宏观经济学 武汉大学 6习题及答案
第6章开放市场条件下的一般均衡：IS—LM—BP模型一．名词解释1．绝对优势理论2．比较优势理论3．赫克歇尔一俄林定理4．进出口商品的交换比率5．国际收支6．J曲线效应7．马歇尔一勒纳条件8．外汇9．汇率10．套汇11．国内均衡12．国外均衡13．BP曲线二．选择题1．劳动力资源比较富裕，资本资源比较贫乏的国家通过以下( )可从对外贸易中得到收益。
A．生产资本密集型的商品B．生产劳动密集型的商品C.征收高额的进出口税D．采用生产成本随产品增加而上升的生产方式2．通过对外贸易，一国( )。
A．可以达到超过生产可能性边界的实际消费B．只能达到生产可能性边界的消费水平C．不能改变原来的生产方式D．更局限于生产可能性边界内的消费3．若劳动和资本量不变，x国可生产20吨钢或20吨煤，Y国可生产10吨钢或16吨煤，成本不变情况下Y国应向x国( )。
A．进口煤和出口钢B．进口煤和钢C．出口煤和进口钢D．出口煤和钢4．成本不断上升情况下，生产相同产品的两个国家( )。
A．发现相互交易是无益的B．交易后可能继续生产他们的产品C．发现在交易后一方获利一方受损D．将各自专门生产成本不变时的那么多商品5．在( )情况下国际间的商品流通可替代国际间的要素流动。
A．如果要素是充裕的B．只有在比较优势说被否定时C．只有在商品流通受到管制时‘D．当通过贸易使各国的稀缺要素不再缺乏时6．同工资水平更低的国家进行贸易( )。
A．必然使高工资国家降低实际工资B．可能提高两国的人均实际收入C．低工资国家将降低实际工资D．可能使两国的人均实际收入下降7．进出口交换比率的改善对一国是有利的，因为( )。
A．可以出口更多的商品B．可以使汇率上升C．获得进口的成本将下跌D．在国内生产同样的产品变得更便宜而不用进口8．估价贸易收益的最好方式是( )。
A．通过国际贸易导致的全球产出的增加B．比较国民生活水平与进口消费的比例C．比较国民生活水平与出口产品的比例D．进出口交换比率的影响程度9．一国某一重要的出口商品在国际市场上( )。
A．价格上升将改善该国的进出口交换比率B．价格下跌将改善该国的进出口交换比率C．价格变动对该国的进出口交换比率没有影响D．价格下跌对国际收支的平衡是有利的10．汇率自由浮动，政府不加干预情况下，若一国国内收入增加将( )。
A．导致对该国货币需求的增加而使货币升值B．该国进口增加，国际收支出现赤字而使货币贬值C．缩减对国内外商品的消费，使国际收支有所改善D．因进口减少出口增加，该国货币币值不变11．政府控制外汇和限制外资流入的目的是( )。
A．使本国货币升值B．限制进口消除国际收支逆差C．为发展本国较落后的行业D．以上三项都正确12．金本位制存在的一个严重问题是( )。
A．因货币体系调整所引起的通胀或萧条B．世界上没有足够的资金作为交换媒介C．总是处在非均衡状态D．价格趋于激烈波动13．一国的贸易盈余表示该国( )。
A．消费超过产出并且净出口盈余B．消费超过产出并且净出口赤字C．消费低于产出并且净出口盈余D．消费低于产出并且净出口赤字14．进口边际倾向的上升，( )。
A．将使开放经济的乘数减小B．使国内消费品支出曲线向上移动C．将改变国内消费品支出曲线斜率D．使开放经济的乘数增大15．在利率不变，充分就业和经常项目最初平衡的情况下，一开放经济的国家削减税收将导致( )。
A．经常性项目赤字B．国内储蓄的减少C．资本项目的盈余D．以上都正确16．其他情况不变，进口增加但国内储蓄不减少对国民收入的影响与下列( )相同。
A．政府支出增加B．税收的增加C．投资的增加D．政府对国内产品支出的减少17．假定边际储蓄倾向MPs=0．4，边际进口倾向MPM=0．1，如果出口增加30亿元，则国内收入将增加( )。
A．75亿元B．45亿元C．15亿元D．60亿元E．以上数字均不准确18．X—M曲线斜率为负是因为( )。
A．收入增加时进口会减少B．收入增加时出口会减少C．收入增加时出口不变而进口减少D．收入增加时出口不变而进口增加E．以上说法均不准确19．包含引致投资的Is曲线斜率为负因为( )。
A．储蓄比投资增加得快B．收入变动时储蓄和投资的变动方向相同C．储蓄比投资增加得慢D．只有减少进口，增加投资，才能增加国民收入E．以上说法均不准确20．一般地说，国内投资增加将( )。
A．减少向其他国家的进口B．增加出口而进口保持不变C．改善外贸情况D．恶化外贸情况E．使进口、出口都增加，但进口的增加少于出口的增加三．简答题1．一国的贸易赤字、政府预算赤字和私人部门赤字之间的关系是什么?2．政府预算赤字对贸易赤字会有什么影响?3．如果美国维持固定汇率制，中央银行如何把汇率维持在一个固定水平上?4．汇率变动和净出口变动有何相互影响?5．说明下列因素的变化是使美元升值还是贬值?(1)日本的利率升高；(2)德国的经济增长速度加快；(3)美国的通货膨胀率增高；(4)美国紧缩性货币政策；(5)美国扩张性财政政策。
6．为什么对货币变化的预期那么重要?7．稳定汇率的代价是什么?政府试图稳定汇率时是怎样做的?这样做会遇到哪些障碍?为什么国际合作很重要?四．论述题1．对进口商品征收关税和实行进口限额对本国经济分别会产生什么影响?2．当一国经济既处于通货膨胀又有国际收支赤字状况时，应当采取什么样的政策措施? 五．计算题1．充分就业情况下，A国人均每工作日能生产10台电视机或者20只照相机，B国能生产6台电视机或者30只照相机，问(1)A国和B国生产什么产品具有比较优势?(2)贸易前两产品在A、B国的交换比率各为多少?(3)假定两国专门生产各自比较优势的产品，并以l台电视机与2只照相机的比率进行交易，若A国向B国出口4台电视机，求各自的可消费量。
(4)假定进出口交换比率为1：3．5，A国向B国出口4台电视机后，两国各自可消费多少?2．假定1英镑的价格为2美元，1马克的价格为0．4美元，问(1)英镑对马克的价格是多少?(2)若1英镑的市场价格为6马克，英镑持有者如何在套汇中获利。
3．某人打算以不超过7500美元的价格买辆小轿车，现在商店的报价为3500英镑，问(1)若汇率是1英镑=2．2美元，双方是否能成交?(2)汇率为多少时他才能买到小车?六．案例分析有关人民币升值的争论已持续了很长时间，反对者的主要理由有三：升值之后，中国出口顺差将会减少，甚至会出现逆差，经济增长将因此下降，将对就业增长造成相应的不利影响；一旦升值就会形成升值预期，导致投机资本的流入，从而对金融稳定造成冲击；升值将导致通货收缩的恶化。
“升值利大于弊。
”央行研究局的一位研究员在接受采访时判断，人民币升值的负面因系被过分地夸大了。
据他分析，升值对出口、就业、金融稳定的影响并不明显，拿国际投机资本来说：首先中国仍然实行资本管制，国内金融市场并未对外开放，因此能够进入中国的投机资本是有限的。
政府有各种政策措施能够挫败投机资本，比如可以限制短期资本流出、对短期资本流动额外征税等；其次，适度地升值也可以釜底抽薪，缓解进一步的升值压力。
人民币长期被低估，名义汇率与均衡汇率、贸易品与非贸易品出现价格扭曲，导致资源配置扭曲、资金价格扭曲，利率太低，企业家借钱眼睛都不眨，土地价格低，又多了一层扭曲，使得大量资源到了出口部门。
关于人民币汇率应升还是应降的争论十分激烈，已形成国内外都十分关心的焦点，请总结归纳争论双方的理由(各列出不少于5条)。
参考答案一．名词解释1．绝对优势理论：主张一个国家应当生产并出口生产效率比其他国家高的产品和服务，进口生产效率比其他国家低的产品和服务，通过贸易双方都能得益。
2．比较优势理论：要说明的是，贸易双方只要选择产品中各自具有相对比较优势的产品进行生产并交换，那么双方都可以从贸易中获益。
比较优势理论解决了绝对优势理论无法说明的问题，即如果一国在所有产品生产上都具有绝对优势，是否应该生产并向处于绝对劣势国家出口所有产品。
3．赫克歇尔一俄林定理：对比较优势理论作了补充和发展，该定理以生产函数不相同的假定为前提，用要素的相对丰裕和稀缺来说明比较利益，从而具体分析了国际贸易产生的原因。
4．进出口商品的交换比率：即进出口商品货价之间的比率(通常用指数形式来表示进出口商品价格总的变化)：T=Px／PM，T表示交换比率，Px，PM分别表示出口和进口的商品价格指数。
5．国际收支：是一个国家在一定时期内对外经济交易的全部系统记录。
国际收支平衡表是系统记录一定时期内各种国际收支项目及金额的统计表。
一国各种国际收支项目可分为三类，即经常项目、资本项目和平衡项目。
经常项目包括贸易收支、劳务收支和转移收支。
资本项目表示官方和私人短期和长期的资本输入和输出。
平衡项目也称结算项目，其绝对值与前两个项目借方与贷方的差额相同，符号相反，该项目由错误与遗漏、特别提款权和官方储备构成。
6．J曲线效应：是指一国货币贬值后，贸易逆差有一段继续恶化的过程，只有到出口增长率明显大于进口增长率时才会好转。
该时滞长短取决于国内的传导机制和国内市场的完善程度。
7．马歇尔一勒纳条件：是指一国要改善国际贸易逆差，一个充分条件就是出口需求弹性与进口需求弹性之和的绝对值大于1。
根据马歇尔一勒纳条件，如果出口需求弹性与进口需求弹性之和的绝对值小于1，货币贬值反而会使贸易状况恶化；如果出口需求弹性与进口需求弹性之和的绝对值等于1，此时货币贬值对贸易状况没有影响。
8．外汇：是指以外币表示的能用于进行国际间结算的使用凭证和支付手段，包括外国货币、以外币表示的支票。
9．汇率：是指买卖外国货币或对外国货币索取权需支付的价格，即两种不同货币之间的交换比率。
10．套汇：是利用各种汇票差异贱买贵卖以赚取汇价差额的外汇交易活动。
11．国内均衡：就是使宏观经济处于充分就业的水平上，并且没有通货膨胀的压力，经济稳定增长。
12．国外均衡：就是国际收支平衡，既无国际收支顺差，也无国际收支逆差。
13．BP曲线：即为国际收支平衡曲线，它是根据国际收支平衡模型而推导出的表示国际收支平衡时收入Y与利息率r之间关系的一条曲线。
二．选择题1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．A 10．B11．B 12．A 13．C 14．A 15．D 16．D 17．D 18．D 19．A 20．D 三．简答题1．答：国民收入核算恒等式使我们可以说明，一国的贸易余额赤字等于政府预算赤字与私人部门赤字之和。
2．答：政府预算赤字增加会引起贸易赤字增加，是因为它会增加进口，减少出口。
政府赤字将增加计划的总支出，这就会增加总需求。
增加的部分总需求将用于进口。
此外，如果经济的生产接近于其能力，原来用于出口的国内生产就转而满足国内需求的增加，从而出口减少。
宏观经济学习题及参考答案
第一章宏观经济学导论习题及参考答案一、习题1．简释下列概念：宏观经济学、经济增长、经济周期、失业、充分就业、通货膨胀、GDP、GNP、名义价值、实际价值、流量、存量、萨伊定律、古典宏观经济模型、凯恩斯革命。
2．宏观经济学的创始人是（）。
A．斯密；B．李嘉图；C．凯恩斯；D．萨缪尔森。
3．宏观经济学的中心理论是（）。
A．价格决定理论；B．工资决定理论；C．国民收入决定理论；D．汇率决定理论。
4．下列各项中除哪一项外，均被认为是宏观经济的“疾病”（）。
A．高失业；B．滞胀；C．通货膨胀；D．价格稳定。
5．表示一国居民在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是（）。
A．国民生产总值；B．国内生产总值；C．名义国内生产总值；D．实际国内生产总值。
6．一国国内在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值根据价格变化调整后的数值被称为（）。
A．国民生产总值；B．实际国内生产总值；C．名义国内生产总值；D．潜在国内生产总值。
7．实际GDP等于（）。
A．价格水平/名义GDP；B．名义GDP/价格水平×100；C．名义GDP乘以价格水平；D．价格水平乘以潜在GDP。
8．下列各项中哪一个属于流量？（）。
A．国内生产总值；B．国民债务；C．现有住房数量；D．失业人数。
9．存量是（）。
A．某个时点现存的经济量值；B．某个时点上的流动价值；C．流量的固体等价物；D．某个时期内发生的经济量值。
10. 下列各项中哪一个属于存量？（）。
A. 国内生产总值；B. 投资；C. 失业人数；D. 人均收入。
11．古典宏观经济理论认为，利息率的灵活性使得（）。
A．储蓄大于投资；B．储蓄等于投资；C．储蓄小于投资；D．上述情况均可能存在。
12．古典宏观经济理论认为，实现充分就业的原因是（）。
A．政府管制；B．名义工资刚性；C．名义工资灵活性；D．货币供给适度。
13．根据古典宏观经济理论，价格水平降低导致下述哪一变量减少（）。
宏观经济学第六章习题及答案
第六单元通货膨胀与失业理论本单元所涉及到的主要知识点：1．通货膨胀的含义、衡量与种类2．通货膨胀的原因3．通货膨胀对经济的影响及其对策4．失业的含义与衡量5．失业的种类6．失业的原因7．失业的影响及其治理8．失业与通货膨胀的关系：菲利普斯曲线一、单项选择1．一般用来衡量通货膨胀的物价指数是（ D ）。
a．消费者物价指数； b．生产物价指数；c．GDP缩减指数； d．以上均正确。
2．可以称为温和的通货膨胀的情况是指（ D）。
a．通货膨胀率以每年5％的速度增长； b．通货膨胀率在10％以上；c．通货膨胀率一直保持在2％－3％水平；d．通货膨胀率处于3％—10％之间。
3．通货膨胀的主要类型有（ D ）。
a．需求拉上型； b．成本推进型；c．结构型； d．以上均正确。
4．通货膨胀会（ C ）。
a．使国民收入提高到超过其平常水平；b．使国民收入下降到其平常水平以下；c．使国民收入提高或下降，主要看通货膨胀产生的原因；d．只有在经济处于潜在的产出水平时，国民收入才会增长。
5．在通货膨胀不能完全预期的情况下，通货膨胀将有利于（ A ）。
a．债务人； b；债权人；c．在职工人； d．离退休人员。
6．已知充分就业的国民收入是12000亿元，实际国民收入11800亿，边际消费倾向0.8，在增加3000亿的投资后，经济将发生（ A ）。
a．需求拉上通货膨胀；b．成本推进通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．需求不足的失业。
7．收入政策主要是用来治理（ B ）。
a．需求拉上的通货膨胀； b．成本推进的通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．供求混合通货膨胀。
8．抑制通货膨胀的收入政策是指（ C ）。
a．收入初次分配； b．收入再分配；c．收入—价格管制； d．以上均正确。
9．失业率是指（ A ）。
a．失业人口占劳动力的百分比； b．失业人数占人口总数的百分比； c．失业人数占就业人数的百分比； d．以上均正确。
10．充分就业的含义是（B ）。
《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析
《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析第一章导论1、怎样理解宏观经济学的研究对象？【解答】宏观经济学研究的对象是经济的总体行为。
它的基本研究方法是考察经济的总体趋势，采用总量分析法。
它解决的主要中心问题经济周期与失业、通货膨胀和经济增长。
与微观经济学不同，宏观经济学则主要研究整体经济，以产出、失业、通货膨胀这些大范围内的经济现象为研究对象，其目的是对产出、失业以及价格的变动作出经济解释，宏观经济学的研究方法则是总量分析，即对能够反映整个经济运行情况的经济变量的决定、变动及其相互关系进行分析。
这些总量包括两类，一类是个量的总和，另一类是平均量。
因此，宏观经济学又称为“总量经济学”。
《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析第二章国民收入核算1、下列项目是否计入GDP，为什么？（1）政府转移支付（2）购买一辆用过的卡车（3）购买普通股票（4）购买一块地产【解答】（1）政府转移支付不计入GDP，因为政府转移支付只是简单地通过税收（包括社会保障税）和社会保险及社会救济等把收入从一个人或一个组织转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中，并没有相应的货物或劳务发生。
例如，政府给残疾人发放救济金，并不是残疾人创造了收入；相反，倒是因为他丧失了创造收入的能力从而失去生活来源才给予救济的。
（2）购买一辆用过的卡车不计入GDP，因为在生产时已经计入过。
（3）购买普通股票不计入GDP，因为经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的支出，即购买新厂房，设备和存货的行为，而人们购买股票和债券只是一种证券交易活动，并不是实际的生产经营活动。
（4）购买一块地产也不计入GDP，因为购买地产只是一种所有权的转移活动，不属于经济意义的投资活动，故不计入GDP。
2、如果甲乙两国并成一个国家，对GDP 总和会有什么影响（假定两国产出不变）？【解答】如果甲乙两国合并成一个国家，对GDP 总和会有影响。
因为甲乙两国未合并成一个国家时，双方可能有贸易往来，但这种贸易只会影响甲国或乙国的GDP，对两国GDP 总和不会有影响。
武汉大学金融学《宏观经济学》思考题(带解答)
《宏观经济学》思考题第一章国民收入核算1、简要说明GDP与GNP之间的区别和联系，为什么现在许多国家都选择使用GDP这一指标？GDP与GNP的区别在于其涉及的主体不同，GDP是一个地域概念，指一国的居民，而GNP是国民概念，是指一国国民。
因为GDP确实代表了一国或一个地区所有常住单位和个人在一定时期内全部生产活动（包括产品和劳务）的最终成果，可以对一国总体经济运行表现做出概括性衡量，反映出一国（或地区）的经济实力，便于和国际间和地区间作比较，为制定国家和地区经济发展战略，分析经济运行情况以及政府调控和管理经济提供重要依据和参考。
2、为什么存货投资也要计入GNP之中？因为存货也是最终产品，相当于企业自己花钱买了自己的商品，算在总支出中。
第二章简单国民收入决定理论1、试用图形画出用消费函数和储蓄函数决定同一均衡国民收入的两种方法。
(略)2、什么是乘数原理？为什么按照这一原理储蓄即节俭反而成为一种罪恶？乘数作用的发挥在现实中会受到哪些方面的限制？乘数原理是指由于连锁反应，某一变量的变化引起另一相关变量成倍变化的经济理论。
因为消费的增加会通过消费乘数导致国民收入的成倍增加，因而储蓄即节俭意味着消费的减少，也就意味着国民收入的成倍减少成为了一种罪恶。
（1）社会有无过剩生产率，能否满足生产要求；（2）投资与储蓄的独立性，独立性越好，效果越好；（3）货币供给量是否能适应支出增加的需求。
3、简要说明政府支出乘数、税收乘数、平衡预算乘数的含义。
政府支出乘数是指政府购买的变动对于国民收入的变动放大倍数；税收乘数是指政府税收的变动对于国民收入的变动放大倍数；平衡预算乘数是指政府在政府购买和净税收方面等量反向操作以保持政府预算平衡时对于国民收入的变动放大倍数。
第三章国民收入决定：IS——LM模型1、简要说明货币交易需求、货币预防需求、货币投机需求的含义。
货币的交易需求是指人们为了应付日常交易的需要而产生的对货币的需求，造成这种需求的根本原因是货币收入和货币支出二者之间的时差。
精编版-2000年湖北武汉大学宏观经济学考研真题及答案
2000年湖北武汉大学宏观经济学考研真题及答案一、名词解释（每小题3分，共18分）1.名义GNP和实际GNP：：名义GDP是指用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市场价值，它没有考虑通货膨胀因素。
由于通货膨胀等原因，价格可能会发生强烈变化，故为方便比较而引入实际GDP的概念。
实际GDP是指用从前某一年的价格作为基期价格计算出来的当年全部最终产品的市场价值。
二者之间的关系式为：实际GDP＝名义GDP÷GDP折算指数。
2.边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向:与“平均消费倾向”相对而言。
指收入中每增加一单位所引起的消费的变化。
可以用以下式子表示：表示增加的消费，代表增加的收入。
一般而言，边际消费倾向在0和1之间波动。
在西方经济学中，任何增加的收入无非两个用途：消费和储蓄。
所以，边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向之和必定为1。
根据消费统计资料，短期中的边际消费倾向小于平均消费倾向，长期中的边际消费倾向等于平均消费倾向。
边际消费倾向既可以指国民收入的消费倾向，也可以指可支配收入的消费倾向。
它可以指国民收入用于消费的比例，也可以指可支配收入用于消费的比例。
平均消费倾向在0和1的范围内波动。
在西方经济学中，全部收入要么用于消费，要么用于储蓄，因此平均消费倾向与平均储蓄倾向之和必为1。
根据长期以来的消费统计资料，短期中的平均消费倾向大于边际消费倾向，长期中的平均消费倾向等于边际消费倾向。
3.政府转移支付乘数：指收入变动对政府转移支付变动的比率。
国家财政除购买性支出之外，为实现特定目的，还使一部分财政资金发生单方面转移。
财政的转移支付有两大部分。
一部分发生在不同的政府层次之间，主要是上级政府对下级政府通过财政行的转移支付，目的是平衡下级财政的收支预算，以实现地区平衡。
这属于财政（预算）管理体制问题。
另一部分发生在政府与企、事业单位和居民个人之间，特别是政府对居民个人的财政补贴和贫困救济等社会保障支出。
转移支付是现代国家的一项经常性财政分配活动，其目的是调整国民收入分配结构，实现社会公平，稳定人民生活，促进社会经济的协调发展。
宏观经济学习题库(附参考答案)
习题库第一章导论一、名词解释宏观经济学、总量分析、非均衡分析、凯恩斯革命二、简答题1、宏观经济学有什么特点？2、宏观经济学主要研究哪些问题？3、现代宏观经济学是如何产生与演变的？第二章国民收入核算一、名词解释GDP、GNP、NDP、NI、PI、PDI、名义GDP、实际GDP、GDP紧缩指数二、选择题1、下列那些项目应计入GDP？( )。
A. 政府转移支付B. 购买一辆用过的卡车C. 购买普通股票D. 购买一块地产2、已知某一经济中的消费额为6亿元，投资额为1亿元，间接税为1亿元，政府用于物品和劳务的支出额为1.5亿元，出口额为2亿元，进口额为1.8亿元，则（）。
A. NDP=8.7亿元B. GDP=7.7亿元C. GDP=8.7亿元D. NDP=5亿元3、所谓净出口是指（）。
A. 出口减进口B. 进口减出口C. 出口加进口D. GNP减出口4、在三部门经济中，如果用支出法来衡量，GDP等于（）。
A. 消费+投资B. 消费+投资+政府支出C. 消费+投资+政府支出+净出口D. 消费+投资+进出口5、GDP与NDP之间的差别是（）。
A. 直接税B. 折旧C. 间接税D. 净出口6、按最终使用者类型，将最终产品和劳务的市场价值加总起来核算GDP的方法是（）。
A. 支出法B. 收入法C. 生产法D. 增加价值法7、在统计中，社会保险税增加对（）有影响？A. GDPB. NDPC. NID. PI三、简答题1、指出下列各项中，哪些是中间产品，哪些是最终产品？①小王购买一本杂志②某电脑公司购买一批英特尔公司生产的芯片③某政府机构购买一批红旗轿车④旅游时付给入住酒店的房租⑤律师支付租用办公室的房租⑥家庭支付的水电费⑦美国公司向中国购买的农产品2、GDP的统计口径是否忽视了对中间产品生产的核算？3、在证券市场购买股票和债券属于经济学意义上的投资活动吗？4、为什么政府转移支付不能计入GDP?5、为什么间接税应该计入GDP?6、GDP指标有哪些缺陷或不足？7、为什么要区分名义国内生产总值和实际国内生产总值？8、国内生产总值与国民生产总值关系如何？四、计算题1、若某国GDP为8800单位，总投资为1150单位，净投资为292单位，消费为5800单位，政府购买的产品和劳务价值为1500单位，间接税为620单位，政府财政盈余为44单位，求该国NDP、净出口、个人可支配收入、个人储蓄各为多少。
《宏观经济学教程》习题答案
《宏观经济学教程》教材习题参考答案第一章总产出二、分析与思考1，在总产值中包含着中间产品的价值，如果以各部门的产值总和来合算总产出，则会出现重复计算。
2，因为这只是证券资产的交易，在这种交易中获得的利润或蒙受的损失与本期生产无关。
3，可能会，因为销售的产品可能是上年生产的产品。
GDP与GNP应该以后者，即本年生产的最终产品为口径。
因为它是用来衡量国家当年总产出水平的量的。
4，不是，因为个人可支配收入是GNP或GDP中减去折旧、间接税、公司利润、社会保障支付、个人所得税，再加上转移支付得到的。
5，购买住宅属于投资行为，因为西方国家的消费者购买或建造住宅一般都是使用银行贷款，而且住宅也像企业的固定资产一样，是一次购买、长期使用、逐步消耗的。
6，一般中间产品在当期生产中全部被消耗掉，其价值完全包含在产品的销售价格中。
而，固定资产在生产过程中则是被逐步消耗的，计入当期产品生产成本的仅仅是固定资产中部分被消耗掉的价值，即折旧。
7，不是。
因为总支出包括消费，投资，政府购买和净出口，并不只是在消费最终产品上。
8，不是。
总产出包括的是净出口，对外贸易规模大，如果进口大于出口，则总产出规模不会因对外贸易规模大而变大。
9，可以。
因为名义GDP与实际GDP的比率是消费价格平减指数，平减指数可以衡量物价水平变化，所以可用来衡量通货膨胀率。
10，不一定。
因为购买力平价在计算时有样本选择的典型性与权重确定上的困难，不能很好地反映两国货币实际比率。
三、计算题1，解：Y = C + I + G + NXGNP=8000+5000+2500+2000-1500=16000NNP= GNP-折旧NNP=16000-500=15500NI= NNP-间接税NI=15500-2000=13500PI=NI-公司未分配利润-公司所得税和社会保险税 + 政府转移支付PI=13500+500=14000DPI=PI-个人所得税DPI=14000-（3000-2000）=13000第二章 消费、储蓄与投资二、分析与思考1，不包括公共产品的消费。
宏观经济参考提及答案
1宏观经济学包括这样的内容A、总产出是如何决定的B、什么决定就业和失业总量C、什么决定一个国家的发展速度D、以上各项均包括正确答案：D2存量与流量是宏观经济学中一对重要的概念,以下变量中哪一个属于存量?A、一位教师的月收入B、一个家庭的财富C、一家企业的年所得税D、一个国家对其它国家的债务支付正确答案：B3下列说法正确的是A、GDP的核算同时包括最终产品价值与中间产品价值B、用支出法核算GDP的项目包括消费、固定资产投资、存货投资、政府购买以及净出口C、国内生产总值的核算考虑到了环境污染和个人福利D、以上说法都正确正确答案：B44.一国的国民生产总值小于国内生产总值,说明该国公民从外国取得的收入( )外国公民从该国取得的收入。
A、大于B、小于C、等于D、可能大于也可能小于正确答案：B5当日本汽车制造商丰田扩建其在美国的一个汽车厂时,这个事件对美国的GDP和GNP会有什么影响?A、GDP增加,而GNP减少B、GNP增加,而GDP减少C、GDP的增加大于GNP的增加D、GNP的增加大于GDP的增加正确答案：C6如果人们不是消费其所有收入,而是将未消费部分存入银行或购买证券,这在国民收入的生产中是A、储蓄而不是投资B、投资而不是储蓄C、既非储蓄又非投资D、是储蓄,但购买证券部分是投资正确答案：A77.下列项目中,( )不属于政府购买。
A、地方政府办三所中学B、政府给低收入者提供一笔住房补贴C、政府订购一批军火D、政府给公务人员增加薪水正确答案：B88.下列项目中,( )不是要素收入。
A、总统薪水B、股息C、公司对灾区的捐款D、银行存款取得的利息正确答案：C9如果枪支生产商提高了他们卖给军队的步枪的价格,则步枪的价格上升会A、提高CPI和GDP平减指数B、CPI和GDP平减指数都不提高C、CPI上升,但GDP平减指数不上升D、GDP平减指数上升,但CPI不上升正确答案：D10下列关于自然失业率的说法哪一个是正确的?自然失业率是历史上最低限度水平的失业率B、自然失业率与一国的经济效率之间关系密切C、自然失业率恒定不变D、自然失业率包含摩擦性失业正确答案：D1假定某居民户每年的可支配收入为2万元,如果该居民户的消费支出为1.7万元,那么A、边际消费倾向为0.70B、边际消费倾向为0.85C、平均消费倾向为0.75D、平均储蓄倾向为0.15正确答案：D2以下四种情况中,投资乘数最大的是A、边际消费倾向为0.6B、边际储蓄倾向为0.1C、边际消费倾向为0.8D、边际储蓄倾向为0.3正确答案：B3如果投资支出I突然下降,那么凯恩斯模型预期A、GDP将开始持续下降,但最终下降将小于投资I的下降GDP将迅速下降,其量大于投资I的下降C、GDP将迅速下降,其量小于投资I的下降量,但将没有进一步下降趋势D、GDP将开始持续下降,直至下降量大大超过投资I的下降量正确答案：D4在一个不存在政府和对外经济往来的经济中,若现期GDP水平为5000亿元,消费者希望从中支出3900亿元于消费,计划投资支出总额为1200亿元,这些数字表明A、GDP不处于均衡水平,将下降B、GDP不处于均衡水平,将上升C、GDP处于均衡水平D、以上三种情况都可能正确答案：B5三部门经济中,政府征收所得税将造成按绝对值计算的A、政府支出乘数与税收乘数都增大B、政府支出乘数变小税收乘数增大C、政府支出乘数增大税收乘数变小D、政府支出乘数与税收乘数都变小正确答案：D6下列哪项经济政策将导致收入水平增长更大些?A、政府增加购买50亿元的商品和劳务B、政府增加购买50亿元,同时增加税收50亿元C、税收减少50亿元D、政府支出增加50亿元,其中30亿元由增加的税收支付正确答案：A7以下哪一个是自动稳定器的例子?当经济陷入衰退时,( )。
宏观经济学参考答案
宏观经济学参考答案第一章一、名词解释1、以整个国民经济为研究对象，通过研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变化，来说明资源如何才能得到充分利用。
2、一个经济体在一定时期（通常是指一年）内所生产的最终产品的市场价值之总和。
3、一年内在本国领土上所生产的最终铲平市场价值之总和。
4、一个国家一年内用于生产的各种生产要素，所得到的全部收入，及工资、利息、地租和利润的总和。
5、名义国民生产总值与实际国民生产总值之比。
即：国民生产总值折算数=×100%=×100%二、填空1、国民生产总值2、在以后的生产阶段中作为投入的产品，最后供人民使用的产品3、支出法，收入法，部门法4、国民生产总值，国民生产净值，国民收入，个人收入，个人可支配收入5、个人所得税6、消费，储蓄三、单选1-5 B C B D B 6-7 C B四、多选ABD ABE ABCE ABDE ABCE五、判断1、×国民收入（国民生产总值）2、×和中间产品3、×钢铁厂炼钢用的煤4、×在生产中作为工作服5、×应（不应）6、√7、×个人消费支出（国内私人总投资）六、简答题3、在国民经济中，总需求代表着社会对最终产品的总支出，总供给代表着社会提供的最终产品的总产量或社会总收入。
他们分别由支出法和收入法计算，而用这两种方法计算的结果（GNP）是一致的，因而在国民经济中存在着这样一个恒等关系，即：AD≡AS第二章一、名词解释1.、又称充分就业的国民收入，是指经济中实现了充分就业时所能达到的国民收入水平。
2、是指总需求与总供给达到平衡是的国民收入3、是消费与收入之间的依存关系，即:C=y)4、是指增长的消费在增加收入中所占的比例，即：MPC=5、是指自发总和需求的增加所引起的国民收入增加的倍数6、是描述物品市场达到的均衡，即I=S时，国民收入与利息率之间存在着反向变动关系的曲线7、是描述货币市场达到均衡，即L=M时，国民收入与利率存在着通向变动关系的曲线8、流动偏好及货币需求，当利率降得很低时，货币的投机需求就如同一个陷阱或“黑洞”，将大量的货币吸引人们的手头上二、填空题1、潜在国民收入不变，不考虑总供给因素，价格水平不变2、投资水平不变，利率水平不变3、消费，投资，政府购买支出，净出口4、总需求5、自发消费，引致消费6、自发总需求7、增加，减少8、增加，减少9、越大，越小10、没有得到充分利用11、物品市场，货币市场，均衡国民收入水平，均衡利率水平12、反向，减少，减少，减少13、向右上方平行，左下方平行14、同向15、交易，预防，投机16、同向，反向17、右下，左上18、右上，增加，上升，右下、增加，下降19、右下方，反向20、减少，上升，减少，减少，减少21、右上，左下22、凯恩斯总供给，短期总供给，长期总供给23、增加，不变，增加，上升，不变，上升24、增加，下降25、总供给，总需求三、单选1-5、 C C E C A6-10、B C C C A11-15、B B C C BE16-20、A D C A C四、多选AC BCE ACE CD BD BCE ABD五、判断1、×一定（一般不）2、√3、×自发（引致）4、√5、√6、×任何情况（资源为得到充分利用）7、√8、√9、√10、×物品（货币）11、√12、√13、×平等（平行）14、√15、×国民收入（国民收入不变）16、√17、√18、√六、简答题5、在IS-LM模型中，货币供给量是指实际货币供给量，取决于名义货币供给量与价格水平，即M=，亦即实际货币供给量与价格之间成反比关系，当货币需求不变的情况下，价格上升会使实际货币供给量减少，实际货币供给量减少会使利率上升，利率上升会使投资减少，近而使总需求减少，国民收入水平下降，反之亦然，因此，价格与国民收入（总需求）成反向变动关系。
宏观经济学习题及答案 (6)
Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2Multiple Choice Questions1.In an economy open to international trade where the interest rate at which saving and investment would beequal is ________ the world real interest rate ________.a.above; a trade deficit resultsb.above; there is a net capital inflowc.below; there is a net capital outflowd.All of the above.e.None of the above.2.If the world real interest rate were to fall below the rate at which domestic saving and investment would beequal, then:a.Saving would be greater than investment so the economy would be running a trade deficit.b.Investment would be greater than saving so the economy would be running a trade deficit.c.Investment would be greater than saving so the economy would be running a trade surplus.d.Saving would be greater than investment so the economy would be running a trade surplus.e.None of the above.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 23.Based on the Saving-Investment Diagram above, if the world real interest rate is indicated by C, then:a.The domestic real interest rate is indicated by B.b.The difference between values H and F measures the trade deficit.c.The difference between values H and D measures the trade deficit.d.The difference between values H and D measures the net capital outflow.e.None of the above.4.Based on the Saving-Investment Diagram above, if the difference between values G and E measures the netcapital outflow, then:a.The domestic real interest rate is indicated by A.b.The difference between values F and E measures the trade deficit.c.The difference between values H and E measures the trade deficit.d.The difference between values F and D measures the trade surplus.e.None of the above.5.If there is a decline in world autonomous consumption, then:a.Domestic investment would decline.b.The domestic real interest rate would fall. exports in the domestic economy would increase.d.All of the above.e.None of the above.6.Which of the following would cause domestic investment to increase?a.An increase in world taxes.b.An increase in world autonomous consumption.c.An increase in government spending throughout the world.d.All of the above.e.None of the above.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 27.If there is an increase in world taxes, then:a.Domestic investment would decline.b.The domestic interest rate would decrease. exports in the domestic economy would increase.d.All of the above.e.None of the above.8. A small open economy would typically enjoy a higher trade balance if, in the domestic economy,:a.Taxes decrease.ernment spending decreases.c.Autonomous consumption expenditures increase.d.All of the above.e.None of the above.9.Which of the following is true of a small open economy but not of a large open economy? exports are unlikely to be close to zero.b.The domestic real interest rate is equal to the world real interest rate.c.Changes in desired investment result in changes in the trade balance.d.Changes in desired investment result in changes in actual investment.e.None of the above.10.In a large open economy:a.The effect of shifts in saving and investment on the trade balance is in the same direction as in a closedeconomy.b.The effect of shifts in saving and investment on net capital flows is in the same direction as in a closedeconomy.c.The effect of shifts in saving and investment on the domestic real interest rate and the actuallevels of saving and investment is in the same direction as in a closed economy.d.All of the above.e.None of the above.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2Discussion Questions1.Distinguish between a closed and an open economy. How do the conditions required for goods marketequilibrium differ in the two types of economies?A closed economy has no interactions with other economies. Therefore, its net exports and net capitaloutflow both equal zero.An open economy does engage in international trade and is open to outflows and inflows of capital across its borders.In a closed economy, goods market equilibrium requires that desired saving equal desired investment (S = I).An open economy can be in equilibrium even when desired amounts of saving and investment are not equal, provided that the difference between them equals net exports (NX = S -I equals net capital inflow if S < I and NX < 0, or outflow if S > I and NX > 0).2.What determines the world real interest rate? Why must the domestic real interest rate be the same as theworld real interest rate?The world real interest rate is the rate that equates actual world saving and actual world investment and thus achieves goods market equilibrium for the world as a whole.If an individual country’s equilibrium real interest rate (r) is not the same as the world real interest rate (r w), perfect capital mobility will force the domestic rate to the level of the world rate.a.If the domestic real interest rate were above the world rate, domestic borrowers wouldborrow only from abroad at the lower world rate.b.If the domestic real interest rate were below the world rate domestic savers would lendonly to foreigners at the higher world rate.c.Because all lending and borrowing would occur at the world real interest rate, thedomestic real interest rate cannot deviate from the world rate.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 23.What determines whether a small open economy will have a trade surplus or a trade deficit?The small open economy will have a trade surplus if the world real interest rate is above r E, the real interest rate at which the small open economy’s saving and investment would be the same. (r E would be the equilibrium real interest rate if the economy were closed.)At the higher world real interest rate the economy’s actual saving exceeds its actual investment; it has positive net exports—a trade surplus—and excess saving that can be lent to foreigners (net capital outflow).However, if the world real interest rate is below r E, then the economy will have negative net exports and a trade deficit. Because its actual saving falls short of its actual investment, it will borrow from the rest of the world at the world real interest rate and thus will experience net capital inflow.4.What is the effect of an increase in domestic saving or domestic investment on the trade balance and netcapital outflows?An increase in domestic saving shifts the saving curve to the right; as a result, the trade balance and net capital outflow both increase.An increase in domestic investment shifts the investment curve to the right, causing both the trade balance and net capital outflow to decrease.5.How are the effects of changes in domestic saving and investment for large open economies similar tothose for small open economies and closed economies?A large open economy has characteristics of both closed and small open economies. It responds like asmall open economy in the way that given changes in domestic saving and investment affect the trade balance and net capital flows. It responds the way a closed economy does regarding the effect those same changes in domestic saving and investment have on the domestic real interest rate and actual levels of saving and investment.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 26.Discuss the effects of an increase in the government’s budget surplus (or a decrease in the government’sbudget deficit) on the real interest rate, actual saving, actual investment, and net exports for a (1) small open economy and a (2) large open economy?(1)In a small open economy, an increase in government surplus increases desired saving at everyreal interest rate. The saving curve shifts to the right, increasing net exports. The world realinterest rate, however, does not change, as this economy is considered to be “small” with respectto the world economy.(2)For a large open economy, an increase in government surplus increases desired saving at everyreal interest rate. The saving curve shifts to the right, increasing net exports. The domestic realinterest rate decreases, since the large open economy can affect the world real interest rate.7.Considering the world as two large open economies, a domestic economy and the rest of the world, whatcondition is required for goods market equilibrium? How is this condition achieved?Goods market equilibrium requires that world saving equal world investment, which means that a trade surplus (or deficit) in the domestic economy must equal the trade deficit (or surplus) in the rest of the world, so that net capital outflows from one economy match net capital inflows to the other economy.This is brought about by adjustments in the world real interest rate. If the trade surplus in the domestic economy is greater than the trade deficit in the rest of the world, the world real interest rate will fall until the two magnitudes match. If the domestic economy’s trade surplus is smaller than the rest of the world’s trade deficit, the world real interest rate will rise until equilibrium is attained.8.Considering the world as two large open economies, a domestic economy and the rest of the world, howwill a decline in domestic investment affect the trade surplus and net capital outflows in the domestic economy, the trade deficit and net capital outflows in the rest of the world, investment in both economies, and the world real interest rate?A decrease in domestic investment raises the domestic economy’s trade surplus and capital outflows,and raises the trade deficit and capital inflows in the rest of the world. The world real interest rate decreases and investment in the rest of the world rises.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 29.Considering the world as two large open economies, a domestic economy and the rest of the world, what isthe effect of a decline in domestic saving on the trade surplus, domestic investment, and interest rates in both the domestic and rest of the world economies?A fall in domestic saving decreases the domestic economy’s trade surplus and its net capital outflowto the rest of the world. The trade deficit and capital inflows to the rest of the world decline and the world real interest rate rises, which causes investment to decline in both the domestic economy and the rest of the world.10.Investment in the U.S. declined sharply as a result of the global financial crisis. Assuming the U.S. is alarge open economy, explain how a decrease in investment would affect the world real interest rate and the U.S. trade balance.A decrease in autonomous domestic investment shifts the investment curve to the left and increasesthe trade surplus at every given world interest rate. This will increase the amount of funds that U.S.residents want to lend to the rest of the world. As a result, the world interest rate declines.Analytical QuestionsThese questions should be answered based on the standard models of analysis developed in class.The information in the various parts of the question is sequential and cumulative.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 21.Desired Saving and Desired Investment in a Small Open Economy. Suppose that a small open economy ischaracterized by perfect capital mobility and persistent net foreign investment. For simplicity, assume that each and every shift of either the desired saving function or the desired investment function is of exactly the same magnitude.a.Based only on this information, use an open economy Desired Saving – Desired Investment Modeldiagram to clearly and accurately show the economy’s initial equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2)desired saving, (3) desired investment, and (4) net export balance. This diagram should be drawn inBLACK.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2b.Now suppose that the country experiences a significant technological breakthrough involving a majoradvance in robotics. However, households become very worried about the prospects of losing theirjobs to robots. Incorporating only this new information, clearly and accurately show in your diagramabove what effects, if any, this would have on the economy’s equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2)actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance. These effects should be drawn inRED.c.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagram above. Discuss what, ifanything, happens to the economy’s equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actualinvestment, and (4) net export balance. Be sure to explain why these effects take place and whatcauses them.Three different effects occur because of the significant technological breakthrough.First, the significant technological breakthrough is a positive supply shock that increasestotal factor productivity. This increases economic output and income for any given initiallevel of labor and capital. The increase in economic output and income causes an increase innational saving for any given real interest rate. This is represented by a rightward shift ofthe desired saving function from S D0 to S D1a.Second, the significant technological breakthrough causes a decrease in consumerconfidence. This causes a decline in autonomous consumption for any given initial incomelevel. The decrease in autonomous consumption causes an increase in national saving for anygiven real interest rate and income level. This is represented by a rightward shift of thedesired saving function from S D1a to S D1.Third, the significant technological breakthrough causes an increase in autonomousinvestment for any given real interest rate. This is represented by a rightward shift of thedesired investment function from I D0 to I D1.Because the country is a small open economy with perfect capital mobility, these changes do notaffect the equilibrium real world interest rate, i.e., r W1 = r W0.Although the real world interest rate did not change, actual saving increased for any given realinterest rate, increasing from S0 to S1. In addition, actual investment also increased for any givenreal interest rate, increasing from I0 to I1. Because the rightward shifts of the desired savingfunction was greater than the rightward shift of the desired investment function, the supply ofloanable funds increased (from S0 to S1) by more than the demand for loanable funds increased(from I0 to I1). Consequently, the net export balance (and net foreign investment, net foreignlending, or net capital outflows) increased from NX0 = S0 – I0 to NX1 = S1 – I1.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2In the new equilibrium:(1)The real world interest rate is unchanged, i.e., r W1 = r W0.(2)Actual saving increased from S0 to S1,(3)Actual investment increased from I0 to I1, and(4)The net export balance increased from NX0 to NX1.Econ 100B / UGBA 101B: Macroeconomic AnalysisPost Lecture #6 ExercisesSaving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2d.Subsequently, the European Union, a large, open economy, reduces taxes to stimulate economicgrowth. Incorporating only this new information, clearly and accurately show in your diagram abovewhat effects, if any, this would have on the economy’s equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2) actualsaving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance. These effects should be drawn in BLUE.e.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagram above. Discuss what, ifanything, happens to the economy’s equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actualinvestment, and (4) net export balance. Be sure to explain why these effects take place and whatcauses them.When the European Union, a large, open economy, reduces taxes to stimulate economic growth italso reduces the global supply of loanable funds at any given real interest rate. However, theglobal demand for loanable funds does not change at any given real interest rate. Consequently,at the initial real world interest rate r W1,there is now an excess demand for loanable funds. Inorder to re-establish equilibrium in the global market for loanable funds, the real world interestrate increases from r W1 (= r W0) to r W2.As the real world interest rate rises from r W1 to r W2, national saving increases along the desiredsaving function S D1 from S1 to S2 while domestic investment decreases along the desiredinvestment function I D1 from I1 to I2. Because actual saving increases and actual investmentdecreases, the net export balance and net foreign investment (and net capital outflows) increasefrom NX1 = S1 – I1 to NX2 = S2 – I2.In the new equilibrium:(1)The real world interest rate increased from r W1 to r W2,(2)Actual saving increased from S1 to S2,(3)Actual investment decreased from I1 to I2, and(4)The net export balance increased from NX1 to NX2.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2b.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagrams above“Large” open economies with perfect capital mobility are only in equilibrium at the world realinterest rate, r W0, where the magnitude of the net export surplus of one country (which isCountry A because it is undertaking net foreign lending) exactly matches the magnitude of thenet export deficit of the other country (which is Country B which must be undertaking netforeign borrowing). Thus, the equilibrium real world interest rate, r W0, is above the real interestthat equates saving and investment in Country A and is below the real interest rate that equatessaving and investment in Country B.At the equilibrium world real interest rate of r W0, Country A has actual saving of S0, actualinvestment of I0, and a net export surplus of NX0 = S0 – I0 > 0. The excess of actual saving overactual investment results in net foreign lending (or net capital outflows or net foreigninvestment).At the equilibrium world real interest rate of r W0, Country B has actual saving of S0, actualinvestment of I0, and a net export deficit of NX0 = S0 – I0 < 0. The excess of actual investmentover actual saving results in net foreign borrowing (or net capital inflows).Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2c.Now suppose that Country A experiences a deadly outbreak of avian flu that suddenly kills one-quarterof the labor force. The disease then completely disappears. Incorporating only this new information,clearly and accurately show in your diagrams above what effects, if any, this would have on eacheconomy’s (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance.These effects should be drawn in RED.d.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagrams above. Discuss whathappens to each economy’s (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) netexport balance. Be sure to explain why these changes take place and what causes them.The deadly outbreak of avian flu in Country A that suddenly kills one-quarter of the labor forcereduces Country A’s real income and reduces Country A’s desired saving at every real interestrate level. This is represented by a leftward shift of Country A’s desired saving function from S d0to S d1. This is also a decline in the global supply of loanable funds.At the initial equilibrium world real interest rate of r w0, the decline in Country A’s desiredsaving reduces the global supply of loanable funds so that, at r w0, there is now a global excessdemand for loanable funds. As a result of this excess demand, the equilibrium real world interestrate increases from r w0 to r w1.As the equilibrium real world interest rate increases from r w0 to r w1, there are effects in bothcountries.In Country A, actual saving increases endogenously along the new desired saving function S d1,but combined with the initial exogenous decline in desired saving from the decline in real income,actual saving declines from S0 to S1. In addition, actual investment declines endogenously from I0to I1 along the desired investment function I d0. Both actual saving and actual investment decline.However, because the decline in actual saving is larger, the net export balance decreasesendogenously from NX0 to NX1 (i.e., the net export surplus has become smaller). This is also adecline in net capital outflows, net foreign lending, or net foreign investment.In the Country B, actual saving increases endogenously from S0 to S1 along the desired savingfunction S d0 and actual investment declines endogenously from I0 to I1 along the desiredinvestment function I d0. Because actual saving increases while actual investment declines, the netexport balance increases endogenously from NX0 to NX1 (i.e., the net export deficit becomessmaller). This is also a decline in net capital inflows or net foreign borrowing.After these adjustments are complete in both countries, Country A’s net export surplus (which isnow smaller) is still equal in magnitude to the Country B’s net export deficit (which is now alsosmaller).Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2As a result of the decline in Country A’s labor force because of the deadly avian flu outbreak:(1)In both Country A and Country B, the real interest rate increases from r w0 to r w1,(2)In Country A, actual saving declines from S0 to S1. In Country B, actual saving increasesfrom S0 to S1,(3)In Country A, actual investment declines from I0 to I1. In Country B, actual investmentdeclines from I0 to I1, and(4)In Country A, the net export balance decreases from NX0 to NX1. In Country B, the netexport balance increases from NX0 to NX1.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2e.Subsequently, in Country B, a newly elected government promises that, in the future, both personalincome taxes will be reduced and more business friendly policies will be enacted. Incorporating onlythis new information, clearly and accurately show in your diagrams above what effects, if any, thiswould have on each economy’s (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4)net export balance. These effects should be drawn in BLUE.f.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagrams above. Discuss whathappens to each economy’s (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) netexport balance. Be sure to explain why these changes take place and what causes them.In Country B, the newly elected government’s promise to reduce personal income taxes in thefuture increases the expected future income of individuals and households. This increasesautonomous consumption at every real income level and reduces saving at every real interestrate level. This is represented by a leftward shift of the desired saving function in Country Bfrom S d0 to S d2. This is also a decrease in the global supply of loanable funds.Also in Country B, the newly elected government’s promise to enact more business friendlypolicies would increase business confidence (and/or maybe the expected future marginal productof capital). This leads to an increase in desired investment at every real interest rate level. This isrepresented by a rightward shift of the desired investment function in Country B from I d0 to I d1.This is also an increase in the global demand for loanable funds.At the equilibrium world real interest rate of r w1, the decline in the global supply of loanablefunds combined with the increase in the global demand for loanable funds creates a global excessdemand for loanable funds. As a result of this excess demand, the equilibrium real world interestrate increases from r w1 to r w2.As the equilibrium world real interest rate increases from r w1 to r w2, there are effects in bothcountries.In Country B, actual saving increases endogenously along the new desired saving function S d2but, combined with the initial exogenous decline in desired saving from the increase in expectedfuture income, actual saving declines from S1 to S2. In addition, actual investment declinesendogenously along the new desired investment function I d2 but, combined with the exogenousincrease in desired investment from the increase in business confidence (and/or the expectedfuture marginal product of capital), actual investment increases from I1 to I2. Because actualsaving declines while actual investment increases, the net export balance decreases endogenouslyfrom NX1 to NX2 (i.e., the current account deficit becomes larger). This is also an increase in netcapital inflows or net foreign borrowing.In Country A, actual saving increases endogenously from S1 to S2 along the desired savingfunction S d1 and actual investment declines endogenously from I1 to I2 along the desiredinvestment function I d0. Because actual saving increases while actual investment declines, the netexport balance increases endogenously from NX1 to NX2 (i.e., the net export surplus has becomelarger). This is also an increase in net capital outflows, net foreign lending, or net foreigninvestment.Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2After these adjustments in both countries are complete, Country A’s net export surplus (which isnow larger) is still equal in magnitude to Country B’s net export deficit (which is now alsolarger). Whether the net export balances are larger than, equal to, or smaller than they wereinitially depends on the magnitude of the shifts in the desired saving and desired investmentfunctions.As a result of the decline in Country B’s desired saving and the increase in Country B’s desiredinvestment:(1)In both Country A and Country B, the real interest rate increases from r w1 to r w2,(2)In Country A, actual saving increases from S1 to S2. In Country B, actual saving declinesfrom S1 to S2,(3)In Country A, actual investment declines from I1 to I2. In Country B, actual investmentincreases from I1 to I2, and(4)In Country A, the net export balance increases from NX1 to NX2. In Country B, the netexport balance decreases from NX1 to NX2.。