中国现当代文学名词解释

中国现当代文学名词解释
中国现当代文学名词解释

中国现当代文学名词解释

1.《新青年》:中国现代文学史、文化思想上最重要的刊物。1915年创刊于上海,原名《青年杂志》,陈独秀主编。“五四”前后以《新青年》为主要阵地,同时进行了新文化运动和文学改革运动。创刊号发表的《敬告青年》提出了民主、科学的反封建思想的革命主张,1917年初发表了胡适的《文学改良刍议》、陈独秀的《文学革命论》,正式掀起文学革命。1918年5月,现代文学史上第一篇白话小说《狂人日记》发表于其上。该刊还广泛译介外国文学。1920年9月,它成为上海共产主义小组机关刊物,1926年终刊。

2.《文学改良刍议》:胡适1917年发表于《新青年》,是倡导文学革命的第一篇理论文章,对文学革命在理论上作出了重要贡献。提出文学改良应从“八事”入手:须言之有物、不摹仿古人、须讲求文法、不作无病呻吟、务去烂调套语、不用典、不讲对仗、不避俗字俗语。文章宣扬的是一种反拟古主义的现实主义文学思想,从不同角度针砭了旧文坛的复古主义和形式主义流弊,粗浅的触及了文学内容与形式的关系、文学的时代性与社会性以及语言变革等问题,初步阐明了新文学的要求和推行白话文的立场。

3.《文学革命论》:陈独秀1917年2月发表于《新青年》,表明了更坚定的文学革命立场,明确提出“三大主义”作为新文学的征战目标。推到雕琢的、阿谀的贵族文学,建设平易的、抒情的平民文学;推到陈腐的、铺张的古典文学,建设新鲜的、立诚的写实文学;推到

迂晦的、艰涩的山林文学,建设明了的、通俗的社会文学。从内容到形式对封建旧文学持批判否定态度,主张以革命新文学作为革新政治、改造社会之途。

4.“人的文学”:1918年12月,《新青年》刊登了周作人的《人的文学》,对当时的文学革命影响很大。周作人从人性解放的要求出发,充分肯定人道主义,强调一种“利己而利他,利他即是利己”的“理想生活”,提出以“人道主义为本,对于人生诸问题,加以记录研究的文字,便谓之人的文学”,认为新文学即人的文学,应充分表现“灵肉一致”的人性。这深深影响了五四时期表现个性解放主题的创作,“人的文学”成为五四时期文学的一个中心概念。在《平民文学》中,周作人进一步阐述“人的文学”的主张,强调文学须应用于人生上,提出“普遍”与“真挚”的原则,并申明“以真为主,以美即在其中”的文学观念,这对五四时期尤其是为人生派的创作影响很大。

5.双簧信:1918年钱玄同和刘半农的双簧戏,正式拉开了新文学与封建复古主义思潮斗争的序幕。复古主义者反对新文化运动和文学革命,却暂时没有人公开出来讲话。于是钱玄同把社会上的各种反对意见归纳起来,化名“王敬轩”写给《新青年》编者写信,再由刘半农复信予以批驳,两信同时发表,名为《文学革命之反响》,借以扩大文学革命的影响,引起了广泛的社会注意。

6.林蔡之争:最早代表复古主义文学思潮出来反对文学革命的是林纾(琴南)。这位古文学家极力反对以白话文代替文言,写了《论

古文白话之消长》《致蔡鹤卿太史书》,对白话文运动大张挞伐,又在《新申报》上发表《荆生》《妖梦》等文言小说,影射攻击文学革命领袖。北大校长蔡元培在致林纾公开信中则重申了“思想自由、兼容并包”的原则,李大钊、鲁迅也发文谴责“国粹家”历史倒退行为。林纾所代表的守旧派对新文学的反攻,并没有什么理论力度,只停留在人身攻击和政治要挟的层面,反而激起了新文学阵线义无反顾的抗争。

7.学衡派:得名于1933年1月在南京创办的《学衡》月刊,主要成员有东南大学的梅光迪、胡先骕、吴宓等,他们既是欧美留学生,又是大学教授。他们以《学横》为阵地,打着“学贯中西”旗号,提倡尊孔读经、复古倒退,攻击新文化运动、文学革命和开始在中国传播的马列主义。1933年,《学横》停刊。

8.甲寅派:得名于《甲寅》杂志。1925年《甲寅》在北京复刊后,成为章士钊等宣传复古思想,反对白话文,为镇压进步学生运动制造舆论,维护反动军阀统治,抨击新文化运动的主要阵地。经鲁迅为代表的新文化革命的奋力反驳,甲寅派很快败下阵来。至此,白话与文言之争以白话文的胜利而告终、

9.鸳鸯蝴蝶派:始于20世纪初,盛于辛亥革命后,得名于清之狭邪小说《花月痕》中的诗句“卅六鸳鸯同命鸟,一双蝴蝶可怜虫”。因其内容多写才子佳人情爱,又因鸳鸯派刊物中以《礼拜六》影响最大,故又称“礼拜六派”。主要作家有包天笑、徐枕亚、周瘦鹃、李涵秋、李定夷等。主要刊物有《礼拜六》、《小说时报》《眉语》等。

他们的文学主张,是把文学作为游戏、消遣的工具,以言情小说为骨干、情调和风格偏于世俗、媚俗的总体特征。代表作有徐枕亚的《玉梨魂》、李涵秋的《广陵潮》。这股文学思潮存在的时间较长,到1949年才基本消失。这一流派的出现有社会和文学自身原因,在从古代小说到现代小说的过渡期间起过一定的承前启后的作用。

10.黑幕小说:中国近代小说流派。约在19115~1918年间与鸳鸯蝴蝶派前后相继,盛行于上海。当时多种杂志、大小报刊均刊载这类小说,代表作是1918年出版的《中国黑幕大观》及续集。此类小说反映了这一流派作者游戏的、消遣的、趣味主义的文学观。《中国黑幕大观》洋洋百万言,涉及社会各界人物、事件,但不外乎都是些风流案件、私娼秘史之类,专以揭露阴私、泼污水、进行人身攻击为能。虽然揭露了社会上的种种丑恶,但在写法上赤裸裸滴地描绘显示,社会效果适得其反,有些作品还成了军阀、政客相互中伤、攻讦的工具,在五四运动后即销声匿迹。钱玄同、沈雁冰、鲁迅曾撰文加以批判。

11.文学研究会:1921年1月在北京成立,是文学革命后第一个纯文学团体,主要成员有周作人、沈雁冰、郑振铎、王统照、许地山、叶绍钧等12人,后来发展到170多人。以《小说月报》为阵地,积极倡导新文学。其文学宗旨为“研究介绍世界文学,整理中国旧文学,创造新文学”,明显表现出对“为人生而艺术”的现实主义倾向。他们以人生和社会问题为题材,特别注重对社会黑暗的揭露和灰色人生的诅咒,表现新旧冲突。写法上一般倾向于19世纪俄国和欧洲的现实主义,也借鉴自然主义,重视强调实地观察和如实描写。

12.创造社:成立于1921年7月,是中国现代文学史上成就最高、影响最大的文学团体之一,主要成员有郭沫若、郁达夫、张资平、成仿吾、田汉等,先后办有《创造》季刊、《创造周报》、《创造日》等刊物。创造社初期主张:“为艺术而艺术”,强调“直觉”、“灵感”在文学创作中的作用,主张表现作家的“内心要求”。他们同时又注重文学表现时代的使命,对旧社会不惜加以猛烈的炮火。创作上的流派特色十分明显,他们的作品大都侧重表现自我,带浓厚的抒情色彩,直抒胸臆和病态的心理描写往往成为他们表达内心矛盾和对现实的

反抗情绪的主要形式。翻译大多是西方浪漫主义的作品。1925年后,随着革命形势的发展,创造社作家发生分化,提倡革命文学,并从行动上投入革命浪潮。大革命失败后,分化进一步加剧,一部分作家对出创造社,郁达夫因为与创造社个别成员意见不合也推出创造社。另外,又增加了一些成员,如冯乃超等。1929年2月,被国民党查封。

13.新月社:是五四以来最大的以探索新诗理论与新诗创作为主的文学社团。1923年成立于北京,该社团活动在1927年春移往上海,1933年结束,主要成员有胡适、徐志摩、闻一多、梁实秋等。他们把《晨报副刊》作为阵地,后又创办《诗刊》周刊、《新月》周刊。新月社是一个涉及升值、思想、学术、文艺各领域的派别,在思想上组织上都表现了资产阶级自由主义特点。它在中国现代文学史上的贡献主要在于新诗,闻一多、徐志摩等人针对自由诗体出现的散文化倾向,提出新格律诗的主张,即新诗的“三美”主张。他们对于诗歌艺术的追求带有唯美倾向,但在一定程度上客服并纠正了五四以来白话

新诗过于松散、随意等不足,在当时对于新诗在艺术技巧上的发展有重要意义。徐志摩《再别康桥》、闻一多《死水》等是新月社的佳作。

14.雨丝社:得名于《雨丝》周刊。《雨丝》创刊于1924年11月,19303月停刊,雨丝社随之消散。《雨丝》主要撰稿人有孙伏园、周作人、鲁迅、林语堂等。它是中国现代文学史上最早以散文创作为主的刊物,主要发表杂感、短评、小品等。雨丝社作家的散文创作形成了独具风格的“雨丝文体”,这种文体在思想内容上任意而谈,斥旧促新,在艺术上以文艺性短论和随笔为主要形式,泼辣幽默,讽刺强烈,文字中“富于俏皮的语言和讽刺的意味”,特色是“任意而谈,无所顾忌,要催促新的产生,对于有害于新的旧物,则极力加以排击,——但应该产生怎样的‘新’,却并无明白的表示,而一到觉得有些危机之际,也还是故意隐约其词”。以鲁迅为代表的尖锐泼辣的杂文和以周作人、林语堂代表的优雅的小品形成了该社散文创作两大类,对散文发展有重要影响。

15.浅草—沉钟社:1922年在上海成立,主要成员有林如谡、陈炜谟、陈翔鹤、冯志等。创办《浅草》季刊,并在上海《民国日报》副刊中出现过《文艺旬刊》,其骨干成员又于1929年秋组成沉钟社,办有《沉钟》周刊,半月刊,致力于介绍外国文学,特别是德国浪漫主义文学,创作方面则有冯志的诗歌,林如谡、陈炜谟、陈翔鹤的小说,多抒写知识青年苦闷的生活和忧郁的情感,富于赶上色彩。

16.莽原社:1925年成立,由鲁迅发起和领导。成员主要有高长虹、向培良、韦素园等,以创办《莽原》周刊和半月刊而得名。《莽

原》提倡社会批评和文明批评,向旧势力、旧文明发起攻击。

17.未名社:1925年成立,由鲁迅发起和领导。成员主要有韦素园、台静农等。这是一个着重翻译和介绍外国文学,尤其是俄罗斯文学额团体,有专收翻译作品的《未名从刊》和专收创作的《未名新集》。台静农的小说集《地之子》是未名社小说创作的重要收获,想吐文学的成功之作。

18.湖畔诗社:1922年4月在杭州成立的新诗团体,主要代表诗人有汪静之、潘漠华、应修人、冯雪峰四人。同年4月,他们的诗歌合集《湖畔》出版,并因此得名为“湖畔诗人”。他们写作抒情诗,但最有影响的是爱情诗,风格清新、自然、天真、率直,表现了对传统封建世俗大胆反叛的精神,艺术上也较成熟。1923年,又有合集《春的歌集》出版,这些诗作很能唤起一代新人的纯真和热情。被朱自清成为当时“专心致志做情诗”的四个年轻人。

19.新剧:又称文明戏。是中国话剧运动的第一阶段。

美国文学名词解释

1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.

外国文学名词解释

多余人 “多余人”是19世纪俄国文学中贵族知识分子的一种典型。这些形象大多具有较高的文化修养,接受启蒙思想的影响,厌倦上流社会的生活,渴望有所作为,他们的出现是社会意识觉醒的一种体现。但是这一类形象往往以自我为中心,没有明确的生活目标,缺乏行动的能力和勇气,因此在社会上无所适从,结局是悲剧性的。普希金笔下的奥涅金成为俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”的形象,莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林,屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭,冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等人都属于这一类典型。 小人物 19世纪俄罗斯文学中由普希金开创的一类艺术形象。他们在社会中官阶卑微,地位低下,生活贫苦,但又逆来顺受,安分守已,性格懦弱,胆小怕事,成为显赫的大人物治下被侮辱、被损害的牺牲者。普希金以其短篇小说《驿站长》开了俄国文学中描写“小人物”的先河。随后,果戈理、陀思妥耶夫斯基、契诃夫等,都在自己的创作中塑造了“小人物”形象。 批判现实主义 批判现实主义是19世纪30年代在法国出现,后在19世纪中后期和20世纪初期的欧美具有极大影响的一种文学思潮。批判现实主义文学突出特点就是真实和广阔地反映社会生活,深刻地揭露现实矛盾和批判社会罪恶;同情社会下层的小人物,反映他们的悲惨命运和内心痛苦;塑造典型环境中的典型人物,并注意细节的真实。但不少作家以抽象的人道主义为出发点来批判黑暗现实,难以找到准确变革社会的道路。批判现实主义文学取得了很高的成就,各种文学体裁均有佳作,其中尤以长篇小说为最。优秀作家众多,如巴尔扎克、托尔斯泰、易卜生等。 自然派 是俄国19世纪40-50年代形成的现实主义文学流派的别称,奠基人是果戈理,名称由别林斯基提出;自然派的特点是,真实地反映现实生活,批判黑暗腐朽的专制农奴制,描写下层小人物的不幸命运,具有民主主义和人道主义倾向;果戈理是当时现实主义文学的盟主,自他以后的一系列现实主义作家屠格涅夫、赫尔岑、冈察洛夫、涅克拉索夫等都是自然派作家。 新人 “新人”指的是19世纪中叶在俄国文学中出现的具有民主主义思想倾向的平民知识分子形象。这些形象尽管个性相异,但大多出身平民,具有坚定的意志、明确的理想,以及实干精神和自我牺牲精神。屠格涅夫在小说《前夜》中最早塑造出了“新人”英沙洛夫的形象,但车尔尼雪夫斯基小说《怎么办?》中的“新人”罗普霍夫等形象则更为典型。 “含泪的笑” 果戈理独特的艺术手法。他认为艺术家不仅应当真实地反映生活,而且应当对生活进行审判,即“通过世界上人们看得见的笑容和人们看不见的、不知道的眼泪来观察生活。”正是这种“笑声”和“眼泪”的交集、喜剧和悲剧的结合,加强了果戈理讽刺艺术的揭露和抬批判力量。 《人间喜剧》 《人间喜剧》是巴尔扎克主要创作的总称,内分风俗研究、哲学研究和分析研究三大类。

美国文学名词解释

Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.

外国文学名词解释全新

1、人物再现法 它是巴尔扎克在《人间喜剧》中所运用的艺术手法,他通过顺叙、倒叙、对比、侧写等再现方式,让同一个人物在不同的作品中反复出现。《人间喜剧》中的再现人物共有400多个,散见在75部作品之中。这样前后呼应,相互联系,既将数量庞大的作品联结组合成一个统一的整体,同时又刻画出了人物性格发展的全过程。 2、社会问题剧 1868—1891年,挪威剧作家易卜生用散文写了9部以社会和家庭问题为内容的现实主义戏剧;这些剧本分两类:一类处理社会政治问题,如《青年同盟》、《社会支柱》等;一类处理婚姻家庭问题,如《玩偶之家》等;这些作品大胆揭露资产阶级道德的堕落、婚姻的不合理、家庭生活的虚伪、思想的庸俗偏狭及资产阶级民主政治的破产;“社会问题剧”以其丰富的社会内容和高度的艺术技巧震动了西方舞台,引起一场戏剧革命。 3、自然派 是俄国19世纪40-50年代形成的现实主义文学流派的别称,奠基人是果戈理,名称由别林斯基提出;自然派的特点是,真实地反映现实生活,批判黑暗腐朽的专制农奴制,描写下层小人物的不幸命运,具有民主主义和人道主义倾向;果戈理是当时现实主义文学的盟主,自他以后的一系列现实主义作家屠格涅夫、赫尔岑、冈察洛夫、涅克拉索夫等都是自然派作家。 4、多余人 19 世纪30年代以后俄国文学史中出现的一类贵族青年典型;他们受过启蒙思想的影响,不满现实,但贵族生活方式使他们缺乏明确的目标,最终一事无成。成为“永远不会站在政府方面”,同时也“永远不能够站到人民方面”的“多余人”;普希金笔下的奥涅金成为俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”的形象,莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林,屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭,冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等人都属于这一类典型。 5、托尔斯泰主义 是托尔斯泰晚年提出的所谓拯救俄国人民和人类的政治和道德主张;它的基本内容是“勿以暴力抗恶”、“道德自我完善”和“博爱”,其核心是“不以暴力抗恶”。托尔斯泰主义是空想的,客观上有麻醉人民、阻碍革命发展的消极作用,但作为资产阶级革命快要到来时人民思想和情绪的表现者,托尔斯泰的出发点是伟大的。 6、冰山原则

美国文学名词解释

American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism(资本主义), its associated purported meritocracy,(知识界精华)and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights. American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough. American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser. American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学):The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for t he behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school. The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. The Lost Generation: The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American

美国文学名词解释复习

1.Imagism(意象派): It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra P ound and Amy Lowell. 2.Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s,it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor 3.Psychological Realism: James’s realism is characterized by his psychological a pproach to his subject matter. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner l ife of human beings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature wor ks will render the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-mo ment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And we observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in h is experience. This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness prov es to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the comin g generations. James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century " stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism. 4.International theme:Henry James’s fame generally rests on his novels and stories with the international theme. These novels are always set against a large international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.The treatment of the international theme is characterized by the richness of syntax and characterization and the originality in point of view, symbolism, metaphoric texture, and organizing rhyme. James is now more mature as an artist, more at home in the craft of fiction. 5. Modernism:It was a complex and diverse (复杂多样的)international movement in all the creative arts (创造性艺术),originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided (出现)the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets (方面),such as symbolism,surrealism (超现实主义),cubism (立体主义),expressionism,futurism (未来主义),ect

外国文学上名词解释完整版

名词解释 1荷马史诗: 相传是公元前9至前8世纪由一个名叫荷马的盲诗人根据小亚细亚口头流传的史诗短歌综合编成的,因而被称为荷马史诗。 荷马史诗包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德塞》两部分,各有24卷,均以特洛依战争为背景。《伊利亚特》写战争本身,描写阿喀琉斯的愤怒及战争最后51天内发生的事件;《奥德塞》写希腊英雄奥德修斯在战争结束后回返家乡的经历。 荷马史诗的主题是歌颂希腊全民族的光荣史迹,赞美勇敢、正义、无私、勤劳等善良品德,讴歌克服一切困难的乐观主义精神,肯定人与生活的价值。荷马史诗充满了浓厚的宿命论思想,人与人之间的斗争成为神与神之间斗争的缩影。荷马史诗塑造了一系列的英雄人物,结构巧妙,布局完整,比喻丰富。它不仅是欧洲文学史上最早的优秀作品,也是研究希腊早期社会的重要文献。 2英雄史诗: 又叫英雄叙事诗,是在民间长期口口相传,以歌颂民族英雄为内容的人民文学,是中世纪欧洲文学的重要成就。根据史诗形成的时间和表现内容,可分为早期英雄史诗和后期英雄史诗。 前期英雄史诗形成于中世纪初期,具有较浓的神魔色彩和巫术气氛,著名的有《贝奥武甫》、《埃达》等,歌颂部落英雄的光荣事迹。后期英雄史诗形成于封建国家逐渐形成的中世纪中期,中心主题是爱国主义和英雄主义。主要作品有法国的《罗兰之歌》,西斑牙的《熙德之歌》,德国的《尼伯龙根之歌》,俄国斯的《伊戈尔远征记》。 3《工作与时日》: 古希腊流传下来的第一首以现实生活为题材的诗作,作者是赫希俄德,较详细地记载了古希腊时期的种种宗教祭日赫从事不同工作时的黄道吉日。诗人最后总结说,在不朽的众神面前,聪明人的工作是无可指责的,因为他懂得吉兆,所以能够避免犯罪。该作具有史诗的体裁,但实际上可以说一部道德格言集和农业历书。风格清新自然,平易简洁。 4《俄狄浦斯王》: 是古希腊悲剧家索福克勒斯的代表作。取材于英雄传说,写忒拜王子俄狄浦斯反抗杀父娶母的神示,然而又逃不出命运支配的故事。悲剧从传说故事将近结尾的地方写起,当时俄狄浦斯已是忒拜国王,时值瘟疫流行,按照神示,只有追查出杀死先王的凶手,才能免除瘟疫,挽救忒拜城。全剧以此为起点,在追查凶手的过程中展示了悲剧主人公的思想性格。当俄狄浦斯查明凶手就是自己时,他刺瞎双眼,自愿放逐。通过俄狄浦斯的遭遇,作者颂扬了悲剧主人公的坚强意志和人民对国家的负责精神。这样一个英雄却受着命运的捉弄,这样,索福克勒斯对命运的合理性提出了怀疑,表现了雅典自由民在社会灾难面前的斗争精神和悲愤情绪。以此作品为代表的索福克勒斯的悲剧艺术,标志者希腊悲剧的成熟。索福克勒斯把人物放在尖锐的冲突中并通过人物对比方法来塑造,因而人物的动作性强,性格比较突出。 5阿里斯托芬: 被誉为“喜剧之父”。他留下的完整剧本有11部,代表作为《阿卡奈人》,他的喜剧涉及当时许多重大的政治和社会问题,对战争与和平问题尤其关心。其

美国文学名词解释

Transcendentalism: It is a philosophical view, a notion, a concept, an idea, a way of looking at things, a set of attitudes about man, God, and the universe, a way of how to get to the basic truth of the universe. Transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. Representatives are Emerson,believed that man was a part of absolute good, Thoreau,beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. American Romanticism:①Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They stressed the close relationship between man and nature, emphasized individualism and affirmed the inner life of the self. ②American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists, while American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own.③The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values. ④American romantics tended more to moralize rather than to entertain.⑤Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. American Puritanism: The “Puritan”was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, and believed that God decides everything and they are God’s chosen people. Their purposes are for religious freedom and political freedom. Hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety were the Puritan spirit that dominated much of the earliest American writing (including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather). The major intellectual spokesmen of Puritanism are John Cotton, Roger Williams. Naturalism: A new and harsher realism,a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment; the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Representatives are:Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London , Theodore Dreiser Realism: It appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. The dialects, customs, sights. Important figures of realism: William Howells; Hamlin Garland; Mark Twain; Henry James Free verse:A kind of poetry that doesn’t’t conform to any regular meter and rhyme.The difference between free verse and blank verse is that blank verse has no rhyme, but it should be iambic pentameter. Lost Generation:①It refers to the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of expatriates who left America and formed a community of writers and artists in Paris, involved with other European novelists and poets in their experimentation on new modes of thought and expression. ②The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation”, of which Hemingway used “the Lost Generat ion” as an epigram to The Sun Also Rises. ③The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world because of its spiritual alienation from a U. S. that seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic and emotional barren. ④The term embraces Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Pound, Williams, and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s Deism: is a religious philosophy and movement that derives the existence and nature of God from reason and personal experience. Emersonian Transcendentalist:①It is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Roma nticism, with its

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