由静止开始加速下落，经过t=３s后落地,假设物体下落过程中所受的阻力ｆ恒定,取g=10m/s２.求：(1)物体在下落过程中加速度的大小.（2)在下落过程中物体所受阻力f的大小.19．(10分）物体A重2０N，物体B与水平面之间的动摩擦因数为０.2，两物体都处于如图的静止状态,物体的最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力．求:（1）OC绳子的张力;（2）水平面对B的摩擦力大小；(3）物体B所受重力的最小值.２0．(10分）研究表明,一般人的刹车反应时间(即图甲中“反应过程”所用时间）t0＝0.４s,但饮酒会导致反应时间延长,在某次试验中,志愿者少量饮酒后驾车以v0=7２km／ｈ的速度在试验场的水平路面上匀速行驶,从发现情况到汽车停止,行驶距离L=58m,减速过程中汽车位移x与速度v的关系曲线如同乙所示,此过程可视为匀变速直线运动，取重力加速度的大小g=１0ｍ/ｓ2，求：(１)减速过程汽车加速度的大小及所用时间;（２)饮酒使志愿者反应时间比一般人增加了多少.21.(1４分）研究表明,雪地中有很多小孔，小孔内充满空气，当滑雪板压在雪地上时会把雪内的空气“逼”出来,在滑雪板与雪地间形成一个暂时的“气垫”，从而大大减小雪地对滑雪板的摩擦,然而当滑雪板相对雪地速度较小时，与雪地接触时间超过某一值就会陷下去，使得它们间的摩擦力增大，假设滑雪者的速度超过4m/s时,滑雪板与雪地间的动摩擦因数就会由μ1=0．2５变为μ2＝0．12５，一滑雪者从倾角θ=3７°的坡顶A处由静止开始自由下滑，不计空气阻力，坡长Ｌ=２6m,取g=10m/ｓ2，sin37°=0．6，cｏｓ37°=0.8，求：(１）滑雪者由静止开始到动摩擦因数发生变化时所经历的时间（2)滑雪者到达B处的速度大小．河北省承德市２020┄２02１学年高一上学期期末物理试卷参考答案与试题解析一、选择题:本题共１5小题，每小题3分，共45分．第1-10小题只有一个选项正确；第11-15小题有多个选项正确,选对但不全的得2分，有错选或不选的得0分１.(3分)海上生明月,天涯共此“食”．2０21年10月８日晚6时，红月亮现身夜空，月亮由盈变亏再变盈，完成了一次完美月全食.整个月全食过程约2小时．下列说法正确的是（）ﻩA．“８日晚6时”是时间间隔B.ﻩ“约2小时”是时刻ﻩC.ﻩ研究月全食时，可以把月亮当做质点D．ﻩ研究月球绕地球做圆周运动时,可以把月球当做质点考点：ﻩ质点的认识.专题:ﻩ直线运动规律专题.分析:ﻩ时间是指时间的长度，在时间轴上对应一段距离，时刻是指时间点，在时间轴上对应的是一个点.月亮绕地球做圆周运动，这是以地球为参考系来描述的．解答：解：A、B、“8日晚6时”是时刻，“约２小时”是时间间隔,故A错误，B时刻;C、研究月全食时,要考虑月球的大小，故不能把月亮当做质点,故Ｃ错误;D、研究月球绕地球做圆周运动时,月球的直径远小于轨道半径,故可以把月球当做质点,故D 正确;故选:D点评：ﻩ时刻具有瞬时性的特点，是变化中的某一瞬间；时间间隔具有连续性的特点，与某一过程相对应．2.（3分）关于作用力与反作用力,下列说法正确的是()A. 相互作用的一对力究竟称哪一个力是反作用力是任意的ﻩＢ.ﻩ凡是大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一物体上的两上力必定是一对作用力与反作用力C. 凡是大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一直线上且分别作用在两个物体上的两个力必定是一对作用力与反作用力ﻩＤ．凡是大小相等、方向相反、分别作用在两个物体上的两个力必定是一对作用力与反作用力考点:ﻩ作用力和反作用力.分析: 作用力与反作用力大小相等，反向相反，作用在同一直线上，但分别作用在不同的物体上．解答: 解:A、相互作用的一对力，一个力是作用力,另一个力就是反作用力.故A正确；B、大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一物体上的两个力是一对平衡力.故B错误.C、D、大小相等、方向相反、分别作用在两个物体上的两个力不一定是作用力和反作用力,作用力和反作用力是相互作用的一对力．故C错误，D错误．故选：Ａ．点评: 解决本题的关键知道作用力和反作用力是相互作用的一对力，以及知道作用力和反作用力的关系．３.(３分）某物体做曲线运动，在一段时间内其位移大小为50m，则在这段时间内物体通过的路程L一定(）ﻩＡ．等于50m B．小于50m C. 大于5０ｍ D.ﻩ无法确定考点：ﻩ曲线运动．专题:ﻩ物体做曲线运动条件专题．分析：ﻩ位移是物体位置的移动，由物体初末位置决定,路程是物体运动轨迹的长度,由运动轨迹决定．解答:ﻩ解：曲线运动的轨迹长度大于初末位置的距离，所以路程一定大于位移的大小50ｍ．故选:C点评:ﻩ正确的认识位移和路程的区别与联系是解决问题的关键.4．（３分)一物体做自由落体运动,下落的总时间为4ｓ,取ｇ＝１0m/ｓ2,则物体在下落的最后２s内通过的位移是（)60mﻩD. 80m25mﻩＣ.ﻩA．10m B．ﻩ考点：自由落体运动.专题：ﻩ自由落体运动专题.分析：ﻩ物体做自由落体运动,利用分别求出前4ｓ和前2ｓ内的位移即可解答：解:前4ｓ内的位移为：前2s内的位移为:最后2ｓ内位移为:△x=ｘ﹣x′=６０m故选:Ｃ点评：ﻩ本题关键明确自由落体运动是初速度为零、加速度为g的匀加速直线运动，灵活地选择运动过程运用位移时间关系公式列式求解．5．(3分）如图所示为做直线运动的某物体的位移﹣时间图象,根据图中数据可以求出P点的瞬时速度.下列更接近Ｐ点瞬时速度的真实值的是(）ﻩA. 2.00ｍ/ｓ B. 2．20ｍ/s C.ﻩ２.２１ｍ/ｓﻩＤ.ﻩ２.２11m/s考点：匀变速直线运动的图像；瞬时速度.专题：ﻩ运动学中的图像专题.分析: x﹣ｔ图象中,图象切线的斜率表示瞬时速度，据此即可求解.解答：ﻩ解:x﹣t图象中,图象切线的斜率表示速度，则P点的速度为:v==2.21m/ｓ故选：Ｃ.点评:ﻩ对于图象，通常要从轴、点、线、斜率、截距、面积等角度分析,要能区分x﹣t图象与v﹣t图象．６.（3分）如图所示,一质量为m的物块与车厢的竖直后壁间的动摩擦因数为μ,当该车水平向右做加速运动时，物块恰好沿车厢后壁匀速下滑,则车的加速度为(）A. g B．μｇC．ﻩＤ. μｇ考点:ﻩ牛顿第二定律;力的合成与分解的运用．专题：牛顿运动定律综合专题．分析:ﻩ物块在水平方向上和小车具有相同的加速度，根据牛顿第二定律求出车厢后壁对物块的弹力,结合竖直方向上受力平衡,求出物块的加速度,从而得知车的加速度．解答: 解：因为物体匀速下滑，则mg=μN，解得N＝．根据牛顿第二定律得,N=ma，解得ａ＝．故Ｃ正确,A、B、D错误．故选Ｃ．点评: 解决本题的关键知道物块与车具有相同的加速度,抓住物块水平方向上有合力,竖直方向上合力为零，结合牛顿第二定律进行求解．7．（3分）物体受共点力Ｆ1、F2、F３的作用而做匀速直线运动，则下列数值中这三个力可能是()A. 1５Ｎ、５N、６NﻩＢ.ﻩ3Ｎ、６N、4Ｎ C.ﻩ1Ｎ、2N、10ＮﻩＤ．1N、6Ｎ、8N考点: 共点力平衡的条件及其应用.专题: 共点力作用下物体平衡专题．分析：物体受共点力F1、F2、F３作用而作匀速直线运动,说明这3个力的合力为零，只需要找出合力可能为零的一组．解答: 解:因物体做匀速直线运动,所以所受的合力为零．因为是三个力，我们可让前两个先合成,再和第三个合成：A：前两个力的合力范围是：,第三个力是6牛,所以合力不可能为零．故A错误.B：前两个力的合力范围是:，第三个力是4牛,所以合力可能为零.故B正确.Ｃ：前两个力的合力范围是：，第三个力是10牛,所以合力不可能为零．故C错误.D:前两个力的合力范围是:，第三个力是８牛,所以合力不可能为零.故D错误．故选:B.点评:ﻩ求三个力的合力时我们可以先合成前两个力,再与第三个力进行合成即可.8．（3分）飞船返回地面时,为保护舱内仪器不受损坏，在靠近地面附近时,返回舱会自动放出降落伞减速．若返回舱离地面4km时,速度大小为200m/ｓ、方向为竖直向下,此时返回舱将降落伞打开,设打开降落伞后返回舱做匀减速运动,要使返舱以最安全、最理想的方式着陆,则打开降落伞后飞船运动的加速度大小应为(）ﻩA. 2.5ｍ／s2 B.ﻩ5m/s2 C. 1０ｍ/s2 D.15m/s2考点：ﻩ匀变速直线运动的速度与位移的关系.专题:ﻩ直线运动规律专题.分析:ﻩ已知初速度和末速度,结合速度位移公式求出加速度的大小．解答: 解：根据匀变速直线运动的速度位移公式得，a=,负号表示方向.点评: 解决本题的关键掌握匀变速直线运动的速度位移公式，并能灵活运用,基础题. 9．(３分)如图所示，物体P放在粗糙水平面上，左边用一根轻弹簧与竖直墙相连,物体静止时弹簧的长度大于原长.若再用一个从0开始逐渐增大的水平力Ｆ向右拉Ｐ,直到拉动，那么在P被拉动之前的过程中，弹簧对P的弹力F T的大小和地面对P的摩擦力F f的大小的变化情况是（)Ａ．F T始终增大,F f始终减小B．F T保持不变,Fｆ始终增大C．F T保持不变,Ｆf先减小后增大D．ﻩFＴ先不变后增大，Fｆ先增大后减小考点:ﻩ共点力平衡的条件及其应用;物体的弹性和弹力.专题:ﻩ共点力作用下物体平衡专题．分析: 在P被拉动之前的过程中，弹簧仍处于原状,因此弹力不变，而物体P先开始受到向右的静摩擦力，当拉力渐渐增大时，导致出现向左的静摩擦力,因而根据进行受力分析，即可判断.根据胡克定律判定弹簧弹力的变化．解答:ﻩ解：由题意可知，放在粗糙水平面上，静止时弹簧的长度大于原长，则弹簧对P的拉力向左，由于粗糙水平面,因此同时受到水平向右的静摩擦力.当再用一个从零开始逐渐增大的水平力F向右拉P,直到把P拉动前过程中,物体P受到的静摩擦力从向右变为水平向左.所以其大小先减小后增大.在物体被拉动之前,弹簧的长度没有发生变化，所以弹簧的弹力保持不变.故只有C正确.点评: 本题解题的关键是对P物体进行正确的受力分析,知道当P没有运动时,弹簧弹力不变，而由于拉力的变化,从而导致静摩擦力的方向变化，难度适中．10.(3分）如图所示，在倾角θ＝30°的足够长的固定斜面上，有一质量m=１ｋg的物体,被平行于斜面的恒力Ｆ=8N推着沿斜面以ｖ=4m/s的速度匀速上滑，某时刻突然撤去推力F，则下列说法正确的是(g取10m／s2，设最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力)（）ﻩA. 撤去推力F后,物体还可以沿斜面上滑1mﻩB.ﻩ撤去推力F后，物体将沿斜面上滑,最后静止在斜面上Ｃ.ﻩ在撤去推力F后的瞬间，物体所受合力为5NﻩＤ. 物体与斜面间的动摩擦因数为考点：共点力平衡的条件及其应用;物体的弹性和弹力．专题：ﻩ共点力作用下物体平衡专题.分析: 滑块做匀速直线运动时,对其受力分析，求解出滑动摩擦力和支持力,可以得到动摩擦因素；撤去推力后,根据牛顿第二定律列式求解加速度，判断其运动情况．解答：解:D、滑块做匀速直线运动时，受推力、重力、支持力和滑动摩擦力,根据平衡条件，有：平行斜面方向:F﹣mｇｓiｎ30°﹣f=0垂直斜面方向：Ｎ﹣ｍgcos３０°=0其中:ｆ＝μNN=5Nf＝３Nμ=，故D错误;A、Ｃ、撤去推力后,其余三个力不变,故合力为8N,沿斜面向下;上滑过程的加速度：ａ=;故上滑的距离：x=m；故A正确，Ｃ错误;Ｂ、在最高点,由于ｔaｎ30°=>μ，故重力的下滑分力大于滑动摩擦力，故物体加速下滑;故B错误;故选：A.点评：ﻩ本题关键是明确物体的受力情况和运动情况,然后根据平衡条件、牛顿第二定律、运动学公式列式求解,不难．11.（３分)关于物体的重力和重心，下列说法中正确的是(）A. 物体的重力就是地球对物体的吸引力Ｂ．ﻩ物体对水平支持物的压力一定等于物体的重力ﻩC. 重心是一种理想模型,是用等效的思维方法得出的ﻩD.ﻩ重心的位置只与物体的形状和物体内部质量的分布有关,与周围环境无关考点：重力;重心.分析：ﻩ物体的重心与物体的几何形状和质量分布两个因素有关.重力的方向总是竖直向下．重力是由于地球吸引而产生的力．解答：ﻩ解：A、物体的重力是地球对物体的吸引力的一个分力，故Ａ错误；B、物体对水平支持物的压力等于物体的重力是有条件的，如当用力去压放在桌面上的物体时,物体对桌面的压力将大于重力；故Ｂ错误;C、实际上，每一个物体其各个部分都要受到重力的作用,从效果上等效集中于一点，这就是物理学的一种等效替代的思想，故C正确；D、重心的位置只与物体的形状和物体内部质量的分布有关,与周围环境无关，故Ｄ正确.答案：CＤ点评: 本题关键要掌握重力产生的原因,重心与两个因素有关等基本知识,是一道简单题．1２．（３分）下列各图中可表示物体做匀速直线运动的是（）A.ﻩﻩＢ.ﻩＣ.ﻩD．ﻩ考点: 匀变速直线运动的图像.专题：运动学中的图像专题.分析：ﻩ匀速直线运动的速度保持不变,根据图象的形状分析物体的运动情况．解答：ﻩ解：A、x﹣t图表示物体的位置不变，静止,故A错误.B、x﹣t图表示物体的位移随时间均匀增大，物体做匀速直线运动,故Ｂ正确.C、v﹣t图的斜率表示速度，则知该物体做匀速直线运动,故C正确．D、a﹣ｔ图表示加速度不变，则知该物体做匀变速运动，故Ｄ错误．故选:ＢC.点评: 本题是基本的读图问题,看清坐标轴,从图象的形状、斜率、“面积”等方面研究物体的运动情况，根据数学知识进行解答．13.(３分)警车A停在路口,一违章货车Ｂ恰好经过A车时，Ａ车立即加速追赶,两车的v﹣t 图象如图所示，则在0﹣４s时间内，下列说法正确的是（）ﻩA．ﻩA车的加速度为5ｍ/s２ﻩB．在2s末Ａ车追上B车ﻩＣ. ３s末A车速度为７.5m/s Ｄ．ﻩ两车相距最远为５ｍ考点: 匀变速直线运动的图像．专题：运动学中的图像专题.分析:ﻩ本题是速度﹣时间图象，由斜率读出A的加速度．由图象纵坐标读出速度．２s末两车速度相同,由“面积”得到B的位移大于A的位移,2s末A车还没有追上B车.在２s前,B 车速度大于A车的速度,两车距离增大,在2s后A车的速度大于B车的速度,两车的距离减小,在2s末时刻两车距离最大，由图读出两车相距最远为５m.解答: 解：Ａ、由斜率读出A的加速度:，故Ａ错误；B、２s末两车速度相同,由“面积”得到B的位移大于A的位移，２s末A车还没有追上B 车，故B错误；Ｃ、由图象纵坐标可得3s末A车速度为７.５m/s，故Ｃ正确；D、在2ｓ前,B车的速度大于A车的速度,两车距离增大，在2s后Ａ车的速度大于B车的速度，两车的距离减小，在2s末时刻两车的距离最大，由图读出两车相距最远为5m．故D 正确．故选:CD.点评：ﻩ本题考查对速度﹣时间图象的能力,关键抓住：斜率表示加速度,“面积”表示位移,交点表示该时刻速度相同．14．（3分）一个物体从高h处自由落下,当时间达到落地时间一半时,下列说法正确的是（)ﻩA. 此时的速度为ﻩＢ.ﻩ下落的距离为hC.ﻩ此时的速度为ﻩD.ﻩ下落的距离为h考点：ﻩ自由落体运动．专题：ﻩ自由落体运动专题．分析：由自由落体运动的位移时间公式和速度公式即可判断在下落一半时间内的位移和速度解答：ﻩ解:设下落时间为ｔ，则由h=解得落地速度为v=gt＝当下落时间为时，下落高度为,故B正确此时速度为=，故C正确；故选:BC点评：本题主要考查了自由落体为初速度为零的匀加速度直线运动，利用好运动学公式即可15.(３分）如图所示,ＡCB是一光滑的、足够长的、固定在竖直平面内的“∧”形框架,其中CＡ、CB两边足够长且与竖直方向的夹角分别为37°和53°,P、Q两个轻质小环分别套在ＣA、CＢ上,两根轻质细绳的一端分别系在P、Ｑ环上,另一端和一绳套系在一起，结点为O.将质量为m的钩码挂在绳套上，ＯP、OＱ两根细绳受到的拉力分别用F1、F２表示,ｓin３７°＝0.6，ｃos37°＝0.8,则（)A. 两细绳均垂直于杆Ｂ. 两细绳互相垂直C. F1：F２=4：3ﻩD.ﻩF1:F２=3:4考点：共点力平衡的条件及其应用;物体的弹性和弹力.专题：ﻩ共点力作用下物体平衡专题．分析: 先对P、Q环受力分析，它们只受两个力,根据二力平衡条件可知，绳子的拉力都是垂直于杆子的，这是解决此题的关键．再对结点O受力分析，再根据三力平衡求解Ｆ1:F2．解答：解：A、Ｂ、对P、Q小环分析，小环受光滑杆的支持力和绳子的拉力，根据平衡条件,这两个力是一对平衡力，支持力是垂直于杆子向上的，故绳子的拉力也是垂直于杆子的；故两细绳也互相垂直，即▱ＣPOＱ构成矩形，故A正确，B正确;C、D、对结点Ｏ受力分析如图所示：根据平衡条件可知，Ｆ1和F2的合力与mg等值反向，如图所示.几何关系可知,故Ｆ1：Ｆ2=tan３7°:１＝sin37°：siｎ5３°=３：4；故C错误,D正确；故选：ABD．点评: 本题的解题关键是抓住两环只受两个力，二力平衡，确定出两绳的方向.还要能正确的受力分析,并且能熟练运用几何知识分析力的关系．二、非选择题．共6小题.解答题应写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要演算步骤,只写出最后答案的不能得分．有数值计算的题,答案中必须明确写出数值和单位．16．（6分)在“探究匀变速直线运动”的实验中,某同学使用50Hz交变电流作电源,在打出的纸带上选择5个计数点Ａ、Ｂ、C、Ｄ、Ｅ，相邻两个计数点之间还有4个点没有画出，他分别测量了各计数点间的距离如图所示．则纸带上C点的速度ｖC=1.92m/s，运动的加速度为9．6ｍ/s2．考点：测定匀变速直线运动的加速度.专题：ﻩ实验题．分析：利用在匀变速直线运动中，中间时刻的瞬时速度等于该过程中的平均速度大小，据此可以求出C点速度大小；利用逐差法可以求出加速度的大小.解答：ﻩ解：相邻两个计数点之间还有4个点没有画出,则相邻点时间间隔为0.1s;匀变速直线运动中,中间时刻的瞬时速度等于该过程中的平均速度大小,所以有:ｖC＝==1.92ｍ/s根据△x=aT2有:ａ=＝＝9.６m/s2;。
2020-2021学年河北省承德市滦平第一中学高一生物联考试题含解析
2020-2021学年河北省承德市滦平第一中学高一生物联考试题含解析一、选择题（本题共40小题，每小题1.5分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
）1. 下列关于细胞分化、衰老、凋亡和癌变的叙述，正确的是（）A. 细胞分化导致细胞的形态、结构和功能发生了改变，其遗传物质也随之改变B. 衰老的生物体中，细胞都处于衰老状态C. 细胞凋亡对于多细胞生物体完成正常发育、维持内部环境的稳定等有着重要作用D. 癌细胞膜上的糖蛋白较少，呼吸速度减慢，形态结构发生明显的变化参考答案：C细胞分化导致细胞的形态、结构和功能发生了改变，但其遗传物质不会改变，A错误；衰老的生物体中，大多细胞都处于衰老状态，B错误；细胞凋亡对于多细胞生物体完成正常发育、维持内部环境的稳定等有着重要作用，C正确；癌细胞膜上的糖蛋白较少，呼吸速度加快，形态结构发生明显的变化，D错误。
【考点定位】细胞分化、细胞衰老和细胞癌变【名师点睛】细胞分化、细胞衰老和细胞癌变知识点总结：1、细胞分化是指在个体发育中，由一个或一种细胞增殖产生的后代，在形态，结构和生理功能上发生稳定性差异的过程．细胞分化的实质是基因的选择性表达。
2、衰老细胞的特征：（1）细胞内水分减少，细胞萎缩，体积变小，但细胞核体积增大，染色质固缩，染色加深；（2）细胞膜通透性功能改变，物质运输功能降低；（3）细胞色素随着细胞衰老逐渐累积；（4）有些酶的活性降低；（5）呼吸速度减慢，新陈代谢减慢。
3、细胞癌变的根本原因是原癌基因和抑癌基因发生基因突变．癌细胞的特征：（1）无限增殖；（2）细胞的形态和结构发生显著改变；（3）细胞表面发生变化，细胞膜上的糖蛋白等物质减少。
2. 用14C和18O分别标记CO2和H2O，当植物体光合作用时，下列叙述正确的是（）A、合成的（CH2O）含14C和18OB、释放的氧为18O，合成的（CH2O）含18OC、释放的氧为18O，合成的（CH2O）含14CD、合成的（CH2O）含18O参考答案：C3. 研究人员发现，人类和小鼠的软骨细胞中富含“miR140”分子，这是一种微型单链核糖核酸。
2020-2021学年滦平县第一中学高三英语上学期期末试卷及答案
2020-2021学年滦平县第一中学高三英语上学期期末试卷及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项A“Why do I feel cold when I have a fever?” “Why does the sun rise in the east?” I knew the day would come when my little girl Sophie would learn to talk and inevitably (不可避免地) start askingthose questions. The questions themselves weren’t worrying me. I was actually looking forward to seeing where her curiosity would lie.What was bothering (烦恼) me was whether or not I would know the answers. In the age of the smartphone, this may seem like a silly worry. The answers to almost everything would be just one Google away.Still, I struggled with how I was going to prepare to become an all-knowing mother. Then one day, it struck me: I didn’t need to have all the answers. What a great example I could set if I let my daughter know that I, too, was still learning. And I realized how much more I could learn if I took another look at things I thought I already knew the answer to with the curiosity of a child. My little girl’s mind is a beginner’s mind--- curious, open to new ideas, eager to learn, and not based on knowledge that already exists. I decided that I would deal with her questions with a beginner’s mind, too.Once I decided to become more curious, I started noticing that curiosity was becoming more important in the workplace, too. It seems that leaders don't need to have all the answers, but they do need to be curious.Curious about curiosity, I searched for answers and found Albert Einstein’s famous words, “I have no special talent. I am only passionately (热情地) curious.” We mightquibble overthe view that Einstein had no special talent, but there is one thing for certain---he wouldn't have solved the puzzles of the universe without his passionate curiosity. Then I came across another Einstein quote, “The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason or existence.”1. The advantage of having a beginner’s mind is that ________.A. people can learn much faster.B. people won't be afraid to make mistakes.C. people are willing to receive new things.D. people won't be expected to answer all questions.2. What does the example of Einstein’s words show?A. Einstein was passionate about curiosity.B. Einstein’s quotes are very famous.C. Curiosity is of great significance.D. Curiosity is more necessary than talent.3. What does the underlined phrase “quibble over” in the last paragraph probably mean?A. Fight against.B. Argue about.C. Work out.D. Agree withBIt’s easy to do easy things, but they don’t carry the challenges and rewards of doing something difficult. Scott Kelly said he tried to express that view everywhere he went. And he spoke from experience, having spent a career that included the time as a NASA astronaut, US Navy captain, fighter pilot, and engineer.Scott spoke at the University of North Alabama, sharing stories about his experience of spending a year on the International Space Station (ISS). He said the physical pressure of living in weightlessness for a year was hard to describe and that the fluids(积水) in his head sometimes made him feel like he was standing on his head. It also needed some time to recover when he returned home. “My legs were weak and it would be uncomfortable to sit for a while because my body hadn’t had that pressure so long,” Scott said.He discussed life aboard including spending time with Russian astronauts. They came from different cultures. He had managed to get along well with everyone aboard as they lived together, worked together, and had to rely on each other. He thought it was one of the most rewarding things in his life.Though life there was not easy, Scott never regretted being an astronaut and going to space. He also discussed experiences growing up, admitting that he wasn’t always the greatest student but was able to overcome that through hard work and determination.“Never give up or lower your dreams. If you work for it, all things are possible. There is a zero percent chance of succeeding if you don’t even try. And when you succeed after trying hard, you’ll find it really rewarding,” Scott said in the end.4. Scott mentioned his experience in the ISS mainly to show ________.A. he enjoyed making speechesB. he was a responsible astronautC. his life in space was challengingD. the daily life of an astronaut can be boring5. What may benefit Scott most when he lived with Russian astronauts?A. He won some awards through teamwork.B. He found the fun of living in the Space Station.C. He learned to develop close relationships with others.D. He picked up some knowledge of Russian culture.6. Which of the following can best describe Scott?A. Kind and thoughtful.B. Curious and humorous.C. Easygoing and sociable.D. Hardworking and determined.7. What does the author intend to tell us from Scott’s story?A. It’s importantto have a dreamB. Easy things are also worth doingC. A suitable career leads one to success.D. Difficult things are demanding but rewardingCYour house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less selfconscious (难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the color1 s. Research suggests warm color1 s fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm color1 s like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold color1 s make us feel less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue.Don’t forget the clock—or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makesyou less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a 10inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.8. The text is especially helpful for those who care about ____________.A. their home comfortsB. their body shapeC. house buyingD.healthy diets9. A home environment in blue can help people ______________.A. digest food betterB. reduce food intakeC. burn more caloriesD. regain their appetites10. What are people advised to do at mealtimes?A. Eat quickly.B. Play fast music.C. Use smaller spoons.D. Turn down the lights.11. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Is Your House Making You Fat?B. Waysof Serving DinnerC. Effects of SelfConsciousnessD. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?DBritish sculptor Jason Taylor has made it his mission to use his talent to conserve our ecosystems by creating underwater museums. Over the years, the environmentalist has put over 850 massive artworks underwater worldwide. On February 1, 2021, Taylor launched his latest work — The Underwater Museum of Cannes.―The main goal was to bring attention to the fact that our oceans need our help,‖ Taylor told Dezeen. ―Ocean ecology has been destroyed by human activity in the Mediterranean over the past few decades, and it is not obvious what is taking place when observing the sea from afar.‖The Underwater Museum of Cannes contains 6 sculptures featuring local residents of various ages. They range from Maurice, an 80-year-old fisherman, to Anouk, a 9-year-old student. Towering over 6-feet-tall and weighing 10 tons, the faces are sectioned into two parts, with the outer part like a mask. The mask indicates that the world’s oceans appear powerful and unbeatable from the surface but house an ecosystem that is extremely fragile to careless human activities.Though the waters surrounding the sculptures now appear a pristine blue, the seabed was filled with old boat engines, pipes, and other human-made trash when the project began about four years ago. Besides removing the trash, Taylor also restored the area’s sea grass. Just one square meter of the sea grass can generate up to 10 liters of oxygen daily. The sea grass also helps prevent coastal erosion and provides habitats for many ocean creatures.―The idea of creating an underwater museum was to draw more people underwater and develop a sense of care and protection,‖ Taylor told Dezeen. ―If we threw unwanted waste near a forest, there would be a public outcry. But this is happening every day in our surrounding waters and it largely goes unnoticed.12. Why does the outer part ofthe sculptures look like a mask?A. To popularize the features of the locals.B. To remind people to protect themselves.C. To reflect people’s protection of the ocean.D. To stress the sensitiveness of the ecosystem.13. What’s paragraph 4 mainly about?A. How the project was started.B. How the sea grass was restored.C. What recovery effort the project made.D. Why the surroundings were improved.14. What can we infer from what Jason Taylor said in the last paragraph?A. The situation of the ocean is easily ignored.B. The destruction caused to the ocean is noticeable.C. Forests play a more important role in ecosystems.D. People have zero tolerance to damage done to nature.15. What might be the best title for the text?A. The Underwater Museum, a long way to go.B. The Underwater Museum, a big difference to the sea.C. The Underwater Museum, an appeal to conserve ecosystems.D. The Underwater Museum, a masterpiece of Jason Taylor.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2020-2021学年滦平县第一中学高三英语期末考试试题及答案解析
2020-2021学年滦平县第一中学高三英语期末考试试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AMust-see MusicalsReady to get back to the theater and enjoy some toe-tapping show tunes? Whether you're a Londoner or just visiting the capital for a day, you're sure to find a good night out from our selection of must-see musicals. Book your ticketsin advance to catch the hottest shows!●TINA- The Tina Turner MusicalFrom humble beginnings in Nutbush, Tennessee, to her transformation into global Queen of Rock n' Roll, Tina Turner didn't just break the rules, she rewrote them. This new stage musicalreveals the story of a woman who dared to defy the bounds of her age, gender and race. TINA—The Tina Turner Musical is written by Oliver Award-winning playwright Katori Hall and directed by Phyllida Lloyd.Performance times: Monday 7 pm; From June 3, 2021 until June 26, 2022Venue: Aldwych Theater, 49 Aldwych, London, WC2B 4DF●The Lion KingTaking the famous story of Simba and his ascension to king, the stage show is a one-way ticket to Pride Lands. With fascinating scenery drawing you in, you'll almost feel like you're part of the action as you journey through Simba's world. To bring The Lion King to life, the show's original director, Julie Taymor, combined live performers and creative props. Creating a visual feast that's since redefined how musicals could and should look, The Lion King really is an all singing, all-dancing affair.Performance times: Tuesday—Saturday 7: 30 pm; From June 1, 2021 until April 3, 2022Venue: Lyceuwm Theater, 21 Wellington Street, London WC2E 7RQ●The Prince of EgyptJourney through the wonders of Ancient Egypt as two young men, raised together as brothers in a kingdom of privilege, find themselves suddenly divided by a secret past. One must rule as Pharaoh, but the other must rise up and free histrue people; both face a destiny that will change history forever.With a huge cast and orchestra of almost 60 artists, this “truly phenomenal production” is based on the classic Dream Works Animation film and features the international best-selling, Academy Award-winning songWhen You Believe.Performance times: Monday—Saturday 7: 30 pm; From July 1, 2021 until January 8, 2022Venue: Dominion Theater, 268—269 Tottenham Court Rd, Fitzrovia, London W1T 7AQ1. Who is the author of TINA—The Tina Turner Musical?A. Oliver Award.B. Katori Hall.C. Phyllida Lloyd.D. Tina Turner.2. What is special for The Lion King?A. It is written by a famous director.B. It reveals a conflict between two brothers.C. It offers a lifelike feast for eyes.D. It shows the importance of protecting lions.3. If you prefer the songWhen You Believe, which theater should you go to?A. Dominion Theater.B. Lyceuwm Theater.C. Aldwych Theater.D. Egypt Theater.BOn March 18, 34-year-old Lance Karlson was walking on the beach and looking for somewhere toswim in Geographe Bay when he saw what he thought was a stingray (黄貂鱼) leap from the water.Realizing the creature was, in fact, an octopus (章鱼), he started filming it — just in time for the angry octopus to launch itself at him. He immediately felt a sharp pain across his left arm, followed by a second strike across his neck and upper back. His goggles (护目镜) fogged and the water around him turned dark with what he thought might have been octopus ink as he struggled back toward the shore."I was confused — it was more of a shock than a fright," said Karlson, "I might have hit on its home." Within a minute, a perfect imprint of an octopus tentacle (触手) appeared on Karlson's neck and back.A former volunteer lifeguard, Karlson rushed back to his hotelroom to find something acidic to put on the wound. All his family could grab was Coca-Cola, which his wife poured over his back and the pain disappeared."The pain went away and more than anything since then, it's been more the physical hit that was painful.... The imprint on my neck is more from the physical hit, and I guess it makes complete sense when you look at the video I took," he said.Karlson said he'd never seen an octopus that close before and watched Netflix documentary "My Octopus Teacher" after the incident to learn more about the species."They are beautiful creatures and I really hope this promotes more interest in octopuses as opposed to fear of them. I think this is a fascinating creature with clearly some very strong emotions just like we do as humans," he added.4. When did the octopus attack Karlson?A. When he was swimming in the bay.B. When he was shooting the octopus.C. When he was looking for some fish.D. When he was fighting against the octopus.5. What plays an essential role in reducing Karlson's pain?A. The lifeguard's timely help.B. Karson's wife's quick action.C. The family members' efforts.D. Karlson’s knowledge of first aid.6. What does Karlson learn from his experience?A. The octopus is dangerous.B. People should get away from the octopus.C. People need know more about the octopus.D. The physical hit from the octopus is painful.7. Which of the following might be the best title?A. Pain from Strong AttackB. First Aid for Octopus' StrikeC. Face to Face with Angry OctopusD. Under Sea with Dangerous CreatureCOne day, when I was working as a psychologist（心理学家）in England, an adolescent boy showed up in my office. It was David. He kept walking up and down restlessly, his face pale, and his hands shaking slightly. His head teacher had referred him to me.“This boy has lost his family,” he wrote. “He is understandably very sad and refuses to talk to others, and I’m very worried about him. Can you help?”I looked at David and showed him to a chair. How could I help him? There are problems psychology doesn’t have the answer to, and which no words can describe. Sometimes the best thing one can do is to listen openly and sympathetically（同情）The first two times we met, David didn’t say a word. He sat there, only looking up to look at the children’s drawings on the wall behind me. I suggested we play a game of chess. He nodded. After that he played chess withme every Wednesday afternoon---in complete silence and without looking at me. It’s not easy to cheat in chess, but I admit I made sure David won once or twice.Usually, he arrived earlier than agreed, took the chess board and pieces from the shelf and began setting them up before I even got a chance to sit down. It seemed as if he enjoyed my company（陪伴）. But why did he never look at me?“Perhaps he simply needs someone to share his pain with,” I thought. “Perhaps he senses that I respect his suffering.” Some months later, when we were playing chess, he looked up at me suddenly.“It’s your tum,” he said.After that day, David started talking. He got friends in school and joined a bicycle club. He wrote to me a few times, about his biking with some friends, and about his plan to get into university. Now he had really started to live his own life.Maybe I gave David something. But I also learned that one…without any words---can reach out to another person. All it takes is a hug, a shoulder to cry on, a friendly touch, and an ear that listens.8. When he first met the author, David .A. felt a little excitedB. looked a little nervousC. walked energeticallyD. showed up with his teacher9. David enjoyed being with the author because he .A. wanted to ask the author for adviceB. liked the children’s drawings in the officeC. beat the author many times in the chess gameD. needed to share sorrow with the author10. What can be inferred about David?A. He liked biking before he lost his family.B. He recovered after months of treatment.C. He went into university soon after starting to talk.D. He got friends in school before he met the author.11. What made David change?A. The author’s silent communication with him.B. His teacher’s help.C. The author’s friendship.D. His exchange of letters with the author.DTo show empathy is to identify with another’s feelings. It is to emotionally put yourself in the place of another. The ability to empathize is directly dependent on your ability to feel your own feelings and identify them.If you have never felt a certain feeling, it will be hard for you to understand how another person is feeling. If you have never put your hand in a flame, you will not know the pain of fire. If you have not experienced jealousy, you will not understand its power.Readingabout a feeling and intellectually knowing about it is very different than actually experiencing it for yourself.Among those with an equal level of emotional intelligence, the person who has actually experienced the widest range and variety of feelings — the great depths of depression and the heights of fulfillment, for example, — is the one who is most able to empathize. On the other hand, when we say that someone “can’t relate” to other people, it is likely because they haven’t experienced, acknowledged or accepted many feelings of their own.Once you have felt discriminated against, for example, it is much easier to relate with someone else who has been discriminated against. Our innate emotional intelligence gives us the ability to quickly recall those instances and form associations when we encounter discrimination again. We then can use the “reliving” of those emotions to guide our thinking and actions. This is one of the ways nature slowly evolves towards a higher level of survival.For this process to work, the first step is that we must be able to experience our own emotions. This means we must be open to them and not distract ourselves from them or try to numb ourselves from our feelings through drugs, alcohol, etc.Next, we need to become aware of what we are actually feeling — to acknowledge, identify, and accept our feelings. Only then can we empathize with others. That is one reason why it is important to work on your own emotional awareness and sensitivity — in other words, to be “in touch with” your feelings.12. How does the author explain the feelings of empathy?A. By giving examples.B. By having classification.C. By making comparison.D. By providing data.13. Which statement may the author agree with?A. Low level of empathy leads to fewer varieties of feelings.B. The deeper one’s feelings are, the more empathetic one is.C. Empathy is a way we recently picked up for better survival.D. Rich experiences may not go with a high level of empathy.14. What’s the purpose of the last two paragraphs of the text?A. To advise a sincere attitude to one’s experiences.B To suggest a right understanding of empathy.C. To require a realbond with one’s emotions.D. To call for true acceptance of one’s feelings.15. What is the best title for the text?A. How Empathy UnfoldsB. Be Open to Your EmotionsC. Why Is Empathy ImportantD. Accept Your True Self第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2021-2022学年河北省承德市滦平第一中学高一地理上学期期末试卷含解析
2021-2022学年河北省承德市滦平第一中学高一地理上学期期末试卷含解析一、选择题(每小题2分，共52分)1. 读图，判断回答下列各题14. 该气候类型在世界上分布最典型地区的农业地域类型是（）A. 季风水田农业B. 商品谷物农业C. 大牧场放牧业D. 乳畜业15. 该农业地域类型在我国主要分布在（）A. 内蒙古草原B. 珠江三角洲C. 北京、上海等大城市周围D. 东北平原参考答案：14. D 15. C本题考查世界主要的农业地域类型。
【14题详解】由图可知最低月气温大于0℃小于15℃，最高月气温小于18℃，降水为年雨型，为温带海洋性气候，此气候区的农业地域类型主要是乳畜业。
【15题详解】乳畜业为市场指向型产业，我国的乳畜业主要分布于大城市的周围。
2. 人口增长模式决定于A．人口出生率、人口死亡率、人口总数B．人口出生率、人口总数、社会生产力C．人口出生率、人口死亡率、社会生产力D．人口出生率、人口死亡率、人口自然增长率参考答案：D3. 目前的技术条件下，人类广泛使用的淡水主要是A. 河水、湖泊水、地下水B. 雨水、淡水湖泊水、地下水C. 河水、冰川水、浅层地下水D. 河水、淡水湖泊水、浅层地下水参考答案：D根据所学知识可知，目前的技术条件下，人类广泛使用的淡水资源主要是河水、淡水湖泊水、浅层地下水。
故本题的正确答案是D。
4. 读“鲁尔区三大产业就业人数变化示意图”，回答9～11题。
9．关于图中内容叙述正确的是（）A．三大产业的就业人数均发生了很大变化B．第三产业的就业人数从1985年开始超过第二产业C．2000年第三产业的就业人数比重达80 %D．第二产业减少的人数分别补充到第三产业和第一产业中10．图示内容最能直接反映鲁尔区振兴的综合整治措施是（）A．拓展交通，完善交通网B．发展科技，繁荣经济C．消除污染，美化环境 D．调整产业结构11．下列经济活动能促进鲁尔区第三产业就业人数增长的是（）A．将废弃矿点改建成工业博物馆、休闲公园 B．将炼钢高炉建到荷兰海边C．兴建废弃物和污水处理厂 D．扩大市郊养殖场规模，满足城市的需求参考答案：B D A略5. 下图中各图等高距相同，则有关a、b、c、d处坡度大小的说法正确的是从甲地（700N，800E）到乙地（700N，1500E），若不考虑地形因素，最近的走法是：A、一直向正东方向走B、先向东南，再向东，最后向东北走C、先向东北，再向东，最后向东南走D、先向东南，再向东北走参考答案：C6. 读某地地质剖面和水循环示意图，回答问题。
2020-2021学年滦平县第一中学高三英语上学期期末试题及参考答案
2020-2021学年滦平县第一中学高三英语上学期期末试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AConsumer Electronics Show (CES) is a global stage where the world’s next-generation inventions are introduced towards the marketplace, and lots of companies are participating. Here are several of the amazing inventions that were introduced at the showin 2020.August Wi-Fi Smart LockIt's an intelligent door lock to protect your home, and it works on Wi-Fi. The lock doesn’t require any additional hardware to attach to it and can be used with the existing door lock. The owner can remotely access the door from anywhere to lock or unlock and can provide guest keys to family or friends. It keeps statistics and records of your door’s “lock”, “unlock”, and who have visited.Motion PillowIt’s a pillow developed for anyone who has a snoring (打鼾) problem. The solution box detects, records, and analyses the sleeping person’s snoring patterns. By changing the internal airbag’s pressure, it fixes the position of the sleeping person’s neck and head gently to improve his breathing. Three layers of noise-reducing material minimize the user’s sleeping disturbance.Ao AirIt’s a high-tech face-covering wearable air purifier with no tight seal on the mouth and nose. The purifier pulls air inside through a filtration (过滤) process and uses fans to createa clean area in front of the device. It’s designed in such a way that it can clean more than 98 % of PM2.5 through filtration.Transparent HoodThe company Continental showed off this revolutionary invention at CES 2020 that got the Best Vehicle Intelligence and Transportation Award. It’s a technology that gives the driver the ability to see barriers and blind spots from the driving seat. Four cameras take surrounding pictures so that the driver can see the real-time blind spots and prevent even parking damage too.1.Who is the text mainly intended for?A.The general public.B.The science lovers.C.The electronic companies.D.The college students.2.Which of the following descriptions of Motion pillow is correct?A.It’s intended for all those who can’t sleep well.B.It can help sleepers breathe smoothly.C.It can remove the noise around to help people sleep.D.Its pressure is changed by sleepers themselves.3.What can we infer from the text?A.August Wi-Fi Smart Lock helps improve the safety of homes.B.Ao Air produces fresh air for its users.C.Motion Pillow reduces material to minimize sleeping disturbance.D.Transparent Hood helps make driving safer and easier.BEven plant can run a fever，especially when they're under attack by insects or disease．But unlike human，plants can have their temperature taken from 3，000 feet away straight up．A decade ago，adopting the infrared （红外线）scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites，physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick wayto take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress．The goal was to let farmers precisely（精确的）target pesticide（杀虫剂）spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field，which always includes plants that don't have pest problems．Evenbetter，Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they became visible to the eye．Fixed on a plane flown at 3，000 feet at night，an infrared scanner measured the heat sent out by crops．The data were transformed into a color﹣coded map showing where plants were running "fevers"．Farmers could then spot﹣spray，using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide that they otherwise would．The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984，after only three years．Farmers resisted thenew technology and long﹣term supporters were hard to find．But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce and refinements（改进）in infrared scanning，Paley hopes to get back into operation．Agriculture experts have no doubt that the technology works．"This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States，" says George Oerther of Texas A& M，who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture，thinks remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade．But only if Paley finds the financial support which he failed to obtain 10years ago．4. Plants will give out an increased amount of heat when they are ．A. facing an infrared scannerB. sprayed with pesticidesC. exposed to extreme sun raysD. inpoor physical condition5. In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely，we can use infrared scanning to ．A draw a color1﹣coded mapB evaluate the damage to the cropsC. locate the problem areaD. measure the size of the affected area6. The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties of ．A. the lack of official supportB. its high costC. the lack of financial supportD. its failure to help increase production7. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of ．A. full support from agricultural expertsB. the forceful promotion by the Department of AgricultureC. the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produceD. growing concern about the over use of pesticides on cropsCDepression（抑郁症）in young adult males, ages 18 or 19, is linked to a 20% greater risk of having a heart attack in middle age, according to a new Swedish study.The link can be partly explained by poorer stress resilience（抗压能力）and lower physical fitness among teens with mental disorders.Theresearch included 238,013 men born between 1958 and 1962 who were given examinations in adolescence（青春期）and were then followed into middle age（up to the age of 58 years）. A total of 34,503 men were diagnosed（诊断）with a mental disorder.The study found thata mental disorder in young adulthond was linked to a higher risk of having heart attack by middle age. Compared to men without a mental illness in young adulthood，the risk of heart attack was 20%higher among men with a diagnosis.“We already knew that menwho were physically fit in adolescence seem less likely to keep fitness in lateryears if they have low stress resilience” said study author Dr. Bergh, “Our research has also shown that low stress resilience is also connected with a greater tendency towards bad behavior, such as higher risks of smoking, drinking and other drug use.”“Better fitness in adolescence is likely to help protect against later heart disease, particularly if people stay fit as they age. Physical activities may also reduce some of the bad effects of stress. Those in poor health could benefit from additional support to encourage exercise and develop plans to deal with stress,” said Bergh.8. How does the author develop paragraph 3?A. By giving examples.B. By listing figures.C. By making a comparison.D. By drawing a conclusion.9. What are men with low stress resilience likely to do?A. Smoke more.B. Eat more.C. Sleep less.D. Do less exercise.10. What will Bergh agree with according to the last paragraph?A. Physical activitiesadd to stress.B. Stress may cause heart disease.C. Taking exercise is unnecessary.D. Staying fit is of great importance.11. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?A. Entertainment.B. Health.C. Education.D. Fashion.DA wife’s level of education positively influences both her own and her husband’s chances of having a long life, according to a new Swedish study.In the study, researchers from the Swedish Institute for Social Research inStockholmfound that a woman’s level of education had a stronger connection to the likelihood of her husband dying over education. What’s more, they discovered that a husband’s social class, based on his occupation, had a greater influence on his wife’s longevity(长寿) than her own class.“Women traditionally take more responsibility for the home than men do, and, as a result, women’s levels of education might be more important for determining lifestyles－for example, in terms of food choices－than those of men,” say Srs. Robert Erikson and Jenny Torssander of the Swedish Institute for Social Research inStockholm.The results show that a husband’s level of education does not influence his longevity, but that men with partners who had quit studying after school were 25 per cent more likely to die early than men living with women holding university degrees. In turn, those married to women with university degrees were 13 percent more likely to die early than those whose wives had post-graduate qualifications.According to the researchers, a woman with a good education may not marry a man who drinks and smokes too much or who drives carelessly, and men with such habits may not prefer highly educated woman. Drs. Erikson and Torssander also suggest that better-educated women may be more aware of what healthy eating and good health care consist of.The findings suggest that education has a huge impact on how long and how well people live. It also reflects social factors, since educated individuals usually have better jobs, which allow them to afford healthier diets and lifestyles, as well as better health care.12. In this passage the author intends to ________.A. present the results of a studyB. encourage women to get higher educationC. analyze the relationship between education and lifeD. discuss why women usually live longer than men13. A woman with higher education is likely to ________.A. teach her children wellB. earn more money than her husbandC. marry a man without many bad habitsD. choose a husband with a higher degree than hers14. A wife’s education has more effect on a family than a husband’s because ________.A. women make more sacrifices to their families than men doB. most women have higher degrees than their husbandsC. most men marry women with higher degreesD. women have a leading role in the home life of most families15. We learn from the passage that ________.A. a man with a lot of education lives longer than one with littleB. educated wives tend to choose healthy lifestyles for their familiesC. highly-educated women don’t marry uneducated menD. a man’s longevity depends on not only his wife’s level of education but also his own第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2020-2021学年滦平县第一中学高三英语上学期期末考试试卷及答案解析
2020-2021学年滦平县第一中学高三英语上学期期末考试试卷及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ADive with Big SharksOur shark dive adventures make use of hookah systems and shark cages. A hookah system is a system of providing air from the surface to divers down below. Cage divers breathe by using a regulator connected to an air hose.Is SharkDiving Dangerous?Yes. You could get sunburnt. You could hit your head on the top bunk getting out of bed. You could fall overboard. As for a shark attack,according to the International Shark Attack File,you are far more likely to be killed by a dog or a deer.Pricing & DetailsOne day Cage Diver Adventure S 875Our expert shark diver team will accompany you to the best viewing areas within the Marine Sanctuary.There,we'll drop our cage and prepare to provide you with a view you'll never forget.No dive experience is necessary.Our cages sit just below the surface.You'll be able to breathe comfortably from your snorkel or air hose while you move about the cage,taking photos and having fun.Top Shark Adventure S 375If you want to see great white sharks but prefer them a little further away,we offer great top-side shark viewing from our observation deck. Help scan the horizon for fins and watch for sharks attacking their prey（猎物）.Important NoteThere's No Shark GuaranteeAlthough we go to the best places at the best time of year, we cannot guarantee you'll see sharks. We've been very successful in past shark seasons and expect another incredible year. However, if we see nosharks, there is no refund.1.Which of the following isTRUEabout the two adventures?A.Top Shark Adventure makes use of hookah systems.B.Cage Diver Adventure offers you a view of the bottom of the sea.C.Cage Diver Adventure is less interesting than the other.D.Top Shark Adventure is suitable for those worried about danger.2.What is most likely to happen according to the advertisement?A.you fail to achieve your purpose of the trip.B.you are out of breath deep down in the sea.C.you are hurt by a shark while diving there,D.you suffer from lack of skill in shark diving.3.It can be inferred from the advertisement that shark diving is ________A.difficult but excitingB.challenging and tiringC.amazing and enjoyableD.expensive but popularBIf you believe in thermometers (温度计), you should believe in global warming. And if you believe in eating French fries with your hamburger, you should worry more about carbonemission.It won't happen overnight, but as the planet’s climate changes, the growth cycles of main crops will all be heavily affected. Here are three of the crops that might not beat the heat.The potato actually needs a great deal of beauty rest to develop properly. “They need a cool nighttime temperature in order to start growing the tuber, the part that we eat,” Nelson says.Temperature and altitude are two primary concerns in coffee growth, and farmers are stuck between a rock and a hard place. “We know that coffee grows in a certain temperature range,” Nelson says. “They've been moving up the mountains, but at some point you run out of mountains to move up.” Higher-grade strains of Arabica coffee in Central American regions are at particular risk due to the need for lower growing temperature, especially since diseases and pests are also becoming more of a factor as temperatures rise.Even if you're looking at the direct effects of temperature alone, rice is in trouble. “As nighttime temperatures go up, the rice is going to have a problem flowering and won't make as many seeds,” Nelson says. In addition to this direct heat consequence, rising sea levels will flood many rice paddies and destroy water salinity levels, while droughts will lower production, raise prices, and further shame westerners who are clumsy with chopsticks to be able to clear their plates once a new grain is adopted.4. What is the closest meaning to the underlined word “emission” in Paragraph 1?A. Mixture.B. Pollution.C. Giving off.D. Going down.5. What does the potatoes' development need according to Nelson?A. Cool temperature at night.B. Sudden rise of the temperature.C. Enough water and salt.D. Much sunshine and fresh air.6. The rice is difficult to flower,probably because ________.A. sea levels go up suddenlyB. many seeds can't be producedC. the temperature rises at nightD. both temperature and altitude rise7. What is the best title for the text?A. How Does Global Warming Affect WesternersB. How Does the Cool Temperature Affect RiceC. What Is the Real Reason For Crops’ GrowthD. Three Crops That Won't Survive Climate ChangesCIn life，once on a path，we tend to follow it，for better or worse.What's sad is that even if it's the latter，we often accept it anyway because we are so used to the way things are that wed don't even recognize that they could be different This is a phenomenon psychologist call functional fixedness.This classic experiment will give you an idea of howitworks and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap: People are given a box of tacks (大头钉) and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly.Typically, the subjects try tacking the candle to the wall or lighting it to fix it with melted wax. The psychologists had, of course, arranged it so that neither of these obvious approaches would work. The tacks are too short, and the paraffin (石蜡) doesn't stick to the wall. So how can you complete the task? The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle-holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall. and stand the candle inside it. To think of that, you have to look beyond the box's usual role as a receptacle just for tacks and re-imagine it serving an entirely new purpose. That is difficult because we all suffer to one degree or another from functional fixedness.The inability to think in new ways affects people in every corner of society. The political theorist Hannah Arendt coined the phrase“frozen thoughts”to describe deeply held ideas that we no longer question but should. In Arendt's eyes, the self- content reliance on such accepted “truths”also made people blind to ideas that didn't fit their worldview, even when there was plenty of evidence for them.Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said,“It can be found in highly intelligent people.”8. What does the underlined word“it”in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The experiment.B. Functional fixedness.C. The path.D. The thinking.9. Which way is hard to think of to complete the task?A. Tacking the candle to the wall.B. Fixing the candle with melted wax.C. Using the tack box as a candle-holder.D. Lighting the candle tostand it.10. Which of the following statements will Hannah Arendt agree with?A. People should question.B. We should be used to the way things are.C. People shouldn't accept the idea that doesn't fit their worldview.D. The smarter people are，the more open to the new things they are.11. What's the passage mainly about?A. An interesting experimentB. A psychological phenomenon.C. A theory to be proved.D. The opinion of Hannah Arendt.DWhen visitors enter Planet Word, a new museum in Washington, D. C , they will see Speaking Willow, a tall art piece representing a tree. As they pass under the artwork, they can hear recordings of speech in hundreds of languages coming from the tree. Most words sound foreign to the listeners. The different voices also speak at the same time. The resultingclamoris similar to that made in a crowded theater before a show begins.Rafael Lozano-Hemmer completed the piece last year. On his website, the artist says that Speaking Willow “reminds us that language is what defines our specific communities and connects our many cultures.” Lozano-Hemmer made the piece specially for the museum.It is the first of many immersive (身临其境的) experiences for visitors at Planet Word, a museum all about words and language. The exhibits playfully explore the lager and complex subject of language.In one room, a video plays, showing babies saying their first words. Another room, called “Where Do WordsCome From”, teaches the history of some common English words. The space includes a 22-foot-tali “Wall of Words”, where visitors speak into devices and learn about the roots of the English language.Another room invites listeners to speak and learn about different languages. Native speakers of 28 languages and two sign languages teach people sayings in those languages. They also explain how language shapes their understanding of the world and how words cannot be separated from culture.Other rooms explore the different ways language is used — from humor and song writing to public speaking and advertising. Visitors can sing karaoke while learning about song writing, record a famous speech, play a joke-telling game, and teach a computer how to make cartoons. Almost every exhibit is interactive and most ask visitors to speak aloud.One exhibit room is all about books. It is designed to look like an old, rich library. Books line the shelves. When a book is placed on the table, a recorded reading begins and pictures appear.12. What does the underlined word “clamor” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A. Scene.B. Noise.C. Language.D. Appearance.13. The SpeakingWillowwas created ______.A specially B. accidentallyC. on requestD. out of curiosity14. What can we learn from the video in the room?A. Words and cultures.B. Different languages.C. The history of words.D. The first words newborns say.15. In which paragraph can you find the methods of using languages?A. 3.B. 4.C. 6.D. 7.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2021年滦平县第一中学高三生物上学期期末试题及答案
2021年滦平县第一中学高三生物上学期期末试题及答案一、选择题：本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1. 细胞呼吸对生命活动的意义重大，下面关于细胞呼吸的叙述正确的是（）A.线粒体是有氧呼吸的主要场所，没有线粒体的细胞只能进行无氧呼吸B.有叶绿体的细胞可以自行合成A TP，因此不需要细胞呼吸提供能量C.酵母菌无氧呼吸产生AmolCO2，人在正常情况下消耗等量葡萄糖可形成3AmolCO2D.细胞呼吸中有机物的分解必须有水和氧气的参与才能释放储存的能量2. 细胞核控制遗传和代谢最主要的原因是（）A. 核仁与核糖体的形成有关B. 核膜把核内物质与细胞质分开C. 核孔实现核质间的物质交换D. 细胞核中含有遗传物质3. 下图是血糖调节的部分过程图解。
甲、乙表示组织或器官，a、b表示相应激素。
下列说法中正确的是（）A. 甲、乙的名称分别是胰岛、肾上腺B. 激素a能够促进过程①，抑制过程①C. 激素b的作用结果反过来会影响激素b的分泌D. 激素b是唯一能够升高血糖的激素4. 下图是青蛙离体的神经－肌肉标本。
BC段和CD段的距离相等，如果在肌肉处用电刺激，关于兴奋的传导下列说法正确的是( )A.兴奋在神经纤维BC段上传导的速度和在CD段突触间的传递速度是一样的B.D点接受刺激，则在A、B、C三处，都不能测到膜内外电位差的变化C.肌肉在反射弧的组成中，就是效应器D.突触的结构决定了兴奋以电信号形式在神经元之间传导时，传导方向是单向的5. 有位同学做“性状分离比的模拟”实验时，以下操作正确的是()A.小桶内用球的大小代表显隐性，大球代表D，小球代表dB.每次抓出的两个球统计后放在一边，全部抓完后再放回小桶重新开始C.桶内两种球的数量必须相等，即标记D、d的小球数目必须为1①1D.连续抓取了3次DD组合，应舍去2次，只统计1次6. 树突状细胞（DC）受到抗原刺激时，其表面的CD80等标志性蛋白会大量表达，从而激活T细胞，发挥免疫作用。
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D．它有列宁的领导
4．大革命失败以后，中共中央召开了一次重要的会议。会后，毛泽东拒绝去上海中央机关工作，他说：“我不愿去住高楼大厦，我要上山结交绿林朋友。随即毛泽东以中央特派员的身份，根据会议精神回湖南发动和领导了湘赣边界秋收起义”。这次会议应是（）
A．八七会议B．遵义会议
C．中共七大D．西柏坡会议
A．加紧建设并完善法律体系B．改变有法不依的现象
C．改变一些领导人专制作风D．增强民众的法制观念
13．下面哪份刊物最可能首刊介绍如下内容：“今者中国以千年专制之毒而不解，异种残之，外邦逼之，民族主义、民权主义殆不可以须臾缓”（）
A．《国闻报》B．《民报》C．《新青年》D．《湘江评论》
14．蔡元培在1916年说：“满洲政府，自慈禧太后下，因仇视新法之故，而仇视外人，遂有义和团之役，可谓顽固矣。”在此蔡元培认为，义和团运动
5．革命党人陈天华说：“国家譬如一只船，皇帝是一个舵工，官府是船上的水手，百姓是出资本的东家……倘若舵工水手不能办事，东家一定要把这些舵工水手换了，另用一班人，才是道理。”这一言论体现的观念是
A．天赋人权
B．主权在民
C．君民共主
D．民贵君轻
6．公元前449年，罗马人争相观看和议论刻于12块铜板之上的某部法律条文。该法律的特点有
【全国校级联考】河北省承德市滦平一中高一2020-2021学年第一学期期末调研
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、单选题
1．1971年，中美两国同时发表公告，宣布美国总统尼克松将访问中国，以谋求两国关系正常化。尼克松后来回忆说，宣读公告只用了三分钟，“但却成了20世纪最出人意料的外交新闻之一”。这主要是因为
11．《独立宣言》写道：“代表权对人民来说具有无可估量的意义，而对暴君来说是可怕的。”这句话体现在美国1787年宪法中就是
A．美国政府采取三权分立的办法实现制约和平衡
B．美国实行联邦制
C．美国最高法院的大法官通过总统任命,参议院批准
D．美国总统和国会议员由选举产生
12．1978年邓小平在中央工作会议上讲到：“现在的问题是法律很不完备，很多法律还没有制定出来。往往把领导人说的话当作‘法’，不赞成领导人的话叫作‘违法’，领导人的话改变了，‘法’也就跟着改变。”该讲话的目的是
①“中国为日本无止境之侵略所逼迫，兹已不得不实行自卫，抵抗暴力”
②“四百万人同一哭，去年今日割台湾”
③“打倒列强，除军阀”
④“神助拳，义和团，只因鬼子闹中原”
A．③②①④ B．②④③①
C．④②③①D．④②①③
17．下列对古代的分封制和郡县制比较的表述最为恰当的是
A．都突出了最高统治者的中心地位，强化了最高统治者的权力
A．与现代化进程相悖
B．主要由阶级矛盾引起
C．是维新变法的继续
D．具有反帝反封建的性质
15．马克思主义是在汲取人类优秀文化成果的基础上诞生的。这些成果中包括：
①德意志古典哲学；
②英国古典政治经济学
③法国启蒙思想；
④英法空想社会主义
A．①②③
B．①②④
C．①③④
D．②③④
16．中国近代史既是一部屈辱史，也是一部探索史，更是一部中华民族抵抗侵略、不屈不挠的抗争史。以下宣言、口号、诗句，按出现的时间先后顺序排列是
A．赞扬了列宁领导十月革命的伟大功绩
B．十月革命建立了人类历史上第一个社会主义国家
C．十月革命对世界历史发展产生了重大影响
D．社会主义制度取得了对资本主义制度的决定性胜利
3．之所以说十月革命是无产阶级社会主义革命，主要是因为
A．它是资产阶级领导的革命
B．它推翻了罗曼诺夫王朝
C．它推翻了资产阶级的统治
A．继日本之后，美国改善对华关系，结束了对中国的敌对态度
B．它标志着中美关系开始正常化并影响世界格局的调整
C．中华人民共和国在联合国合法席位的恢复影响到中美关系的改善
D．不同意识形态的两个大国外交关系的改善，对国际关系产生重大影响
2．下图漫画《列宁同志清扫地球》形象生动地展现了俄国十月革命这一人类历史上的重大事件。下列对此漫画的描述不正确的是
A．体现了社会主义原则B．标志着社会主义制度的建立
C．体现了人民民主原则D．落实了多党合作和政治协商制度
10．中共“一大”纲领和中心任务的制定，表明()
A．中国共产党还未完全认清中国的社会性质和革命性质B．中国共产党在近代史上首次提出武装斗争
C．近代中国第一个革命政党建立起来了D．反帝反封建的新民主主义革命开始了
B．扭转了对华贸易逆差
C．打开了中国市场大门
D．扩大了英国对华商品输出
8．明初结束了实行了1600多年的宰相制度。此后，六部的运行方式是
A．直接对皇帝负责
B．听命于殿阁大学士
C．隶属于军机大臣
D．六部长官拥有相权
9．为了制定1954年宪法，党和政府广泛征求意见，当时全民讨论近三个月，最后由宪法起草委员会整理的意见共138万条。材料说明1954年宪法（）
B．都属于地方管理制度，但长官的出任方式不同
C．都淡化了血缘宗族色彩，长官都由最高统治者任免
D．都适应了统治的需要，有利于中央对地方的有效控制
18．五四运动的直接斗争目标得以完全实现的是
A．外争主权，内除国贼
B．废除“二十一条”
C．誓死力争，还我青岛
D．拒绝在和约上签字
二、材料分析题
19．阅读下列材料回答。
①有一些习惯法
②是成文法
③是公民法
④是万民法
A．①②③
B．③④
C．①②
D．①④
7．“印度对中国的贸易价值主要的确又来自鸦片贸易，没有印度贸易，董事会不可能这样顺利地为国内开支取得大量汇款；英格兰商人也不可能得到现在那么大量的茶叶而不需要向中国送出大量的白银。”这表明鸦片走私的直接作用主要是（）
A．增加了英国政府的财政收入