Chapt. 11 Ellipsis
用于治疗炎性疾病、退行性疾病和神经退行性疾病的化合物、组合物
专利名称：用于治疗炎性疾病、退行性疾病和神经退行性疾病的化合物、组合物和方法
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：尼古拉斯·G·巴赞,尼科斯·A·佩塔西斯
申请号：CN201680016111.9
申请日：20160209
公开号：CN107428652A
公开日：
20171201
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本公开内容提供了用于预防和治疗炎性疾病或退行性疾病(包括神经退行性疾病)的化合物、药物组合物和方法。
本公开内容的实施方案提供了涉及极长链多不饱和脂肪酸的化合物、包含所提供的化合物的药物组合物以及使用所提供的化合物或药物组合物治疗具有状况或疾病的受试者的方法。
申请人：路易斯安娜州立大学监测委员会农业和机械学院,南加利福尼亚大学
地址：美国路易斯安那州
国籍：US
代理机构：北京安信方达知识产权代理有限公司
更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Boyle-Mariotte Gesetz Apparatur 3B SCIENTIFIC PHYS
3B SCIENTIFIC ®PHYSICS1Apparatur zum Boyle-Mariotte Gesetz U30046Bedienungsanleitung11/08 ALF1 Glasrohr2 Metallplatte3 Manometer4 Hahn mit Pumpenanschluss5 Öl-Vorratsbehälter6 Ersatzöl7 Grundplatte1. Sicherheitshinweise• Druck nicht über den Messbereich des Manometers erhöhen.2. Beschreibung Die Apparatur zum Boyle-Mariotte Gesetz dient zurexperimentellen Bestimmung der Abhängigkeit vonGasvolumen (Luft) und Druck bei konstanter Temperatur (Gesetz von Boyle-Mariotte).Das Gesetz von Boyle-Mariotte besagt, dass bei einergegebenen Gasmenge bei gleichbleibender Temperatur das P rodukt aus dem Volumen V unddem Druck p konstant ist:k V P =⋅ ⇒ Vk p 1⋅= Die Apparatur besteht aus einem mit Luft gefüllten, extra starken Glasrohr mit Graduierung montiert aufeiner weißen Metallplatte. Aus Sicherheitsgründen istdas Glasrohr von einer zusätzlichenP lastikabschirmung umgeben. Das Glasrohr ist verbunden mit einem Öl-Vorratsbehälter, auf den ein Manometer aufgesetzt ist. Über eine Handpumpe wirdrotes Öl aus dem Vorratsbehälter in das Glasrohrgepumpt und so die eingeschlossene Luft komprimiert. Das Volumen der eingeschlossenen Luft ist leicht an einer Skala am Glasrohr ablesbar,während der Druck am Manometer in P a x 105 angezeigt wird (Normaldruck = 1,01325 x 105 Pa).Das Manometer ist mit einer durchsichtigen Rückseiteausgestattet, so dass seine Funktionsweise beobachtet werden kann.3B Scientific GmbH • Rudorffweg 8 • 21031 Hamburg • Deutschland • Technische Änderungen vorbehalten © Copyright 2008 3B Scientific GmbH3. Technische DatenPumpenanschluss: 10 mm Ø Max. Druck: 3,4 x 105 PaAbmessungen: ca. 350 x 200 x 760 mm³4. Zusätzlich erforderliche Geräte1 Hand Vakuumpumpe U205005. Bedienung5.1 Aufbau• Glasrohr vorsichtig in die Klemmen auf derMetallplatte einschieben und auf der Grundplatte aufbauen.• Hahn öffnen und Öl-Vorratsbehälter so weitauffüllen, dass bei normalem Luftdruck das Öl den unteren Bereich der Skala erreicht. Dabei darauf achten, dass nicht zuviel Öl eingefüllt wird, da es sonst durch den P umpenanschluss in die Pumpe gelangen kann.• Manometer vorsichtig aufschrauben. • Handpumpe anschließen.5.2 Durchführung• Anfangsvolumen der Luft und angezeigten Druckin einer Tabelle notieren (siehe Tabelle 1).• Mittels der Pumpe Druck etwas erhöhen, dann ca.1 Minute warten, bis die Apparatur wieder Raum- temperatur erreicht hat.• Druck und Volumen in die Tabelle eintragen.• Schritte wiederholen, bis genügend Messwertevorhanden sind.• Druck in Abhängigkeit des Volumens und inAbhängigkeit von 1/V graphisch darstellen (siehe Fig. 1 und 2).Volumen der LuftV , (ml)Druck p(Pa x 105)1/V (ml -1)Tab. 1 MesswerteFig. 1 Druck in Abhängigkeit des VolumensFig. 2 Druck in Abhängigkeit von 1/V。
POLLENFLORAOFPAKISTAN–XXXIXPLUMBAGINACEAE
Pak. J. Bot., 36(2): 221-227, 2004.POLLEN FLORA OF PAKISTAN – XXXIX. PLUMBAGINACEAEANJUM PERVEEN AND M. QAISERDepartment of Botany,University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.AbstractPollen morphology of 10 species representing 4 genera of the family Plumbaginaceae from Pakistan have been examined by light and scanning electron microscope. Plumbaginaceae is a eurypalynous family. Pollen grains are generally free, radially symmetrical, isopolar, colpate. Shape of pollen grains are sub-oblate to oblate-spheroidal. Sexine thicker or as thick as nexine. Tectum reticulate or bacculate.The pollen morphology of the family Plumbaginaceae is significantly helpful at specific level. On the basis of exine ornamentation, 2 distinct pollen types viz., Plumbago zeylanica - type and Limonium stocksii- type are recognized.IntroductionPlumbaginaceae is a small family of 22 genera and 440 species, distributed throughout the world, mostly in dry areas with saline soils, such as salt flats and sea coasts, especially in the Mediterranean and western Asia (Mabberley, 1987). Takhtanjan (1969) placed the family Plumbaginaceae under the separate monotypic order Plumbaginales. Cronquist (1981) however, referred the family Plumbaginaceae in the order Centrospermae. Dahlgren (1989) recognized two distinct families viz., Plumbaginaceae (s.str.) and Limoniaceae. In Pakistan it is represented by 4 genera and 13 species (Bokhari, 1972). The Plumbaginaceae are a small group of caryophyllid flowering plants, closely related to the Polygonaceae. It is non-betalains family of caryophyllids. In the family Plumbaginaceae mostly herbs and small shrubby plants are found. Many species have clustered leaves at the base of the plant. Erdtman (1952) examined pollen morphology of the family Plumbaginaceae. The pollen morphology and the relationship of the Plumbaginaceae, Polygonaceae and Primulaceae to the order Centrospermae has been examined by Nowicke & Skvarla (1977). Turner & Blackmore (1984) studied the palynology of some North West European species of the family Plumbaginaceae. Pollen morphology of family Plumbaginaceae has also been examined by Chanda (1963), Praglowski & Erdtman (1969), Roa & Shukla (1975), Nowicke & Skvarla (1979), Moore & Webb (1978). There are no reports on the pollen morphology of the family Plumbaginaceae from Pakistan. Present study is based on pollen morphology of the 10 species of family the Plumbaginaceae by light and scanning Electron microscope.Materials and MethodsPollen samples were obtained from Karachi University Herbarium (KUH) or collected from the field. The list of voucher specimens are deposited in KUH. The pollen grains were prepared for light (LM) and scanning microscopy (SEM) by the standard methods described by Erdtman (1952). For light microscopy, the pollen grains wereANJUM PERVEEN & M. QAISER 222mounted in unstained glycerin jelly and observations were made with a Nikon Type-2 microscope, under (E40, 0.65) and oil immersion (E100, 1.25), using 10x eye piece. For SEM studies, pollen grains suspended in a drop of water was directly transferred with a fine pipette to a metallic stub using double sided cellotape and coated with gold in a sputtering chamber (Ionsputter JFC-1100). Coating was restricted to 150A. The S.E.M examination was carried out on a Jeol microscope JSM-T200. The measurements are based on 15-20 readings from each specimen. Polar length, equatorial diameter, pore diameter and exine thickness are given in Table 1.The terminology used is in accordance with Erdtman (1952); Faegri & Iversen (1964); Kremp (1965) and Walker & Doyle (1976).ObservationsGeneral pollen characters of the family PlumbaginaceaePollen grains usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, sub-oblate to oblate-spheroidal, tricolpate. Sexine thicker or as thick as nexine. Tectum generally reticulate rarely bacculate.Key to the pollen types1. + Tectum bacculate ………….…………………….… Plumbago zeylanica -type- Tectum reticulate ……..…….…………………….…. Limonium stocksii- typePlumbago zeylanica–typePollen class: Tricolpate.P/E ratio: Sub-transverse to semi- transverseShape: Oblate-spheroidal to sub-oblateAperture: Small to long elliptic, acute ends.Exine: Sexine thicker than nexine.Ornamentation: Tectum bacculate.Outline: More or less circular.Measurements: Polar axis (P) 16 (31.7 ± 1.0) 47.5 μm long, Equatorial diameter (E)19 (47.0 ± 1.25) 75 µm, colpi 5 (23.7 ± 0.31) 42.5 µm long. Sexine thicker than nexine. Exine 1- (3.3) 5 μm thick.Species included: Plumbago capensis Thumb., Plumbago zeylanica. L.Key to the species1. + Polar length of pollen grains 16-24 μm …………………... Plumbago capensis- Polar length of pollen grains c.75-24 μm ……….……..… Plumbago zeylanicaLimonium stocksii–type(Fig. 1 A-F, & Fig. 2 A-E).Pollen class: Tricolpate.P/E ratio: Sub-transverse rarely semi- transverse.Shape: Oblate-spheroidal rarely sub-oblate.Aperture: Small to long elliptic, acute ends.POLLEN FLORA OF PAKISTAN – XXXIX. PLUMBAGINACEAE 223ANJUM PERVEEN & M. QAISER 224Fig. 1. Scanning micrographs: Acantholimon. longiflorum A , Pollen grain. B, A. lycopodioides: Exine pattern. A. munroanum: C, Polar view, D, exine pattern. Limonium cabulicum: D, Exine pattern; F, Polar view.Scale bar = A, C, E & F = 10; B & D= 1 µm.POLLEN FLORA OF PAKISTAN – XXXIX. PLUMBAGINACEAE 225 Fig. 2. Scanning micrographs: Limonium macrorhabdon: A, Equatorial view; B, Exine pattern. Psylliostachys beludshistanica n: C, polar view, D, Equatorial view, E, exine pattern.Scale bar = A, C & D = 10; B, E= 1 µm.ANJUM PERVEEN & M. QAISER 226Exine: Sexine thicker than nexine or as thick as nexine.Ornamentation: Tectum fine-coarsely reticulateOutline: More or less circular.Measurements: Polar axis (P) 27.5 (47.5 ± 1.1) 67.5 um long, Equatorial diameter (E) 31.5 (49.2.1 ± 2.5) 67 µm, colpi 15 (24.75 ± 0.4) 45 µm long. Sexine thicker than nexine or as thick as nexine. Exine 3.1- (6.5) 10 μm thick.Species included: Acantholimon lycopodioides (Girard) Boiss, A. longiflorum Boiss., A. munroanum Aitch. et. Hemsl., Limonium cabulicun (Boiss) O. kuntze, L. gilessi (Hemsl.) Rech. f. & Koeie, L. macrorhabdon, (Boiss.) O. Kuntze L. stocksii (Boiss.) O. Kuntze, Psylliostachys beludshistanican Roshk.Key to the species and species group1. + Polar length of pollen grains 27-32 μm …...…. Psylliostachys beludshistanica- Polar length of pollen grains more than 32 μm (2)2. + Tectum medium reticulate ………………..…………………………...group–1(Acantholimon lycopodioides, A. munroanum) - Tectum coarsely reticulate ……….………………………………...… group−2 (Acantholimon longiflorum,Limonium cabulicun,L. gilessi, L. macrorhabdon,L. stocksii)DiscussionPlumbaginaceae is europalynous family (Erdtman, 1952). Pollen data is based on 4 genera viz., Acantholimon Boiss., Limonium Miller, Plumbago L., and Psylliostachys (Jaub. et Spach) Nevski., distributed in 10 species. Pollen grains generally isopolar tricolpate with reticulate tectm. However, most striking variation is found in the tectum types and on the basis of tectal surface family can easily be divided into 2 distinct pollen types viz., Plumbago zeylanica-type and Limonium stocksii-type. Two types of pollen in Plumbaginaceae i.e., verrucate Plumbago type and the reticulate Armeria type have been reported by Faegri & Iversen (1964): Nowicke & Skvarla (1979) and Turner & Blackmore (1984).Pollen type: Plumbago zeylanica is easily distinguished by its bacculate tectum. Two species are included in this type, these species are easily distinguished on the basis of polar length (see key to the species). Pollen type: Limonium stocksii is delimited by its reticulate tectum. In this type 3 genera included are: Acantholimon Boiss., Limonium Miller and Psylliostachys (Jaub. et Spach) Nevski. However, the genus Psylliostachys (Jaub. et Spach) Nevski., is readily distinguished by its polar length (27-32 μm), while the remaining genera have more than 32 μm in polar length. The species of this pollen type are further divided into two groups on the basis of tectum. In A. longiflorum (Boiss.) O. Kuntze. tectum is medium reticulate. Limonium cabulicum (Boiss.) O. Kuntz., L. macrohabdon Boiss O. Kuntz., and L. gilesii (Hemsl.) Rech. & Koeie have coarsely reticulate tectum. Palynological data clearly favors the separation of the family Plumbaginaceae (s.l.) into two distinct families viz., Plumbaginaceae (s.str.) and Limoniaceae as done by Dahlgren (1989).POLLEN FLORA OF PAKISTAN – XXXIX. PLUMBAGINACEAE 227 AcknowledgementWe are thankful to the National Scientific Research Development Board (NSRDB), University Grants Commission, Pakistan, for providing financial support. We are also grateful to the Director of Biological Research Centre, University of Karachi for providing facilities of scanning electron microscope.ReferencesBokhari, M.H. 1972. Plumbaginaceae.In: (eds.). Flora of Pakistan E. Nasir, E. & S.I. Ali, S.I. 28: 8-11.Chanda, S. 1963. On the pollen morphology of some Scandinavian Caryophyllaceae. Grana Palynol, 3: 67-89.Cronquist, A. 1981. Cronquist system for arrangement of angiosperm. In: The plant – Book. (Ed.):D.J. Mabberley. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. New York new Rochella,Melbourne, Sydney.Dahlgren, G. 1989. The last Dahlgrenogram. System of classification of dicotyledons. In: Kit.-Tan.(Eds.) The Davis and Hedge Fetschrift. Edinburgh Univ., Pres.Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperms. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Massachusettes.Faegri, K. and J. Iversen. 1964. Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.Kremp, G.O.W. 1965. Encyclopaedia of Pollen Morphology, Univ. Arizona Press, Tuscon, U.S.A. Mabberley, D.I. 1987. The Plant Book. Camb. Univ. Press, Cambridge, New York.Nowicke, J.W. and J.J. Skvarla. 1977. Pollen morphology and the relationship of the Plumbaginaceae, Polygonaceae and Primulaceae to the order Centrospermae. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot., 37:1-64.Nowicke, J.W. and J.J. Skvarla. 1979. Pollen morphology: The potential influence in higher order systematic. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 66: 633-699.Praglowski, J. and G. Erdtman. 1969. On the morphology of the pollen grains in Armeria sibirica in specimens from between longitude 30 o W and 60 o E. Grana Palynologica,9: 72-91. Rao, A.R. and P. Shukla. 1975. Pollen flora of upper Gangetic plain. – Today & Tomorrow ‘s printers &publishers, New Delhi, 30 p.Solomon, A.M., J.E. King, P.S. Martin and J. Thomas. 1973. Further scanning electron photomicrographs of Southeastern pollen grains. Arizona. Acad. Sci., 135-157.Takhtajan, A.1996. Flowering plants origin and dispersal) Oliver & Boyd: Edinburgh.Turner, S and S. Blackmore. 1984. In: The Northwest European Pollen Flora IV. (Eds.): W. Punt, & G.C.S. Clarke. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, Pp. 133-154.Walker, J.W. and J.A. Doyle. 1976. The basis of Angiosperm phylogeny: Palynology. Ann. Mo.Bot. Gard., 62: 666-723.Willis, J.C. 1973. A Dictionary of the flowering Plants & Ferns. VII ed. University press, Cambridge.(Received for publication 15 June 2003)。
Chapt原生动物门Protozoa讲课文档
卡 氏 肺
卡 氏 肺
孢
孢
子
子
虫
虫
包
包
囊
囊
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肺
液
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涂 片
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第8页，共61页。
使用病原学诊断技术对患着支气管分泌物作涂片的镜检显示了卡氏肺孢子
虫的包囊 （甲笨胺蓝染色 ）
第9页，共61页。
痢疾内阿米巴
（Entamoeba histolytica）
溶组织内阿米巴组织型滋养体（苏木素染色） P: Pseudopodium 伪足 Rbc: Red blood cell 红细胞
有3种营养类型： （1） 全植营养（Autotrophic）：
有色素鞭毛虫的营养方式。其体内具叶 绿体，能进行光合作用。
第26页，共61页。
（2）Heterotrophic(全动营养，异养型)：吞食其他生物或有机碎片为食。在体内
形成食物泡。
通过胞口（草履虫）。
第27页，共61页。
借伪足把食物包裹到身体里面去（变形虫）；
（Cardiovascular system 心血管系统)
(6) Respiratory system 呼吸系统
(7) Nervous system 神经系统
(8) Endocrine system 内分泌系统 (9) Excretory System 排泄系统
（Urinary system泌尿系统）
第11页，共61页。
昏睡病只发生在南撒哈拉非洲，发生 在具有可能传播该病的采采蝇的地区 。出于很多目前尚不能解释的原因， 有很多地区即便存在着比亚锥虫（） 发生在西部和中部非 洲。这一类型占所报 告昏睡病病例的90%以
小学上册第十四次英语第3单元真题试卷(有答案)
小学上册英语第3单元真题试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My ______ is very funny and makes everyone laugh.2.I love playing with my ________ set.3. A substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water is called a(n)_______.4.I have a toy ________ that can roll.5.What is the term for an animal that hunts for food?A. PredatorB. PreyC. ScavengerD. Omnivore答案:A6. A plant's ______ (生长势头) can vary with seasons.7.What is the capital city of Sweden?A. StockholmB. OsloC. CopenhagenD. Helsinki答案: A8.I want to learn to ________ (驾驶).9.The _____ (章鱼) can fit through tiny spaces.10.The ______ helps fish to swim.11.The ancient Greeks constructed ________ for their religious ceremonies.12.The chemical formula for benzene is ______.13.The weather today is ______.14.My ________ (玩具) is a cherished memento.15.Electric forces act at a distance without ______ contact.16.She has a _____ (cat/dog) at home.17.The bus arrives at ______ o'clock. (eight)18.I respect my parents and call them . (我尊敬我的父母，称他们为)19.I can create lasting memories with my ________ (玩具类型).20.My sister is good at __________ (语言).21.An indicator changes color depending on the ______ of a solution.22.Which insect produces honey?A. AntB. BeeC. FlyD. Butterfly答案: B23. A substance that absorbs moisture from the air is called a(n) _______.24.The __________ (历史的探索旅程) is never-ending.25.Insects can harm some __________ (植物).26.What is the name of the famous tower in Pisa, Italy?A. Leaning Tower of PisaB. Eiffel TowerC. Tower of LondonD. Big Ben答案: A. Leaning Tower of Pisa27.The concept of ecological footprints measures the impact of human activities on______.28.We will go to the ______ (museum) on Saturday.29.The museum is _____ (interesting/boring).30.The _____ (花朵) bloom in various shapes and colors.31.Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called ______.32.My mom is a ___ (doctor).33.gs were known for their ______ (航海) skills. The Viki34.The puppy is very ______ (playful).35.What do we call the act of breathing in?A. ExpirationB. InspirationC. ExhalationD. Respiration答案:B36.The clock shows ______ (three) o'clock.37.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun challenge to put together.38.The sunflowers face the _______ all day long.39.The outer covering of an egg is called a __________.40.Which holiday comes in December?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. New Year答案:c41.The main gas that contributes to air pollution is __________.42.What do you call the liquid used to wash hands?A. SoapB. WaterC. GelD. Cream答案: A43.The chemical formula for isopropanol is ______.44.ry _____ (有创造力) and makes great art. She is v45.I want to _____ (visit) the aquarium.46.The capital of Portugal is ________.47.My cat loves to catch ______ (小虫) on the floor.48.The ______ is shining bright.49.My uncle is my funny _______ who tells great jokes.50.What is the name of the famous television show featuring a group of friends living in New York City?A. FriendsB. SeinfeldC. How I Met Your MotherD. The Office答案: A51.The classroom is _____ and bright. (clean)52.The ancient Egyptians used ________ for their writing system.53.My favorite way to spend time is ______.54.The __________ (种植时间) is important for success.55.What do you call the center of an atom?A. NeutronB. ProtonC. NucleusD. Electron答案:C56.Cleopatra was the last active ruler of __________ (古埃及).57.My uncle teaches me about __________ (科技).58.The ancient Romans enjoyed ________ (角斗士比赛).59.We eat breakfast in the _____ (早上).60.The first person to run a mile in under four minutes was _______. (班尼斯特)61. A colorful ___ (小鹦鹉) can mimic sounds.62.The color of a star indicates its _______.63.She is ___ the dishes. (washing)64.Fossils can provide information about past ______ environments.65.I like to ______ (参与) in sports teams.66.__________ are used to dissolve other substances in a solution.67.What is the name of the famous structure in Egypt that was built as a tomb?A. Great WallB. ColosseumC. PyramidsD. Parthenon答案:C68.What is the term for a baby skunk?A. KitB. PupC. CalfD. Chick答案:a69.The country known for its olive oil is ________ (以橄榄油闻名的国家是________).70.The ______ helps with the movement of the body.71.The _____ (mallow) flower is quite pretty.72.The ______ shares her experiences on social media.73.The __________ (文化交流活动) deepen understanding.74.My cousin is a ______. She loves to write music.75._____ (土壤) quality affects plant growth.76.The ______ helps maintain biodiversity.77.__________ are found on the right side of the periodic table.78.The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is __________.79.The ________ (symposium) features experts.80. A ______ is a large, slow-moving river of ice.81.I enjoy making new adventures with my toy ________ (玩具名称).82. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of _____ that can dissolve.83. A base tastes ______ and feels slippery.84.The _____ (teacher/student) is reading.85.What is the name of the famous British author known for "1984"?A. Virginia WoolfB. George OrwellC. Aldous HuxleyD. J.K. Rowling答案: B86.What do you call a story that is made up?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. BiographyD. History答案:A. Fiction87.I enjoy making up stories about my _________ (玩具).88.The capital of Mozambique is __________.89.The capital of Comoros is ________ (莫罗尼).90.My cousin is very ____.91.The Earth's surface is subject to a variety of natural ______.92.Sedimentary rocks often form in layers due to ______ sediment deposition.93.Earth has one moon, while Mars has ______.94. A __________ is a large area of flat land that is higher than the surrounding area.95.The ____ is a curious animal that enjoys exploring new places.96.I can use my toy ________ (玩具名称) to explore new ideas.97.Vegetables like carrots and potatoes grow under ______ (地面).98.The process of electrolysis uses electricity to cause __________ reactions.99.I saw a ______ (小鸟) building a nest in the tree. It was very ______ (专注). 100.The main source of energy for living organisms is ______.。
小学下册第十四次英语第5单元真题[含答案]
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小学下册英语第5单元真题[含答案]考试时间：90分钟（总分:100）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：The ancient Greeks held festivals to honor their _____.2. 听力题：The _____ (fish/bird) is swimming.3. 听力题：Many _______ can have multiple uses.4. 听力题：__________ are important for maintaining healthy ecosystems.5. 选择题：What instrument is used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. SpeedometerD. Ruler答案: B. Thermometer6. 填空题：My ________ (弟弟) loves to draw pictures of animals.7. 填空题：A _____ (草本植物) is not woody and can die back in winter.8. 选择题：What do you call a place where animals are kept?A. ZooB. ParkC. FarmD. Garden答案: AHe is an _____ (企业家) encouraging youth entrepreneurship.10. 填空题：My friend is a big __________ of music. (爱好者)11. 填空题：A ___ (小刺猬) searches for food at night.12. 听力题：A diatomic molecule is made up of ______ atoms.13. 填空题：I have a toy _______ that looks like a dinosaur.14. 填空题：_____ (gardeners) take care of plants daily.15. 听力题：The bear catches fish at the _____ riverbank.16. 选择题：What is the capital of Hungary?A. BudapestB. PragueC. ViennaD. Bratislava答案:A17. 听力题：The cat is _____ on the couch. (sleeping)18. 填空题：The __________ (古希腊) were pioneers in mathematics and science.19. 选择题：What is the opposite of 'big'?A. SmallB. TinyC. LittleD. All of the above答案:D20. 听力题：A ____ is a curious animal that explores new places.A ______ is a type of animal that can be trained to do tricks.22. 填空题：I have a magic kit that allows me to perform cool ________ (魔术). My friends are always ________ (印象深刻).23. 填空题：The __________ (历史的追溯) provides context.24. 听力题：The process of sublimation involves a solid changing to a __________.25. 选择题：What is the hardest natural substance on Earth?A. GoldB. DiamondC. IronD. Quartz26. 填空题：My favorite dish is ______ (面条).27. 选择题：What do caterpillars turn into?A. BeetlesB. ButterfliesC. MothsD. Flies答案: B28. 填空题：The _____ (海星) clings to the rocks in the tide pool.29. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient city in Greece?A. AthensB. SpartaC. CorinthD. Delphi30. 听力题：It is _____ outside today. (cold)31. 选择题：What is the name of the toy that can be spun on the ground?A. Yo-yoB. TopC. BallD. Kite答案: B32. 选择题：What is the name of the popular children's book series about a young wizard?A. Chronicles of NarniaB. Harry PotterC. Percy JacksonD. The Hobbit33. 填空题：My dog loves to eat _______ (狗粮).34. 听力题：The chemical formula for -octanoic acid is ______.35. 听力题：My sister loves to explore ____ (nature).36. 听力题：I enjoy ___ (watching) birds fly.37. 填空题：My favorite toy is a ________ that spins.38. 填空题：The ______ (气候) has a big impact on which plants can grow.39. 填空题：The _____ (兔子) is very shy and likes to hide.40. 填空题：A goldfish's bright orange color helps it blend into its ________________ (环境).41. 填空题：My favorite movie is _______ (动画片).42. 听力题：The dog is chasing a ___. (ball)43. 填空题：The chef, ______ (厨师), teaches cooking classes.In a chemical reaction, the total number of atoms must remain constant according to the law of _____ of mass.45. 填空题：A _______ (小花豹) is known for its speed and stealth.46. 选择题：What is the chemical symbol for carbon?A. CaB. CoC. CD. Cr47. 听力题：I enjoy ______ (collecting) stickers.48. 选择题：What is the term for a baby kangaroo?a. Joeyb. Calfc. Pupd. Kit答案:a49. 听力题：She is _______ (baking) cookies for the party.50. 听力题：The _____ (clouds/trees) are white.51. 听力题：The chemical formula for sodium acetate is ______.52. 填空题：I love to cuddle with my toy ____ at night. (玩具名称)53. 选择题：What do bees make?A. MilkB. HoneyC. JuiceD. Bread54. 听力题：The children are _______ (laughing).The __________ (种植者) carefully watered the seedlings.56. 填空题：The _______ (Preamble) of the Constitution outlines the purpose of the document.57. 选择题：What do you call a large body of salt water?A. RiverB. LakeC. OceanD. Pond58. 听力题：The process of combining elements to form compounds is called ______.59. 填空题：The __________ is a major river in China known for its economic significance. (长江)60. 选择题：What do you call a person who collects stamps?A. PhilatelistB. NumismatistC. CollectorD. Dealer答案:A61. 听力题：A _______ is a mixture made of two or more liquids that do not mix.62. 填空题：The invention of the light bulb revolutionized everyday _____.63. 填空题：A _____ (植物景观设计) can transform spaces.64. 选择题：What do we call the game played on a board with black and white squares?A. Snakes and LaddersB. ChessC. CheckersD. Monopoly65. 听力题：His favorite game is ________.The _____ (teacher/student) is nice.67. 听力题：Water's unique properties are due to its _______ bonds.68. 填空题：I enjoy transforming my room into a ________ (名词) for my toys to explore.69. 填空题：The rabbit hops _______ (快速) away from danger.70. 填空题：A ______ (蜥蜴) can be green or brown.71. 听力题：The __________ is a famous shopping district.72. 选择题：What do we call a baby cow?A. CalfB. KitC. LambD. Foal答案:A73. 选择题：What is the name of the star at the center of our solar system?A. MoonB. SunC. EarthD. Mars答案:B74. 听力题：The Earth’s rotation affects ocean ______ and weather patterns.75. 听力题：A _______ grows best in sandy soil.76. 选择题：What type of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. AmphibianD. Fish答案:C77. 填空题：The lifecycle of a plant begins with a ______ (种子).78. 听力题：The city of Funafuti is the capital of _______.79. 听力题：The chemical formula for silver nitrate is _______.80. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who fell asleep for 100 years?A. CinderellaB. Sleeping BeautyC. Snow WhiteD. Belle81. 听力题：Chemical reactions can be endothermic or ______.82. 听力题：I have a ___ (game/sport) to play.83. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in a salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. BreadD. Cheese答案:B84. 选择题：What do we call the place where we watch movies?A. TheaterB. MuseumC. LibraryD. Restaurant85. 听力题：During a chemical reaction, bonds are ______ and formed.86. 填空题：The teacher encourages _____ (团队合作) in class.87. 填空题：My aunt is very __________ (热情的) about her work.88. 听力题：The cake is ___. (sweet)89. 填空题：I want to travel to ________ (日本) one day.90. 听力题：I like to play ______ (soccer) with my friends.91. 填空题：The plant needs water and _______ (植物需要水和_______).92. 填空题：My mom loves to __________. (做手工)93. 选择题：What is the name of the first person to walk on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. Michael CollinsD. Yuri Gagarin94. 填空题：A frog needs both ______ (水) and land to live.95. 听力题：A _______ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.96. 填空题：My uncle shares his __________ (经验) in life.97. 听力题：The ____ swims gracefully in the ocean.98. 填空题：The __________ (土壤) should be rich in nutrients.99. 填空题：The manatee is gentle and eats ______ (水草).100. 选择题：What is the first month of the year?A. DecemberB. JanuaryC. MarchD. February 答案:B。
常见沙门氏菌抗原表
表B.1 常见沙门氏菌抗原表
菌 名 拉丁菌名 H抗原 O 抗原 第 1相 第 2相 3,{10}{15} r z6 3,10 z l,w 3,{10}{15}{15,34} z10 1,5 群 1,3,19 e,h e,n,z15 1,3,19 e,h l,w 1,3,19 g,[s],t 1,3,19 i 1,2 1,3,19 i z6 1,3,19 z e,n,z15 群 11 d [e,n,x] 11 i 1,2 11 i 1,5
常见沙门氏菌抗原表
表B.1 常见沙门氏菌抗原表
菌 名 拉丁菌名 O 抗原 H抗原 第 1相 第 2相
A 群 甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌 S. paratyphi A 1，2，12 B 群 S .kisangani 1,4,[5],12 基桑加尼沙门氏菌 阿雷查瓦莱塔沙门氏菌 S. arechavaleta 4,[5],12 S. abortusequi 4,12 马流产沙门氏菌 乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌 S. paratyphi B 1,4,[5],12 S. limete 1,4,12,[27] 利密特沙门氏菌 S. abony 1,4,[5],12,27 阿邦尼沙门氏菌 S. wien 1,4,12,[27] 维也钠沙门氏菌 S .bury 4,12,[27] 伯里沙门氏菌 S. stanley 1,4,[5],12,[27] 斯坦利沙门氏菌 S. saintpaul 1,4,[5],12 圣保罗沙门氏菌 S .reading 1,4,[5],12 里定沙门氏菌
表B.1 常见沙门氏菌抗原表
菌 名 奥里塔蔓林沙门氏菌 汤卜逊沙门氏菌 康科德沙门氏菌 伊鲁木沙门氏菌 姆卡巴沙门氏菌 波恩沙门氏菌 波茨坦沙门氏菌 格但斯克沙门氏菌 维尔肖沙门氏菌 婴儿沙门氏菌 巴布亚沙门氏菌 巴累利沙门氏菌 哈特福德沙门氏菌 三河岛沙门氏菌 拉丁菌名 S.oritamerin S.thompson S.concord S.irumu S.mkamba S.bonn S.potsdam S.gdansk S.virchow S.infantis S.papuana S.bareilly S.hartford S.mikawasima O 抗原 6,7 6,7, 14 6,7 6,7 6,7 6,7 6,7, 14 6,7, 14 6,7, 14 6,7, 14 6,7 6,7, 14 6,7 6,7, 14 H抗原 第 1相 第 2相 i 1,5 k 1,5 l,v 1,2 l,v 1,5 l,v 1,6 l,v e,n,x l,v e,n,z15 l,v z6 r 1,2 r 1,5 r e,n,z15 y 1,5 y e,n,x y e,n,z15
小学下册第十三次英语第4单元真题[含答案]
小学下册英语第4单元真题[含答案]考试时间：100分钟（总分:140）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：I want to _______ (travel) the world.2. 听力填空题：I enjoy participating in school clubs. They provide a platform for us to explore interests outsid e of academics. I’m currently involved in __________, which is a lot of fun!3. 听力题：The __________ is a region known for its wildlife conservation.4. 填空题：I saw a _______ (蟋蟀) in the grass.5. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy in "Peter Pan"?A. Tinker BellB. CinderellaC. Snow WhiteD. Ariel答案: A6. 听力题：The _____ (信封) is addressed.7. 填空题：A ____(feedback mechanism) collects opinions and suggestions.8. 听力题：A ________ is a large area of land with a specific climate.9. 听力题：The chemical symbol for aluminum is _______.10. ssance era brought a revival of ________ (艺术和科学). 填空题：The Rena11. 选择题：What do we call a story that is not true?a. Factb. Fictionc. Legendd. History答案:b12. 填空题：My favorite fruit is ________ (桃子) in the summer.13. 填空题：The tarantula can live up to _______ (几十年).14. 听力题：The chemical property of reacting with acid is called ______.15. 填空题：I love to play outside with my sports ____. (玩具名称)16. 填空题：The ________ has a long tail and is very playful.17. 选择题：What do we call the process of taking care of plants?A. GardeningB. CookingC. DrawingD. Writing答案:A18. 填空题：I love to read ______ (小说) that transport me to different worlds.19. 选择题：What is the sound of a sheep?A. MeowB. BarkC. BaaD. Moo答案:CWe should _______ (尊重) each other.21. 填空题：The ancient Romans used _______ for their plumbing. (水管)22. 听力填空题：I think music brings people together. My favorite song is __________.23. 填空题：I love watching birds build their _________. (巢)24. 填空题：We celebrate _______ (生日) with cake.25. 选择题：What is the capital of Seychelles?A. VictoriaB. MahéC. PraslinD. La Digue答案: A26. 选择题：What do you call the time period when dinosaurs lived?A. CretaceousB. JurassicC. TriassicD. All of the above27. 选择题：What do we call a large amount of snow that falls quickly?A. ShowerB. BlizzardC. DrizzleD. Storm28. 填空题：________ (植物资源有效利用) supports health.29. 听力题：The sun is shining ________.30. 填空题：The goat loves to _______ (攀爬).A _______ is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base.32. 听力题：The train is _______ (fast).33. 选择题：What is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?A. Golden Gate BridgeB. Brooklyn BridgeC. London BridgeD. Sydney Harbour Bridge答案:A34. 选择题：What do you call a baby elephant?A. CalfB. FoalC. CubD. Kid答案: A35. 选择题：What do you call the season when leaves fall from trees?A. SpringB. SummerC. WinterD. Fall答案:D36. 填空题：The ________ is a popular pet among children.37. 填空题：A tortoise can live for over ______ (一百年).38. 听力题：My brother is very ________.39. 填空题：I like to draw ______ (漫画人物) and create my own ______ (故事).40. 填空题：A ________ (园艺设计) reflects personal style.She has a beautiful ________.42. 填空题：__________ (化学创新) leads to advancements in technology and medicine.43. 填空题：I have a great _____ (老师).44. 听力题：__________ are used in the production of glass.45. 选择题：What is the largest mammal on land?A. GiraffeB. ElephantsC. HippoD. Rhino46. ens have __________ (美丽的风景) that attract visitors. 填空题：Some gar47. 选择题：What is the capital of France?A. BerlinB. MadridC. RomeD. Paris48. 填空题：I enjoy exploring new ______ (地方), especially historical sites.49. 听力题：The _______ of a pendulum is the time it takes to swing back and forth.50. 听力题：I can _____ (dance/sing) very well.51. 听力题：My friend is a ______. He enjoys creating music.52. 选择题：What is the name of the famous painting of a woman with a mysterious smile?A. The ScreamB. The Birth of VenusC. The Girl with a Pearl EarringD. The Mona Lisa答案:D53. 听力题：A ______ has a symbiotic relationship with flowers.54. 填空题：The _____ (annual) plants only live for one season.55. 选择题：What do we celebrate on July 4th in the United States?A. ThanksgivingB. Independence DayC. ChristmasD. Halloween56. 填空题：A __________ (化学反应器) is a vessel where chemical reactions occur.57. 听力题：My ______ loves to engage in discussions.58. 选择题：Which animal can fly?A. CatB. FishC. BirdD. Dog答案: C59. 听力题：The chemical symbol for gold is ______.60. 听力题：__________ are used in the production of cosmetics.61. 选择题：What do we call the process of making new cells?A. Cell divisionB. MitosisC. MeiosisD. Fertilization答案:A62. 填空题：I like to use my toy ________ (玩具名称) for creative projects.63. 填空题：A sunny day is great for flying a __________. (风筝)64. 选择题：What is the capital of Turkmenistan?A. AshgabatB. TashkentC. BishkekD. Dushanbe答案: A. Ashgabat65. 选择题：What do we call a large area of flat land?A. PlateauB. PlainC. ValleyD. Hill66. 听力题：The chemical formula for sodium acetate is ______.67. 听力题：The dog is ________ in the grass.68. 填空题：I found a _______ (小蝴蝶) resting on a flower.69. 听力填空题：I enjoy cooking healthy meals to fuel my __________.70. 选择题：What do we call the natural satellite that orbits the Earth?A. SunB. MoonC. StarD. Planet答案:B71. 听力题：Light-years measure the ______ that light travels in one year.72. 听力题：My dad is ______ (working) from home today.73. 选择题：Which of these is a vegetable?A. BananaB. CarrotC. AppleD. Grape答案:B74. 填空题：My uncle is a __________ (艺术家).75. 填空题：The capital of Norway is ________ (奥斯陆).76. 选择题：What sound does a pig make?A. OinkB. RoarC. NeighD. Baa77. 填空题：The ________ was a major event that changed the course of history.78. 听力题：We are going to the ___. (beach) this summer.79. 填空题：My uncle is a ____.80. 填空题：The cake is ________ (美味).81. 填空题：_____ (compost) enriches the soil.82. 选择题：What is the opposite of hot?A. ColdB. WarmC. CoolD. Boiling答案:A83. 听力题：A _______ is formed when two or more elements combine chemically.84. smart growth) focuses on sustainable urban development. 填空题：The ____85. 听力题：The ice cream is ______ on a hot day. (refreshing)86. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in a Caesar salad?A. LettuceB. SpinachC. KaleD. Cabbage答案:A87. 填空题：The __________ (历史的多样性视角) enrich discussions.88. 选择题：What do you call the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. Tropic of CancerD. International Date Line答案:A89. 听力题：The _____ (草坪) is freshly mowed.90. 填空题：The ancient Egyptians practiced _____ as part of their rituals.91. 听力题：A chemical that donates protons in a reaction is an ______.92. 听力题：My cousin is a talented ____ (guitarist).93. 选择题：What do you call a person who works in a hospital?A. PatientB. NurseC. DoctorD. Both B and C答案: D94. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. RiceD. Corn95. 填空题：I went ________ (购物) with my mom.96. 听力题：My friend plays the ____ (trombone) in the band.97. 听力题：The ______ is a talented vocalist.98. 填空题：A goat can eat ______ (草) and climb steep hills.99. 填空题：The orca is also known as the killer ________________ (鲸).100. 填空题：I enjoy exploring new adventures with my toy ________ (玩具名称).。
HistGeolChapt12
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Burgess Shale fauna includes: Wiwaxia, (left) a scaly affinities and Hallucigenia, (right) a velvet worm with spines.
Chapter 12 – Paleozoic Life - Invertebrates
Trilobites are the most well-known Paleozoic fossils. Paleozoic fossils also include corals, crinoids, blastoids, echinoids, brachipods, gastropods, bivalves, and much more…
/arthropoda/trilobita/ogygiopsis.gif
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Setting the stage for Paleozoic Life: • Late Proterozoic transgression – global warming, rifting of Pannotia. • Increasing atmospheric and oceanic O2 contents. • Flooding of craton (Sauk Sea) = creation of more, favorable shallow water habitats. Today – continental shelves = 10% of ocean area, hold 90% of species. • Shallow water – within photic zone provides sunlight needed by aquatic plants (base of food webs), shallow depths promote mixing of nutrients by wind and water currents. Flooding covered landmass, lessening sources for mud. Shallow water warms more quickly – good for diversity.
epilepsy
Brain Research 948(2002)117–121/locate/bresResearch reportW eaker synaptic inhibition in CA1region of ventral compared todorsal rat hippocampal slicesa,b ,b a b *Costas Papatheodoropoulos ,Eftihia Asprodini ,Ioanna Nikita ,Christina Koutsona ,aGeorge Kostopoulos aDepartment of Physiology ,Medical School ,University of Patras ,26500Patras ,Greece bLaboratory of Pharmacology ,Medical School ,University of Thessaly ,41223Larissa ,GreeceAccepted 19February 2002AbstractExtracellular and intracellular recordings were made from slices taken from the dorsal (DH)and ventral (VH)part of rat ing paired-pulse stimulation of Schaffer collaterals,at different interpulse intervals (IPIs),and records of the population spike (PS)we found that the strength and duration of paired-pulse inhibition was much weaker in VH compared to DH slices:at the IPI of 10ms the decrease of PS in VH (40%)was signi ficantly smaller compared to that in DH slices (76%),while at 20ms the decrease of PS in DH slices (60%)corresponded to facilitation in VH slices.Moreover,the amplitude and duration of intracellularly recorded fast inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (fast-IPSPs)were found signi ficantly smaller in VH (5.260.6mV ,54.865.8ms)than in DH (11.261.1mV ,105610ms)neurons.The smaller and shorter fast-IPSP recorded in VH neurons may at least in part explain the results in paired-pulse inhibition.The demonstrated weaker inhibition may underlie the higher propensity of the ventral hippocampus for epileptiform activity.©2002Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.Theme :Excitable membranes and synaptic transmission Topic :Postsynaptic mechanismsKeywords :Ventral hippocampus;Septotemporal;Paired-pulse;Inhibition;Inhibitory postsynaptic potential;GABA;In vitro1.Introductionperimental models of epilepsy can demonstrate hyperexcit-ability in the face of intact inhibition [6,11]in most models The hippocampus is one of the brain areas most of convulsive seizures,epileptiform discharges are de-susceptible to epileptiform activity [8].Several in vitro and veloped whenever the strength of inhibition decreases in vivo studies have indicated that differences in this below a certain level [12,19].In the most popular model of susceptibility exist along the longitudinal axis of the rat progressive epilepsy,kindling was observed to develop structure,with its ventral (temporal)part being more prone in linear relationship to an attenuation of paired-pulse to epileptiform discharges than the dorsal (septal)one depression associated with decrease in GABA-mediated [3–5,7,13,18].However,the factors underlying the vul-inhibition in hippocampal CA1region [14].It becomes,nerability of ventral hippocampus in epileptiform activity therefore,essential to examine whether differences in remain elusive.The main output area of hippocampal functional synaptic inhibition between dorsal and ventral formation,the CA1region,is controlled by GABAergic hippocampus do really exist.inhibition mediated through fast and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)produced by GABA and A GABA receptors,respectively [1].Although some ex-B 2.Materials and methods*Corresponding author.Department of Physiology,Medical School,2 .1.Subjects and slice preparationUniversity of Patras,Patras 26500,Greece.Tel.:130-610-992-389;fax:130-610-997-215.E -mail address :cepapath@med.upatras.gr (C.Papatheodoropoulos).Slices were prepared from the hippocampi of 20adult0006-8993/02/$–see front matter ©2002Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.PII:S0006-8993(02)02958-X118C.Papatheodoropoulos et al./Brain Research948(2002)117–121male Wistar rats.Animals were deeply anesthetized with where they were maintained at a constant temperature of ether and decapitated immediately after they stopped3260.28C.They were continuously humidified with mixed breathing.The brain was submerged in chilled(2–48C)gas95%O and5%CO,and perfused with ACSF22artificial cerebrospinalfluid(ACSF)and the two hip-containing(in mM):124NaCl;4KCl;2MgSO;2CaCl;42 pocampi were excised ing a McIlwain tissue 1.25NaH PO;26NaHCO;10glucose;at pH7.4,243chopper500m m thick slices were prepared by cutting equilibrated with95%O and5%CO.22transversally the dorsal and the ventral part of hippocam-pus(as shown in insert of Fig.1B).The slices were2.2.Recordingsimmediately transferred in an interface type chamber,Recordings of extracellular and intracellular synapticpotentials were made in CA1stratum pyramidale.Forextracellular recordings a homemade single carbonfiber(diameter7m m)electrode was used.For intracellularrecordings,glass micropipettesfilled with2M potassiumacetate with resistances of80–120M V were used.Synap-tic potentials were evoked by Schaffer collateral stimula-tion using either steel or tungsten made bipolar electrodes,which were placed in CA1stratum radiatum at a distanceof approximately0.5mm from the recording electrode,andelectrical stimuli were delivered at a frequency of0.05Hz.2.3.DrugsDrugs used included the antagonists of ionotropicexcitatory amino acid receptors4-hydroxyquinoline-2-car-boxylic acid(kynurenic acid,1mM),6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium(CNQX,10m M),D-(2)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid(AP5,50m M),andthe antagonists of GABA receptors2-hydroxysaclofenB(200m M),and(3-aminopropyl)(diethoxymethyl)phos-phinic acid(CGP35348,0.5mM).All drugs wereobtained from Tocris,UK.2.4.Statistical analysisValues throughout text are expressed as mean6S.E.M.Paired and unpaired t-tests were used for statistical com-parisons in the same group,and between the two groups ofslices,respectively.parison of paired-pulse inhibition(PPI)between dorsal(DH) 3.Resultsand ventral(VH)hippocampal slices.PPI was studied by pairing oneconditioning stimulus,which evoked a PS,with a second one,of equal3.1.Extracellular recordingsintensity,after an interpulse interval(IPI),and calculating the percentchange of the second PS with respect to thefirst one.(A)Examples offield records in CA1st.pyramidale from one DH and one VH slice The evokedfield potentials from23dorsal hippocampal showing the different suppressing effect of PPI on the second PS.(DH)and23ventral hippocampal(VH)slices were Superimposed traces,of averages of four sweeps,at the IPIs of10,20,40examined and compared.The maximum population spike and80ms are shown.(B)Percentage change of PS at different IPIs(PS)amplitude was similar between DH(5.6560.47mV, produced by paired-pulse stimulation.Symbols indicate mean6S.E.M.n523)and VH(6.260.57mV,n523)slices.In order to from10DH and22VH slices.Asterisks demark the statisticallysignificant differences of mean values between dorsal and ventral slices.quantify the strength of inhibition on pyramidal neuron At short IPIs corresponding to the action of fast-IPSP(8–40ms),VH excitability the orthodromic paired-pulse stimulation(PPS) slices showed much less inhibition of PS than DH ones.At longer IPIs protocol was used.According to this protocol two con-paired-pulse facilitation prevailed,which was much more prominent in secutive stimuli of equal intensity were delivered at DH than VH slices.The insert shows that transverse slices(solid lines)varying interpulse intervals(IPIs)to Schaffer collaterals, were taken from only restricted areas(lines with arrowheads)of the twopoles of hippocampus.with thefirst stimulus(conditioning)evoking a75%of theC.Papatheodoropoulos et al./Brain Research948(2002)117–121119 maximal PS(Fig.1A).The activation of inhibition with value at80ms(38.7610.6%).Facilitation was observedthe conditioning stimulus produces a depression of the also in VH slices between20and100ms.However,at second stimulus(test)PS.The strength of the so-produced longer IPIs a slight but significant(at400–800ms,P, paired-pulse inhibition(PPI)was quantified by calculating0.01)depression of PS was observed.This could be the percent change of second(test)PS with respect to the attributed to the GABA-mediated slow inhibition[9]Bfirst one.Additionally to inhibition,double orthodromic revealed as prominent in VH slices due to the absence of stimulation produces a facilitatory effect in excitatory paired-pulse facilitation in VH slices at long IPIs[17]. postsynaptic potentials,which tends to increase the am-plitude of PS.The time-courses of facilitation and inhibi-3.2.Intracellular recordingstion largely overlap demonstrating,however,differentrelative effectiveness on PS at each IPI.This balance of Two series of intracellular experiments were made in potencies of each phenomenon along IPIs determines the DH and VH neurons.In thefirst series,recordings were interval at which an overall PPI appears to be replaced by made in standard conditions,while in the second,record-paired-pulse facilitation.ings were obtained following blockade of excitation andThe effect of PPS on synaptic responses at IPIs ranging GABA-mediated slow inhibition.Under standard con-Bfrom4to1400ms was tested in10dorsal and22ventral ditions the resting membrane potential(RMP)and the slices.PPS strongly suppressed PS at the very short IPIs of input resistance(Ri)were similar between the two groups 4and6ms,in both DH and VH slices(decrease greater of neurons(262.660.7mV,n517,61.769.4M V,n512 than85%,Fig.1B.The results at IPIs1200and1400ms in DH and264.061.1mV,n513,59.068.0M V,n55in were quite similar to those at1000ms).This suppression VH neurons).Multiphasic postsynaptic potentials consist-could be the result of the relative refractory period on ing of excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP),fast-IPSP neuronalfiring.The suppression of PS at the IPIs of10–20and slow-IPSP were elicited by using orthodromic stimula-ms,corresponding to the interval of the most intense action tion subthreshold for action potential.Similar intensities of the fast-IPSP[2],was robust in the DH slices,being were used for stimulation of DH and VH neurons 60%at20ms and reaching a maximum at10ms(11.762.1V and10.862.6V,respectively).Postsynaptic (76.269.6%).On the contrary,VH presented significantly potentials were recorded at a membrane potential(MP)of less inhibition at10ms(4067.7%decrease of PS),and256.960.9mV(n511)in DH and259.261.8mV(n512) facilitation at20ms(comparison of percent inhibition or in VH neurons.Evoked EPSPs,subthreshold for triggering facilitation,at10and20ms,in DH versus VH slices:action potentials,had comparable amplitudes in DH P,0.01).At relatively long IPIs the depressant effect of(6.261.5mV,n511)and VH neurons(7.862.5mV,n57).the GABA-mediated slow inhibition on PS could be However,the peak amplitude of both fast and slow-IPSPs Bexpected[9].However,since slow inhibition is generated was significantly smaller in VH compared to DH neurons mainly in dendrites[2,15],its contribution in controlling(Table1and traces on the left in Fig.2).neuronal excitability/discharge is somewhat restricted[10]In the presence of a cocktail,containing the antagonistsand could additionally be covered by the effect of paired-of excitatory amino acid receptors and GABA receptors,Bpulse facilitation.Thus,at relatively long IPIs($40ms),and using stimulation intensities producing maximal re-when presumably the inhibitory action of the fast-IPSP had sponse,monosynaptic fast-IPSPs were elicited.Under declined,facilitation of PS was evident as the prevalent these conditions the values of RMP(264.061.17mV, event.In DH slices PPS produced significant facilitation of n510in DH and264.960.6mV,n510in VH neurons) PS at the IPIs of80–1400ms(P,0.05),with maximal and Ri(52.763.8M V,n510in DH and53.167.3M V,Table1Intracellular measures in dorsal and ventral hippocampal neuronsPassive properties Fast-IPSP Slow-IPSP RMP Input resistance Reversal potential Peak amplitude Peak latency Duration at half-amplitude Peak amplitude (mV)(M V)(mV)(mV)(mS)(mS)(mV)DH263.1160.657.665.4276.961.3411.261.112.360.620.861.6105.0610.110.160.9c c c a b b b a(27)(22)(14)(11)(11)(10)(11)(11)VH264.460.6555.265.3272.662.22 5.260.69.760.718.262.154.865.8 6.561.3c c c a b b b a(23)(14)(8)(13)(11)(11)(7)(7)a bP,0.01P,0.05P,0.001P,0.05The number of cells is indicated in parentheses.a Measures taken in the absence of drugs.b Measures taken in the presence of antagonists of ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors and GABA receptors.Bc Measures taken under either a or b conditions.120C.Papatheodoropoulos et al./Brain Research948(2002)117–121Fig.2.Postsynaptic inhibition of CA1pyramidal neurons is reduced in VH slices as compared to DH slices.Recordings(averages of4–5sweeps)weremade in standard ACSF(traces on the left)and in the presence of cocktail containing antagonists of ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors and GABAB receptors(traces on the right).Fast and slow-IPSPs in VH neurons exhibited smaller amplitude and duration,as compared to DH neurons,when slices wereperfused with standard ACSF(traces on the left).This difference of fast-IPSPs remained in the presence of cocktail-containing ACSF.Artifacts aretruncated for clarity.Subthreshold stimulation strengths were used in standard conditions and stimulations producing maximal responses were delivered incocktail-containing ACSF.Data were obtained from one DH and two VH neurons.n59)were not significantly different when compared to 4.Discussionthose recorded in standard conditions.The input resistanceof the neurons was determined by injecting hyperpolariz-In this study we demonstrated a significant difference of ing current step commands of increasing amplitude(250synaptic inhibition in CA1region between DH and VH ms,20.1to21.0nA)at the resting membrane potential of slices.By using the protocol of paired-pulse stimulation each cell,and calculating the slope of the linear portion of we tested the effect of inhibition on the pyramidal cell the resulting steady-state current–voltage plot.The mean excitability in the two groups of slices.The strength of this value of reversal potential(RP)of fast-IPSPs was slightly effect was quantified by the percent suppression of PS and less negative in VH neurons(273.263.0,n56)than in the range of IPIs at which suppression of PS was observed, DH(277.461.6mV,n57).Since the amplitude of fast-was taken as an index of the duration of PPI.In contrast to IPSPs increases upon membrane depolarization,and is DH slices,in which robust PPI was observed at the IPIs therefore more easily visualized and measured,fast-IPSPs expectedly corresponding to the time-window in which thewere evoked by injecting direct current(d.c.),the MP close inhibitory action of GABA-mediated fast-IPSP is maxi-Ato260mV.The MPs at which fast-IPSPs were recorded in mal(10–20ms),VH slices showed much weaker or even DH and VH neurons were259.260.5mV(n511)and absent PPI at these IPIs,suggesting significant difference 258.161.5mV(n510),respectively.As found in standard in functional GABA-mediated fast inhibition between DHAconditions,the amplitude of fast-IPSPs was significantly and VH slices.In view of the relatively weaker paired-smaller in VH than in DH neurons(Table1and traces on pulse facilitation of PS(and of EPSP[17])in VH com-the right in Fig.2).Since the values of RMP,Ri and RP of pared to DH slices,and given the known overlap in time fast-IPSPs obtained in the presence of cocktail were not between facilitation and inhibition[14]it is assumed that significantly different from those found in standard con-PPI in VH may be even smaller than described here since it ditions,the respective mean values of these measures is relatively less‘covered’by facilitation.Orthodromicindicated in Table1were calculated after grouping the stimulation elicited monosynaptic GABA-mediated fast-Anumbers from both experimental situations.In the presence IPSPs produced in the dendrites and soma of pyramidal of cocktail two additional characteristics of the fast-IPSP neurons,and slow-IPSPs produced by the activation ofwere also attained,its duration measured at half-maximal GABA receptors located mostly on dendrites[2,15].TheBamplitude and the peak latency measured as the time from peak amplitude of both fast and slow-IPSPs was sig-the artefact to peak amplitude.The duration of maximally nificantly smaller in VH compared to DH neurons.Theevoked fast-IPSP was significantly smaller in VH than infinding of smaller in amplitude and shorter in durationDH neurons(see Table1).The peak latency was accord-fast-IPSPs in VH neurons is consistent with the extracellu-ingly shorter in VH neurons but not significantly rly estimated differences in PPI and could effectivelyC.Papatheodoropoulos et al./Brain Research948(2002)117–121121[3]C.Borck,J.G.Jefferys,Seizure-like events in disinhibited ventral explain these differences between DH and VH slices.Theslices of adult rat hippocampus,J.Neurophysiol.82(1999)2130–slow-IPSP having limited effect on neuronal excitability is2142.expected to moderately affect the PS at relatively long IPIs[4]A.C.Bragdon,D.M.Taylor,W.A.Wilson,Potassium-induced epi-in the PPS paradigm.Indeed,neurons from DH slices,at leptiform activity in area CA3varies markedly along the septotem-IPIs80–1000ms,which coincide temporally with the poral axis of the rat hippocampus,Brain Res.378(1986)169–173.[5]R.Elul,Regional differences in the hippocampus of the cat.I. activation of GABA-mediated slow-IPSP,exhibitedBSpecific discharge patterns of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus synaptic facilitation that may mask any possible effect ofand their role in generalized seizures,Electroencephalogr.Clin. GABA-mediated inhibition.In contrast to DH,neuronsB Neurophysiol.16(1964)470–488.from VH slices exhibited no effect of PS.This is in line[6]M.Esclapez,J.C.Hirsch,R.Khazipov,Y.Ben-Ari,C.Bernard, with our previous results demonstrating absence of short-Operative GABAergic inhibition in hippocampal CA1pyramidalneurons in experimental epilepsy,A94 term facilitation of EPSP in VH slices[17].It should also(1997)12151–12156.be noted that the values of amplitude of the GABA-B[7]M.Gilbert,R.J.Racine,G.K.Smith,Epileptiform burst responses in mediated IPSP have been taken only under control con-ventral vs.dorsal hippocampal slices,Brain Res.361(1985)389–ditions,i.e.,without pharmacological isolation this slow391.component of IPSP could be to some extent‘contami-[8]J.D.Green,The hippocampus,Physiol.Rev.44(1964)561–608.[9]M.J.Higgins,T.W.Stone,Bicuculline-resistant paired-pulse inhibi-nated’by the preceding fast IPSP.tion in the rat hippocampal slice,Br.J.Pharmacol.109(1993) The difference in inhibition between DH and VH slices1164–1168.could be attributed to several factors,such as a relatively[10]G.Karlsson,C.Kolb,A.Hausdorf,C.Portet,M.Schmutz,H.R. less extensive inhibitory innervation on pyramidal neurons,Olpe,GABAB receptors in various in vitro and in vivo models of or to differences concerning the GABA receptors(number,epilepsy:a study with the GABAB receptor blocker CGP35348,Neuroscience47(1992)63–68.density,postsynaptic placement,or even affinity for[11]G.K.Kostopoulos,Spike-and-wave discharges of absence seizures GABA).However,no such data are available till now.as a transformation of sleep spindles:the continuing development of Moreover,recent observations from our laboratory showa hypothesis,Clin.Neurophysiol.111(2000)S27–38.lower levels of muscimol binding in CA1st.oriens-[12]K.Krnjevic,GABA-mediated inhibitory mechanisms in relation to pyramidale of VH compared to DH slices(unpublished epileptic discharges,in:H.H.Jasper,N.M.van Gelder(Eds.),BasicMechanisms of Neuronal Hyperexcitability,Alan R.Liss,New data),suggesting differences in the density of GABAAYork,1983,pp.249–280.receptors between the two regions.Although we prepared[13]P.H.Lee,C.W.Xie,D.V.Lewis,W.A.Wilson,C.L.Mitchell,J.S. dorsal and ventral slices identically,we cannot exclude theHong,Opioid-induced epileptiform bursting in hippocampal slices: possibility of selective destruction of distinct inhibitory higher susceptibility in ventral than dorsal hippocampus,J.Phar-ramifications,functionally relevant,in VH slices,which macol.Exp.Ther.253(1990)545–551.[14]F.H.Lopes da Silva,W.Kamphuis,M.Titulaer,M.Vreugdenhil,W.J. could contribute to the differences in inhibition.However,Wadman,An experimental model of progressive epilepsy:the comparative anatomical data supporting a different ramifi-development of kindling of the hippocampus of the rat,Ital.J. cation pattern of inhibitory cells between the dorsal andNeurol.Sci.16(1995)45–57.ventral part of hippocampus are not available until now.[15]N.R.Newberry,R.A.Nicoll,A bicuculline-resistant inhibitory post-Our results broaden the range offindings supporting the synaptic potential in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro,J.Physiol.(London)348(1984)239–254.concept of differentiation between dorsal and ventral[16]C.Papatheodoropoulos,G.Kostopoulos,Decreased ability of rat hippocampus at the level of local synaptic circuitstemporal hippocampal CA1region to produce long-term potentia-[3,4,7,13,16,17,19],and provide a physiological basistion,Neurosci.Lett.279(2000)177–180.which may explain,to some extent,the propensity of[17]C.Papatheodoropoulos,G.Kostopoulos,Dorsal–ventral differentia-ventral hippocampus for epileptic activity.tion of short-term synaptic plasticity in rat CA1hippocampal region,Neurosci.Lett.286(2000)57–60.[18]R.Racine,P.A.Rose,W.M.Burnham,Afterdischarge thresholds andkindling rates in dorsal and ventral hippocampus and dentate gyrus, ReferencesCan.J.Neurol.Sci.4(1977)273–278.[19]R.D.Traub,es,J.G.Jefferys,Synaptic and intrinsic conduct-[1]B.Alger,Gating of GABAergic inhibition in hippocampal pyrami-ances shape picrotoxin-induced synchronized after-discharges in thedal cells,Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.627(1991)249–263.guinea-pig hippocampal slice,J.Physiol.(London)461(1993) [2]B.E.Alger,R.A.Nicoll,Feed-forward dendritic inhibition in rat525–547.hippocampal pyramidal cells studied in vitro,J.Physiol.(London)328(1982)105–123.。