14 Herman Melville
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Melville 麦尔维尔
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Masters influencing him
• He was deeply impressed by Hawthorne’s book. Hawthorne’s understanding of evil impacted Melville’s original design of Moby Dick. • They were philosophically closely related, and they represented a position of tragic humanism in their time.
Works
Moby Dick《白鲸》
• Moby-Dick, Herman Melville's 1851 novel, tells the story of obsessed Captain Ahab’s quest for revenge on the White Whale as observed by a common seaman who identifies himself only as Ishmael.
A whaling ship is my Yale College and my Harvard. ------Herman Melville
◆ 1847, married Elizabeth Shaw, the daughter of Lemuel Shaw, Chief Justice of Massachusetts. ◆ 1850-1863, bought a farm near Pittsfield, Mass., and became friends with his neighbor Nathaniel Hawthorne. ◆ 1851, Moby-Dick was published, but received little attention. ◆ died in 1891 in poverty and obscurity
Herman Melville——Moby Dick《白鲸》
Meeting Hawthorne in the summer of 1850 Influenced by his black vision, he revised Moby 1）Life Dick and dedicated it to Hawthorne. will never rest he gets hold of a definite He was“He a novelist, anuntil essayist, a short story belief. It is strange how he persists… He can writer and a poet. He was called as‖Master of neither believe, nor be comfortable in his Philosophical His sea experiences and disbelief; Allegory‖ and he is too honest and courageous not to try to do one or the other… adventures He has a very furnished him with Three things which deserve mentioned: high and noble nature.” abundant material
Man cannot influence and overcome nature at its source. Once he attempts to seek power over nature, he is doomed. The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a transcendentalist folly. Melville never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: his attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖ . The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaninglessness were expressed in Melville‘s works.
Herman Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔简介
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Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819. He was a descendent of English and Dutch colonial families. His father, once a successful dry-goods. Melville‘s education began when he was five years old, and then he read widely. When he was 12 years old, his farther died because of bankruptcy . Since Melville was no longer attending school, he had to face the hard time of his family. In order to get rid of poverty, he began to work on merchant ship. Sailing broadened his vision. Then he became a successful writer. Withdrawn from literary circles, back in New York, being a clerk in a customhouse. His death went unnoticed by the public in 1891.
书记员巴特尔比 The story of Bartleby is simply about a man losing his will to live.
(2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托•塞莱诺》 The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799. It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.
Herman Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔
His major works
Novels Typee《泰比》(1846)
Ommo 《欧穆》(1847)
Mardi《玛地》(1849) Redburn《雷德本》(1849) White Jacket《白外衣》(1850) Moby Dick or The Whale《白鲸》《莫比•狄克》(1851)
Sailing Experience
In 1839, he signed on a British merchant ship bound to Liverpool and back.
In 1841, he signed on the whaler（捕鲸船） Acushnet as a sailor. In 1842, Melville jumped off ship in the Marquesas Islands. There, he for a month was the captive of cannibal tribe（食人族）. In 1843, he served as seaman on the man-of-war United States. In 1844, he was discharged.
Herman Melville(1819-1891)
赫尔曼•梅尔维尔
General Introduction Life major works
His His
Appreciation
of Moby Dick
General Introduction
Herman Melville (1819-1891) was an American novelist, writer of short stories, and poet. He is one of the great American writers. H e i s al s o k n o w n a s t h e " A m e r i c a n Shakespeare". He was largely unrecognized in his lifetime. His reputation was revived until the 1920s.
赫尔曼梅尔维尔的文学遗产
赫尔曼梅尔维尔的文学遗产赫尔曼梅尔维尔（Herman Melville）是19世纪美国文学的代表性人物之一，以其奇异的故事情节、深刻的思想内涵以及独特的文学风格而著名。
他的文学遗产包括小说、散文、诗歌等各种文体，涉及的主题包括人类本性、社会伦理、自然界、人与神的关系等广泛领域。
在赫尔曼梅尔维尔的文学遗产中，最为著名的一部作品当属《白鲸记》（Moby Dick）了。
这部小说以捕鲸为主线，讲述了船长艾哈伊（Ahab）为了复仇而想要杀死那只巨大的白色座头鲸——莫比·狄克（Moby Dick）的故事。
小说中充满了深入浅出的哲学思考，例如“人性的黑暗面”、“命运的妙手”等主题贯穿全文，令读者深感震撼。
此外，赫尔曼梅尔维尔的文学遗产中还包括一些短篇小说，比如《巨大的古怪鱼》（The Enormous Radio-Fish）、《巨嘴鸟》（The Tartarus of Maids）等。
这些小说通常以奇异的情节和讽刺的笔调著称，既反映了当时社会的某些缺陷，又揭示了人类生存的某些本质。
此外，赫尔曼梅尔维尔的文学遗产中还包括一些散文和诗歌。
他的散文作品十分丰富，包含了许多关于美国社会、文化、历史等方面的观察和感悟。
梅尔维尔的诗歌表现了他独特的审美情趣，其中最为著名的应该是《马尔登城堡》（The Raven）这首诗，这首诗以其奇异的语言、神秘的情节和富有节律感的韵律立即成为世界文学史上的经典之作。
总之，赫尔曼梅尔维尔的文学遗产是美国文学宝库中的一颗璀璨明珠，它包含了多种文学风格和主题，不仅反映出19世纪美国社会、文化和历史的特点，也具有普遍性和深刻性。
这些作品不仅为美国文学作出了杰出的贡献，也为全球文学史带来了丰富的启示和思考。
HermanMelville美国文学解读精品PPT课件
Moby Dick- Themes
• symbolic work ￡ natural history. • obsession, religion, idealism, • pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, • hierarchical relationships and politics.
Moby -Dick
symbolism
Moby Dick:
❖ To the author, it symbols nature, it is complex, unfathomable and dangerous;
❖ To the captain Ahab, it is evil, is a wall. ❖ To the narrator, Ishmael, it is a mystery. ❖ As a part of the natural world, it represents the
helatersaidwhaleshipmyharvardyalemelville?smajorworkstypee1846omoo1847redburn1849mardi1849玛地政治宗教寓言whitejacket1850白外衣mobydick1851白鲸pierre1852billybudd比利手稿1891未完成
destruction of the environment
Moby -Dick
symbolism
❖ Starbuck: the prime symbol of good ❖ Ahab: with an overwhelming obsession to kill
the whale-evil, but with a baleful fire become himself an evil in his thirst to kill evil. ❖ Its whiteness: a paradoxical color, signifying death and corruption, purity, innocence, and youth.
Herman Melville简介
• Hawthorne was an important peer to Melville. Because of his effect, a significant change came about in the original design of Moby-Dick (1851), and was rewritten into the world classic that we read today after they met.
These first three novels drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.
• Typee(1846) 《泰比》 • Omoo (1847) 《欧穆》 Redburn (1849) • Mardi (1849) 《玛地》
Herman Melville (1819 - 1891)
A famous American novelist and poet
Born in New York, America
Three things that deserve mention about his life: • going out to the sea • his marriage with Elizabeth Shaw • his friendship with Hawthorne
relationships that are possible between man and Nature.
• Race: characters includes a South Sea Islander, a Native American,
and an African tribesman. It express attitudes of racial tolerance that are surprising for a nineteenth century text.
赫尔曼.梅尔菲尔 介绍
• There seems, also, to be a background of gloom in his nature, making itself felt even in the midst of his sunshine: and now and then his speculations and rhapsodies have a tinge almost of insanity.
• All the stories are told in the first person, and there is a fascination and mystery in the narrator's personality that much enhances the interest of the tale. But Melville's imagination has a tendency to wildness and metaphysical extravagance; and when he trusted to it alone, he becomes difficult and sometimes repulsive.
• Melville is less well known as a poet and did not publish poetry until later in life. After the Civil War, he published Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War, which did not sell well; of the Harper & Bros. printing of 1200 copies, only 525 had been sold ten years later. Again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's epic length verse-narrative Clarel, was also quite obscure, even in his own time.
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Biographical Introduction (2)
• Education Background
– Received little education: one and a half year in Albany Academy (1830s) – Writing sources come from his reading and his life experience
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
• • • • • Novelist Short story writer Essayist Poet One of the central figures of American Renaissance
Biographical Introduction (1)
– Happy childhood until 11 when his father died
Boston Tea Party (1776)
Boston Tea Party (1776)
• A direct action by colonists in Boston against the British government and the monopolistic East India Company that controlled all the tea coming into the colonies.
• A whaling ship is “my Yale College and my Harvard”.
Albany Academy
Marriage
Married Elizabeth Shaw (Aug, 4th, 1847), the daughter of a wealthy judge
Lecture 14
Herman Melville
By 张慧
hzhang8311@
Contents
• • • • • Herman Melville Biographical Introduction Major Works Appreciating Moby Dick Evaluation of Herman Melville
– Writer (1846 -1891) – Lecturer (1857-1860) – Customs inspector for the City of New York (1866 -1884)
Erie Canal
• A waterway in New York that runs about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, at Lake Erie, completing a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.
Appreciating Moby Dick
• • • • • A General Introduction Plot Major Characters Writing Technique Theme
A General Introduction to Moby Dick
• Written when Melville lived at Arrowhead (1850-1863) • Dedicated to Nathaniel Hawthorne, who helped Melville change the original writing plan • It is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. • It is considered as an encyclopedia of whaling lore and legend.
Do you know which state Saratoga is located in?
The Battle of Saratoga (1777)
• “…one of the Greatest battles that Ever was fought in America…” ---- Major Henry Dearborn • A turning point in the Independence War • Conclusively decided the fate of British General John Burgoyne's army in the American War of Independence
Ahab
• epic figure: dauntless and persevering; Satanic • a typical Melvillean isolator (Lonely and arrogant)
– Cuts himself off from his wife and child – Stays away most of his time from his crew
• On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor.
Biographical Introduction (3)
• Working Experience
– Various jobs in his early years
• surveyor on the Erie canal, school teacher; cabin boy; sailor; • experience at sea (1839-1844) furnished him with abundant material for fiction
• an Emersonian self-reliant individual
– Too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human being – For him, the only law is his own will. To him the world exists for his sake. – His selfhood must be asserted at the expense of all else: lives and 唯我论 nature.
Arrowhead, Herman Melville’s House (1850-1863) in Pittsfield, MA
Plot
• Ishmael, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Pequod. The captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, has sheared off his leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him to the kill. He hangs a doubloon on the mast as a reward for anyone who sights the whale first. The Pequod makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy. Eventually the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat; on the second it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.
Major Works
• Novels
– – – – – – – – – 1846 1847 1849 1849 1850 1851 1852 1857 1924
Based upon his Typee 《泰比》 experiences on the Omoo 《奥穆》 Mardi 《玛迪》 sea, and the first two Redburn 《雷德伯恩》 White Jacket《白夹克》 were once best Moby Dick 《白鲸》 sellers Pierre 《皮埃尔》 The Confidence-Man 《自信的人》 Billy Budd (posthumous) 《比利· 巴德》
– Attitude toward Captain Ahab: respectful and critical – Learned to have a faith: belief in God’s existence and follow God’s will (a lesson drawn from Ahab; ) – Understanding and Compassion towards human beings (another lesson drawn from Ahab)