新目标大学英语综合教程3综合训练课后阅读翻译

Together with the National Libraries of Scotland and Wales, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the Cambridge University Library and Trinity College's library in Dublin, the British Library is now empowered to receive a copy of every . electronic publication. This is a logical enough extension in the digital age of its ancient right to receive and store all books, newspapers, magazines and other printed matter, but it is still a challenging task.The first full-scale Internet “crawl” was launched from the library’s West Yorkshire computer center shortly after the law took effect. Covering million . sites, it took three months to complete, with another two months required to process the 1 billion captured web pages. The expectation is that the library will collect in a single year about the same amount of material as its newspaper and periodicals archive has amassed over the course of three centuries (a costly program to digitize some 40 million of its 750 million printed pages is now underway).Chief Executive Rolv Keating points out that when the initial crawl began, the project represented a reassertion of what it means to be a library in the 21st century. Ten years ago, there was a very real danger of a black hole opening up and swallowing our digital heritage." Keating says. "Millions of web pages, e-publications and other nonprint items were falling through the cracks of a system devised primarily to capture ink and paper.'Professor Niels Brugger, the head of the Center for Internet Studies at Denmark’s Aarhus University, supports the British Library’s archiving project. “More and more of our societal, cultural and political actives now take place either on the web or are closely related to it” he says. “Since the mid-1990s, you simply couldn’t be a university, a company or a political party without having a website. If want to document our present or study our past on the web, get it into an archive before it disappears.”“Whenever I’m asked why web archiving matters,” he continues, “I think of theBob Dylan line from The Times They Are Changing — 'The present now will later be past. ‘Material is disappearing before our eyes at an unprecedented rate, and with it goes precious source material for the future historian who will be trying to shed light on the present. Capturing the past for posterity through web archiving matters just as much as preserving other aspects of our cultural heritage, whether it’s kitchen utensils, buildings, warships or collections of newspapers. Studies suggest that 40 percent of what's on it at any given moment is deleted a year later, while another 40 percent has been altered, leaving just 20 percent of the original content.”Almost every major national library in Europe now undertakes web arching. Though the scale and cost of such operations vary widely according to their individual remit. The British Libra ry’s project cost some $5 million to set up, the money coming entirely from its grant from the Department of Culture, Media and Sport.现在，大英图书馆与苏格兰和威尔士国家图书馆、牛津大学的博德利图书馆、剑桥大学图书馆和都柏林三一学院图书馆一起，有权接收英国所有电子出版物的副本。

在数字时代，这是一个合乎逻辑的延伸，因为它拥有接收和储存所有书籍、报纸、杂志和其他印刷品的古老权利，但这仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。

该法律生效后不久，图书馆西约克郡计算机中心启动了第一个全面的互联网“爬行”。

它覆盖了480万个英国网站，花了3个月的时间才完成，另外两个月需要处理10亿个被捕获的网页。

人们预计，该图书馆在一年内收集的资料量，将与它的报纸和期刊档案馆在过去三个世纪积累的资料量相当(一项耗资巨大的计划正在进行，将其亿页印刷资料中的4000万页数字化)。

图书馆首席执行官罗尔夫·基廷(Rolv Keating)指出，最初的爬行开始时，这个项目代表着对图书馆在21世纪意义的重申。

十年前，我们面临着一个非常现实的危险:一个黑洞正在打开，吞噬我们的数字遗产。

基廷说。

“数以百万计的网页、电子出版物和其他非印刷品从一个主要用于捕捉墨水和纸张的系统的缝隙中滑落。

”丹麦奥尔胡斯大学(Aarhus University)互联网研究中心(Center for Internet Studies)主任尼尔斯·布鲁格(Niels Brugger)教授支持大英图书馆的存档项目。

他表示:“我们越来越多的社会、文化和政治活动要么发生在网络上，要么与之密切相关。

”“自上世纪90年代中期以来，如果没有网站，你就不可能成为一所大学、一家公司或一个政党。

”如果你想在网上记录我们的现在或者研究我们的过去，在它消失之前把它归档。

“每当有人问我为什么网络档案很重要时，”他继续说，“我就会想起鲍勃•迪伦(Bob Dylan)在他们正在改变的时代说过的话——‘现在的现在以后会成为过去。

’”“材料正以前所未有的速度消失在我们的眼前，对于未来的历史学家来说，这些珍贵的原始材料也将随之消失，而未来的历史学家将试图揭示当下的真相。

”通过网络档案为我们的子孙后代捕捉过去，就像保护我们文化遗产的其他方面一样重要，无论是厨房用具、建筑、军舰还是报纸收藏。

研究表明，在任何一个特定的时刻，40%的内容会在一年后被删除，而另外40%的内容会被修改，只剩下20%的原始内容。

现在欧洲几乎每一个主要的国家图书馆都承担着网络拱架的工作。

尽管这些行动的规模和费用因其各自的职责而有很大差别。

大英图书馆的这个项目耗资约500万美元，资金全部来自文化、媒体和体育部的拨款。

If you're on Facebook, there's a roughly percent chance the social media giant used you for a psychology- experiment in early 2012, though you'd have had no way of knowing at the time and indeed would only be finding out about the experiment this week.That's what happened when researchers used nearly 700,000 Facebook users as guinea pigs for a study on “emotional contagion.” In brief, the study separated its users into two groups. One was subjected to a newsfeed of primarily positive posts; the other was flooded with emotionally negative items.The results "suggest that the emotions expressed by friends, via online social networks, influence our own moods, constituting, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence for massive-scale emotional contagion via social networks,'1 the researchers write in a paper now published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. In other words, the study confirmed what heavy Facebook users have long known to be true: what your friends post on Facebook can have a tangible impact on your own emotional state.Facebook hasn’t been able to manipulate the reactions of users who have learned about the study's existence: people are vexed. Over the weekend, observers blasted the experiment as scandalous and disturbing, and according to The Guardian, one British MP has gone so far as to call for a parliamentary investigation into how it was carried out.Adam Kramer, Facebook's data scientist and a coauthor of the study, took to his own Facebook page to offer a defense.“The goal of all of our research at Facebook is to learn how to provide a better service,” Kramer writes. “Having written and designed this experiment myself, I can tell you that our goal was never to upset anyone.” Still, he goes on to concede that those aims weren’t made pa rticularly clear and that the research conclusions “may not have justified all of this anxiety.” That’s probably an understatement. Most disturbing, though, is the fact that this sort of data manipulation is almost certainly within the bounds of Facebook’s Terms of Use. As The Verge points out, every Facebook user consents to their information being used for “internal operations, including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, research and service improvement.”But Facebook doesn’t need to round up anoth er half million study participants to confirm that virtually no one actually reads the Terms of Use.如果你在Facebook上，这家社交媒体巨头在2012年初利用你做心理实验的几率约为%，尽管当时你根本无从得知，实际上只是在本周才会知道这个实验。