药学英语翻译练习
2012药学英语翻译
Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found.2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom.3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us.4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him.5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship.6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident.7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased.8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods.9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it.Unit 2 How does human body fight disease?People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion.Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells.Unit 3 Drug dependenceStudies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directlyor indirectly has become the main transmitting ways for many severe communicable diseases, AIDS, hepatitis and pulmonary tuberculosis in particular, plus violent behaviors, etc. The drug addiction is such a complicated and widely health-associated problem that we must duty-boundly put the measures about the public health, extensively-launched education, prevention, treatment and scientific research into our total strategy. Science is offering the foundation to the exploration of public health, which keeps the opposite attitude to the extensively-accepted point of view. It thinks that the drug dependents are made to lose all abilities by drugs, so they cannot rectify their own behaviors. It also offers the suggestions of the foundation for revising the total strategy, so as to reduce the negative effects produced by injection of drugs on the individual and society.Unit 4 The scope of pharmacology1) The science that drugs act on the human body is known as pharmacology, while the scientists who studies this science is called pharmacologist.2) Pharmacology is not a science which can be studied alone, but one that is closely related to other sciences.3) Pharmacologist should not only learn the normal reaction process, but also know how the functions of the human body are affected by diseases.4) If the drug is properly used, it will be a boon to the human race, if not, it will destroy the human race.5) In the first half of the 20th century, the fantastic development has been achieved in the pharmacological field.6) The human race makes constant efforts not only for increasing life expectancy, but also for more healthy life.7) If a patient, the old in particular, constantly uses more than one therapeutic agent, the correlation of the drugs causing toxin tends to occur.8) The clinician is interested primarily in the drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease.9) As most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemical drugs, the interests of the clinicians in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited.10) Pharmacodynamics, as a border science, borrows greatly from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, pathology and so on.Unit 5 Combinatorial chemistry and new drugs1) To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2) In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemicals generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3) In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4) A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mixsynthesis, the related compound are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of containers required.5) At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit 6 Drug discovery and natural products1) Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2) Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3) Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4) Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5) Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes：（1）bioactivity- or mechanism of action directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2)rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3)mechanism of action studies.Unit 7 New drugs and drug delivery systems1) Every drug has its innate pharmacological characteristics. With the right dosage, frequency of administration and route of administration, most patients can get the expected pharmacological eficacy.2) But to different patients, there may be certain ,or even very obvious differences. Patients’physique, quality of drug, microorganisms and environmental factors can all affect drug fuctioning. They can enhance or decrease drug efficacy.3) The main factors that produce individual differences are the differences in drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination.4) In order to achieve the goal of maximum efficacy and minimum side effect for every patient, it is far from enough just to select drugs according to their pharmaceutical functioning.5) Other factors that influence the efficacy of different drugs must be taken into account, and appropriate therapies should be made according to the particular conditions of different patients. These therapies must be adjusted in time in the course of treatment to conform to patients’changed conditions until they recover.Unit 8 What analytical chemists do ?1) Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions:what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2) Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3) Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4) Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicateds the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5) The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification.Unit 9 Nonclinical development of biopharmaceuticals1) The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2) The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3) Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routesof adminstering systemically acting drugs involve the absoption of drug from the place of adminstration into the blood.4) Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco)proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5) In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit 10 The package insert and prescription1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceuticalfirm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must beprepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot requirea pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit 11 Development od new drugs(1)1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was empirical and based on traditional experiences.2) The strategies of the drug research include occasional discoveries, random molecular combination, and a planned research of synthesis of a certain specific chemical element.3) Although this is a ideal method of the development of new drugs, it is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4) When a drug is used by millions of people, it is sure to develop unhealthy response, though this harm is not too big to particular people.5) Most drugs have a maximum safe dose, if the dose exceeds the limited extent, it will produce toxic side effects.6) Penicillin, one of the most powerful bacterium-killers in the world, was incidentally discovered by Fleming.7) The pharmacological experiment of a new drug will determine whether the drug has the desired medicinal functions in model systems.8) The addition of awareness of the biochemical mechanism will make the development of new drugs more rational.9) Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before new drugs can be used on patients.10) Now chemists and biologists attach importance to research fields of molecular biology, biochemical pharmacology, and so on.Unit 12 Development od new drugs(2)1) The rationale for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs, better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2) The promotion representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been trained to promote a certain new product.3) The clinical evaluation of new drugs should be made after the study on animals proves effective.4) A new drug evaluation in man can be considered in four phases, each of which should be doneunder the strict supervision.5) Dose-ranging study should only be performed in volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6) As dose-ranging study may have a certain dangerous nature, it can only be carried out under medical supervision.7) A large scale of clinical trials in phase 3 will establish the new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8) The large cost of the drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical industry, which justifiably expects to recoupe it when the product is finally marketed.9) Information about new drugs published in well-established journals is more believable than the introductions by the representatives living on promotion.10) Heavy investment used in promotion of new drugs has not only led to the use of undistinguished new drugs but also raised the cost of the drugs.Unit 13 The impact of pharmaceutical care on drug therapy1) The focus of pharmaceutical care is to optimize drug therapy, minimize drug-related problems, and improve self-management for the purpose of achieving the optimal outcome to improve the patients’ quality of life.2) Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Ultimately, it is likely to lead to complications.3) The Pharmaceutical Care process for the patients in the Intervention Group consists of three sections. One of them is provided at hospital, then seamless care at the time of discharge from hospital and the last in the ambulatory setting.4) Pharmaceutical care has a clear benefit and positive impact on patient’s HRQoL, which is feasible in the hospital and in the community setting.5) The result of the study demonsreates that patients who do not receive intensified PC have a higher chance of deteriorationg their quality of life.Unit 14 FDA’s responsibilities and activities1) Before a new drug goes to the market and is widely used, the manufacturer should get the license from the corresponding authorized government agency(Drug Safety Commiittee in Britain; Food and Drug Administration in USA;Medical Products Agency in Sweden and etc).2) The new drug probably has been taken by more than 3000 healthy volunteers or patients in controlled studies before marketed unless it is only designed for some orphan diseases in small scale trials.3) At the present stage, most of the pharmacological effects are well-known and the side effects caused by overdosages have been documented. However, the recognition of unpredicted toxic and side effects are rarely known by humans until after the extensive use of the drugs.4) Continuous use of beta receptor blocking drug practolol for a comparative period of time may produce a syndrome of ocular mucosa and dermis, which had been discovered after several years.5) In similar manner, when thalidomide was discovered to make pregnant women who had taken the medicine during their early pregnancy bear babies with limb deformity, it had been sold on market for a few years.Unit 15 Good manufacturing practices(GMP)1) GMP is probably the most widespread quality system followed across the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. GMP compliance is a requirement within the R&D environment for the manufacture and testing of clinical trial materials (both drug product and API) and for commercial manufacture and testing of these materials.2) Although the FD&C Act requires all drugs (products and APIs) to be manufactured to cGMP, the regulations 21CFR parts 210 and 211 are only mandatory for the manufacture of drug products and not APIs. It is only with the issue of ICH Q7 A that the worldwide pharmaceutical industry finally received detailed guidance for manufacture of APIs for boh commercial and R&D purposes.3) There have been distinct and fundamental differences between USA regulation and EU/UK requirements for GMP. The US required all drugs to be made to GMP requirements and performed inspections throughout the world in support of these requirements. In the UK, only drug products and biological manufacturers (not APIs, except some specified antibiotics) were inspected by the regulatory authority fot compliance to GMP.4) An API is normally prepared by chemical processes and even if purification is involved at each stage of manufacture, impurities in APIs can not be removed thoroughly. Therefore, trace impurities are allowed to be present in drug product to a limited extent.5) Harmonization with the US through a Mutual Recognition Agreement（MRA）is seen as a big saving of inspection resources to both the EU and the USA, through mutual acceptance of API facility inspection reports.。
药学英语翻译练习
药学英语翻译练习I. Translate the following phrases and sentences into ChineseA Phrases translation1. Lidocaine hydrochloride盐酸利多卡因2. procaine sulph(f)ate硫酸普鲁卡因3. APC: ( Aspirin Phe n acetin Caffeine)阿司匹林，非那西丁，咖啡因4. Di a zepam地西泮B Sentences translation1. Despite problems of cultural, ethical and regulatory differences, a growing number of foreign companies have begun multi-centre phase III clinical trials in China.尽管由于文化，伦理和规定的不同，越来越多的国外公司开始在中国进行3期临床试验。
2. The interest by US and European pharmaceutical companies in doing something more than a small phase IV trial to meet China’s minimal licensing criteria was modest at best.美国和欧洲医药企业在中国进行超越4期临床试验达到中国注册标准的兴趣并不大。
3. By law, the FDA has responsibility to oversee the purity, quality, safety, usefulness, and related characteristics of the nation’s food, drug, and cosmetic supply.根据规定，FDA负责监督国家食品，药品和化妆品的纯度，质量安全，效果和相关特性。
药学英语常用词汇
药学英语常用词汇•一、常用缩略语•二、FDA常用术语•三、翻译练习一、常用缩略语•SFDA•State Food and Drug Admistraton（中国的）国家食品药品监督管理局FDA•Food and Drug Admistraton （美国的）食品药品管理局INDInvestigational New Drug研究用的新药,即:新药（临床）研究目前国内新药研制的现状是：IND的门槛比较高,一旦通过IND后，几乎100%通过临床试验并上市销售。
其原因是：国内的新药大多是通过改变剂型或者改变药物侧链,取代酸盐等方式来做为新药申报,这些药物在国外已经通过临床试验或者已经上市使用,安全性资料已经积累,用于国内进行临床试验的参照.而国内的临床试验需要考虑到的就是不同种族之间的差异这些人口学资料的影响。
NDANew Drug Application新药上市申请ANDAAbbreviated New Drug Application简略的新药上市申请（仿制药）SIPO•State Intellectual Property Office•国家知识产权局ADME•——Absoption 吸收•——Distribution分布•——Metabolism代谢•——Excretion排泄PK—— Player Kill ?—— Pharmacokinetics 药物代谢动力学PD—— Pharmacodynamics 药效学P-450——P-450是在肝脏微粒体中发现的一种色素，在450nm处有明显的吸收，故得此名。
P-450是在药物代谢中最重要的酶系AUC•——Area Under Curve——血药浓度－时间曲线下面积TID——Three Times a Day ?——一日3次（给药）t.i.d. (or tid or TID) is three times a day ; t.i.d. stands for "ter in die" (in Latin, 3 times a day).•q.d.•每天一次• b.i.d.•每日二次•t.i.d.•每天三次•q.i.d.•每日四次•q.6h.•每6小时一次•q.2d.•每二天一次•q.h.•每小时一次•q.n.•每晚一次•DRUG PRODUCT•药物产品•DRUG SUBSTANCE•原料药•ESTABLISHED NAME•确定的名称•GENERIC NAME•非专利名称•p.o. 口服•i.m 肌肉注射•i.v 静脉注射二、FDA常用术语•CLINICAL TRIAL•临床试验•ANIMAL TRIAL•动物试验•ACCELERATED APPROVAL •加速批准•STANDARD DRUG•标准药物•INVESTIGATOR•研究人员；调研人员•PREPARING AND SUBMITTING •起草和申报•SUBMISSION•申报；递交IDENTITY•真伪；鉴别；特性•STRENGTH•规格；规格含量（每一剂量单位所含有效成分的量）•LABELED AMOUNT•标示量BATCH PRODUCTION•批量生产；分批生产•BATCH PRODUCTION RECORDS•生产批号记录•POST-OR PRE- MARKET SURVEILLANCE•销售前或销售后监督•INFORMED CONSENT•知情同意（患者对治疗或受试者对医疗试验了解后表示同意接受治疗或试验）三、翻译练习•The patient had taken a nitroglycerin sublingual tablet for angina pectoris before admission to the hospital.患者在入院前因心绞痛服用了一片硝酸甘油舌下含片。
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）药学英语课后翻译Organic Chemistry Translation1. 没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。
The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. 既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。
Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. 通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。
The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. 幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。
Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. 迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。
So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. 人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. 煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新物质。
药学英语翻译
A.adulterate (vt.掺假，ad.掺杂的)B.ablation(n切除、消除)C．sequester(vt.使隔离) D.forego(v.放弃，在。
上面)A.escalate(vt.逐渐增法)B.eralicate(v.消除，根除)C．elimination(n.排除，淘汰) D.evolution(v.进化)A．check with(检查) B.scrutinize(v,n仔细检查)C.ecth(n.腐蚀剂v.侵蚀)D.enturst(v.委托)A.adminster(v.管理治理)B.capture(v.捕获)C.overlook(v.忽视)D.inhale(v.吸入)先导化合物lead compound后遗症sequela国家标准化组织National standard Institute加速批准accelerated approval上市申请marketing authorization application方差分析Analysis of variance临床症状不显的subclinical法定药典official compendium中西结合医学Chinese and western integrated继发感染secondary infectionMesenchymal stem cells 间充质干细胞（MSC）Diabetes mellitas 糖尿病Rehabilitation 康复Insulin secretion 胰岛素分泌Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动Immunohematology 免疫血液学Retinal pigmented epithelium 视网膜色素上皮细胞Adulterants and counterfeits 伪品和赝品Electromagnetic radiation emitting devices 电磁辐射发射设备International organization for standardization 国际标准组织传感器是指一些能把光，电，力，温度，磁感应强度，化学作用和生物效应等非电学量转化和转换为具有调制功能的元器件，他们能感受规定的被测量，并按照一定规律将其转化成可用信号的器械和装置。
临床药学英语第2版课文翻译
临床药学英语第2版课文翻译1、Chinese people spend _____ money on travelling today as they did ten years ago. [单选题] *A. more than twiceB. as twice muchC. twice as much(正确答案)D. twice more than2、The managing director took the（）for the accident, although it was not his fault. [单选题] *A. GuiltB. charge(正确答案)C. blameD. accusation3、We _____ three major snowstorms so far this winter. [单选题] *A.hadB. haveC. have had(正确答案)D.had had4、—What do you think of Animal World? —______. I watch it every day.（）[单选题] *A. I don’t mind it.B. I like it.(正确答案)C. I can’t stand it.D. I don’t like it.5、The paper gives a detailed（）of how to create human embryos (胚胎)by cloning. [单选题] *A. intentionB. description(正确答案)C. affectionD. effort6、( ) It ___ the Chinese people 8 years to build the Dam. [单选题] *A. took(正确答案)B. costsC. paidD. spends7、He _______ walks to school, because he lives near school. [单选题] *A. sometimes(正确答案)B. neverC. doesn’tD. don’t8、22．______ is convenient to travel between Pudong and Puxi now. [单选题] *A．It(正确答案)B．ThisC．ThatD．What9、I arrived _____ the city _____ 9:00 am _______ April [单选题] *A. at, in, atB. to, on, atC. in, or, atD. in, at, on(正确答案)10、This girl is my best friend, Wang Hui. ______ English name is Jane.（）[单选题] *A. HeB. HisC. SheD. Her(正确答案)11、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out12、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading13、92．China is a big country ________ a long history. [单选题] *A．hasB．haveC．with(正确答案)D．there is14、Bob is young, _______ he knows a lot. [单选题] *A. becauseB. soC. but(正确答案)D. unless15、He studied harder to _______ his reading skills. [单选题] *A. improve(正确答案)B. rememberC. memorizeD. forget16、1．________my father ________ my mother is able to drive a car. So they are going to buy one. [单选题] *A．Neither; norB．Both; andC．Either; orD．Not only; but also(正确答案)17、______ my great joy, I met an old friend I haven' t seen for years ______ my way ______ town. [单选题] *A. To, in, forB. To, on, to(正确答案)C. With, in, toD. For, in, for18、The famous writer, _____ writings for China Daily I appreciate a lot , is invited to give a speech in our university. [单选题] *A. thatB. whose(正确答案)C. whomD. who19、I want something to eat. Please give me a _______. [单选题] *A. bookB. watchC. shirtD. cake(正确答案)20、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *A.in allB. after allC. above all(正确答案)D. over all21、_____ of the land in this area _____ covered with forest. [单选题] *A. Two-fifth; isB. Two fifth; areC. Two fifths; is(正确答案)D. Two fifths; are22、_______ your help, I can’t finish my job. [单选题] *A. withB. without(正确答案)C. inD. into23、We can _______ some information about this city on the Internet. [单选题] *A. look up(正确答案)B. look likeC. look afterD. look forward to24、( ) _____ New York _____ London have traffic problems. [单选题] *A. All…andB. Neither….norC. Both…and(正确答案)D. Either…or25、During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _________ ameal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. [单选题] *A. shareB. to share(正确答案)C. having sharedD. shared26、It’s very hot. Please _______ your coat. [单选题] *A. look afterB. take off(正确答案)C. take onD. put on27、22．Will there ________ any schools in the future? [单选题] *A．isB．areC．amD．be(正确答案)28、12．Who will ________ the Palace Museum after Shan Jixiang retires? [单选题] * A．in chargeB．in charge ofC．be in charge of (正确答案)D．be in the charge of29、36．The students will go to the Summer Palace if it __________ tomorrow. [单选题] * A．won’t rainB．isn’t rainingC．doesn’t rain (正确答案)D．isn’t rain30、Stephanie _______ going shopping to staying at home. [单选题] *A. prefers(正确答案)B. likesC. preferD. instead。
药学英语第四版课后翻译
Unit One1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a soundknowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs.2.Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balanceto be maintained.3.The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essentialif the cells of the body are to function normally.4.Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberatesufficient energy for their activities.5.As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the bodycontinue to live and function properly.Unit Two1.Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other toconfer the remarkable properties of living organisms.2.Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is veryspecific in its foundation and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.3.One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify anindividual chemical component, such as protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity.4.The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include thecovalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc.5.The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence.Unit Four1.The science of the effects on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study itare pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand he normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.2.For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as itscommon definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy.3.All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problemscaused by the abuse of drugs. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particular the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur.4.At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, becausethey had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his owncrude medicinal preparation.5.The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action istermed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology.Unit Five1.To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bindto invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2.In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of relatedcompounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3.In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all theproducts separately in their own reaction vessels.4. A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis,all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of container required.5.At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are foundto be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit Six1.Plant natural products has had, and continued to have, an important role as medicinal andpharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2.Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has beendefined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells.”3.Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not beenevaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4.Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples forhigh-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5.Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes: (1)bio-activity or mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2) rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3) mechanism of action studies.Unit Seven1.Absorption is the process of a drug entering（现在分词作后置定语）systemic circulationfrom its site of administration. Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routs of administration involve the transport of cell membrane.2.Drug absorption, especially those orally administered drugs, depends on many factors, such asthe intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food, patient age and the like.3.The distribution of a drug in the body is even and is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, that is,it changes constantly with the absorption and elimination of the drug.4.After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma protein, but this binding isloose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium.5.Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage forms which areabsorbed and reach the systemic circulation; it is concerned with the intensity and speed of drug action.Unit Eight1.Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions: what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2.Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many haveadvocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3.Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet thedemands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4.Qualitative test may be performed by selective chemical reaction or with the use ofinstrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5.The first phase in the testing of banned substance is called fast-screening phase, in whichqualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is adopted for accurate quantification.Unit Nine1. The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2. The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3. Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routes of administering systemically acting drugs involve theabsorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood.4. Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco) proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5. In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit Eleven1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceutical firm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must be prepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot require pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of food s, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit Twelve1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was based on traditional experiences.2) Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc.3) When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.4) The pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile in model system.5) Chemists and biologists have now attached importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.。
药学英语练习2
Unit 2 FDAI Translate the following sentences into Chinese．1．The amount of data required by regulatory agencies，such as the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)in the United States or the Committee on Safety of Medicines in the United Kingdom，has increased substantially．2．The data on a recently introduced contraceptive steroid when submitted to the FDA totaled 200 volumes obviously，when such vast amounts of analytical data are needed in a comparatively short time，the use of automated equipment becomes attractive.3．In all cases the manufacturer will be required to submit well substantiated chemical，pharmacological，pharmacokinetic，toxicological，and clinical data，before being granted permission to market the product.II Answer the following questions according to the passage．1．Before a drug gets permission to market，what data does it have to submit to the FDA?2．Can you offer any methods for equipment analysis?Unit 3 Pharmaceutical TabletI．Answer the following questions according to the passage．1. What’s the definition of“tablet” in its scientific sense?2. Do you know the meaning of OTC drugs and prescribed drugs?3．What is the difference between disintegration and dissolution?4．Why do the tablets need to do disintegration tests?II．Translate the following sentences into Chinese．1．A pharmacological tablet is a medicinal or other active substance mixedwith binder powders and pressed into a tablet form．2. Normally, an inactive ingredient termed a binder is added to help hold the tablet together and give it strength.3.Often，an ingredient is also needed to act as an dis-integrant. This is aningredient that dissolves readily in water to help the tablet disperse once swallowed. Some binders，such as starch，are also excellent dis-integrants.4. Solid drug products exempted from disintegration tests include troches，tablets which are intended to be chewed，and drug products intended for sustained release or prolonged or repeat action.5. Although disintegration tests allow for precise measurement of the formation of fragments，granules，or aggregates from solid dosage forms，no information is obtained from these tests on the rate of dissolution of the active drug．III. Fill in the blanks．All pharmaceutical products are formulated to specific dosage forms for drugs to be effectively delivered to patients. Typical pharmaceutical _________include oral________,________, suspensions, topical ointments, gels and solutions, and ________ for ________ (IV)，intramuscular (IM)，or subcutaneous(SC) administration.IV. Translate the following abbreviations into Chinese.CNS BBB LD50 ATPEEG ECG ia. Ivim. sc. Ab AgV. Translate the following terminology and sentences into English.半衰期血药浓度血浆浓度血清浓度耐受性耐药性临床药理生物活性感染廓清率强力速效横纹肌1.已证明青霉素具有消炎作用，是疗效很好的抗生素。
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药学英语翻译练习I、Translate the following phrases and sentences into ChineseA Phrases translation1、Lidocaine hydrochloride盐酸利多卡因2、procaine sulph(f)ate硫酸普鲁卡因3、APC: ( Aspirin Phe n acetin Caffeine)阿司匹林,非那西丁,咖啡因4、Di a zepam地西泮B Sentences translation1、Despite problems of cultural, ethical and regulatory differences, a growing number of foreign panies have begun multi-centre phase III clinical trials in China、尽管由于文化,伦理与规定得不同,越来越多得国外公司开始在中国进行3期临床试验。
2、The interest by US and European pharmaceutical panies in doing something more than a small phase IV trial to meet China’s minimal licensing criteria was modest at best、美国与欧洲医药企业在中国进行超越4期临床试验达到中国注册标准得兴趣并不大。
3、By law, the FDA has responsibility to oversee the purity, quality, safety, usefulness, and related characteristics of the nation’s food, drug, and cosmetic supply、根据规定,FDA负责监督国家食品,药品与化妆品得纯度,质量安全,效果与相关特性。
4、The FDA must primarily rely on the voluntary pliance of those who operate within the professions and industries that are responsible for the products which the FDA has jurisdiction、对于属于FDA监管范围得产品,FDA主要依靠那些负责生产得工厂与企业自觉遵守。
5、According to the government’s strategic plan for 2006—2050, China’s total drug sales are expected to reach RMB 700 billion by 2010, an average growth rate of just over 16% from 2006、根据2006-2050政府得战略计划,到2010年中国总体药物销售量期望达到7000亿元,也就就是说从2006年开始平均增长率超过16%。
6、The use of Western medicines in China is usually said to have begun in 1952, when the antibiotic chloram p henicol(氯霉素) was first synthesized and produced domestically、人们通常说中国使用得西药始于1952年,当时中国首次生产氯霉素。
7、In fact over 1,500 bulk drugs, fine chemical ingredients and intermediates are currently made in China and sold in 3,500 finished formulations、事实上有1500多种原料药,即化学原料与中间体在中国生产,并且有3500种成品药由中国销售。
III Fill in the blanks、1、ZHP is a_____venture with Spanish Esteve Group、It is a national level Hi-technology __________ and demonstrating enterprise of innovation、ZHP has been focusing on being a reliable ________for APIs and ______________ intermediates and a strategic custom manufacture partner as well、(Active pharmaceutical ingredient)2、FDA is the federal agency responsible for ensuring that foods are _______ wholesome and sanitary; _______ and v eterinary drugs, biological products, and medical _______ are safe and __________、Cosmetics are safe, and electronic products that emit __________ are safe、FDA also ensures that these products are honestly, accurately and informatively represented to the ________、请翻译下列专业术语结晶固体crystalline solid无菌注射剂sterile injection有机溶剂organic solvent分子式MF(molecular formula)冻干粉末西林瓶无机化学分子量类白色素片肝炎热原抗原II、汉译英1、本品为白色至类白色结晶固体,难溶于水﹑乙醇( ethanol ),易溶于氯仿(chloroform)与丙醇(acetone)中。
It occurs as a white to off-white crystalline solid, poorly s oluble in water or ethanol, easily soluble in chloroform and acetone、2、本品就是一种很稳定得抗生素。
其粉末置于密封容器中,在室温下保存二年以上,活性不减。
It is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airtight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years、CNSBBB(blood-brain barrier )LD50(Lethal Dose 50)ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)EEG(electroen c ephalogram)ECG(electro c ardiogram)ia、(Intraarterial )iv、(Intravenous )im、(intramuscular )sc、(Subcutaneous)AbAgV、Translate the following terminology and sentences into English、半衰期血药浓度血浆浓度血清浓度耐受性耐药性临床药理生物活性感染廓清率强力速效剂横纹肌1、已证明青霉素具有消炎作用,就是疗效很好得抗生素。
Penicillin has been found to be a good therapeutic antibiotic and has highly effectiveness against inflammation、2、本品具有杀菌作用,能耐酸,且口服或肌注吸收良好。
It is bactericidal, acid-stable and well absorbed by either the oral or the intramuscular route、3、静脉注射后约30~60分钟之间环丙沙星(cipro f loxacin)得平均血药浓度达到高峰。
Mean peak drug plasma concentration of ciprofloxacin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intravenous administration、4、在临床试验中该药显示其对于改善与恢复已改变了得高血压非常有效。
In clinical trials the drug was shown to be highly effective in improving and normalizing the alterated hypertension、心(肾)功能不全高血压低血压肝炎肺结核痉挛关节炎胃肠道溃疡肝(肺、胃)癌Ⅱ型糖尿病癫痫肾结石痛风贫血心衰便秘肺水肿病毒革兰氏阳性菌大肠杆菌化疗拮抗剂妊娠期过敏反应细菌革兰氏阴性菌疾病放疗激动剂哺乳期胎盘屏障胃肠道发作Ⅲ.汉译英1.环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin)适用于治疗下列由敏感微生物引起得感染。
Ciprofloxacin is indicated for the treatment in the following infections caused by susceptible(易受感染得) microorganisms、2.已证实本品对SARS引起得病症有预防与治疗作用。
It has been proved effective in prophylaxis and therapy of SARS、3.头孢拉定(Cephf r adine)禁用于已知对头孢菌素(cephalo s porin)类抗生素过敏得患者。
Cephf r adine is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics、4.5岁以下得儿童不应当使用诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin)治疗。