在PP和CP原则下研究中西方文化差异

1.2 Grice’s Maxims
In order to explain the processes underlying implication, Grice (1975) developed the following maxims: • Quality: try to make your contribution one that is true. • a.Do not say what you believe to be false; • b.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
• Ladegaard (2008) explains that be- cause of the ambiguity of and inconsistency within Grice’s own definition of “cooperation” those adopting this theory often define this term to suit their own purposes. • Davies (2007) argues that opposing interpretations of the “cooperation” notion originate from the conflict between Grice’s use of this term with a technical meaning, and the more general meaning of the word. It is not a term that is repeated in Grice’s thought, and is not the central force in his analysis of the work- ings of language. Applying these two interpretations to the same field creates confusions among linguists. It seems that the Cooperative Principle deals with a meaning closer to the gen- eral meaning of “cooperation” (Davies, 2007).
• Relation: response is relevant to topic of discussion; • a.Your contribution should be relevant to the previous uterance; • b.Your contribution should be relevant to the immediate needs • Manner: be perspicuous • a.Avoid obscurity of expressions; • b.Avoid ambiguity; • c.Be brief; • d.Be orderly.
2.PP(politeness principle) 2.1Definition of PP(politeness principle)
• Leech put forth the famous Politeness principle(PP) in Principles of Pragmatics(1983) with the intention to “rescue” Griece’s CP. Leech explains the problem in terms of politeness.In his view,indirectness is motivated by politeness(1983:81).That’s why Leech’s PP is also called the conversational-maxim view of politeness.
2.erlaps exist between and within the maxims • ②Of unequal importance( tact maxim most important) • ③Using the expressions”Minimize,,,and maximize...”(有点 极端)
On Corperative Principle And Politeness Principle On Basis Of Culture Diferences Between China And The West
Members： Lin Shanshan; Meng Ya; Wei Guorong; Feng Huan; Pan Yajun
1.4 Problems of CP
• ①Whether the CP is the maximal principle in human communication? • ②The CP failed to explain the reason why people often violate CP to express ideas indirectly in human communication.(乊后礼貌原则的出现弥补了这一缺陷) • ③Grice never explicitly stated that his theory had universal application; so, it is a wrong assumption among these scholars. （没有普遍性，不能涵盖一般会话的含义）
LITERATURE REVIEW outline:
1.CP(cooperative principle) 1.1 Definition 1.2 Grice'Maxims (4 points) 1.3Critical Challenges to Grice’s Theory 1.4 Problems of CP(3 points) 2.PP(politeness principle) 2.1 Definition 2.2 leech'Maxims(6 points) 2.3 Problems of PP 3.The manifestations of Cultural differences in CP and PP some examples
• Quantity: give the right amount of information. • a.Make your conttibution as informative as is required; • b.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required
2.2 Six Main Maxims
• Tact maxim:minimize the cost to others,maximize benefit to other • Generosity maxim:minimize benefit to self, maximize cost to self • Approbation maxim:minimize dispraise of other, maximize praise of other • Modesty maxim:Minimize praise of self,Maximize dispraise of self • Agreement maxim: Minimize disagreement between self and other,Maximize agreement between self and other • Sympathy Maxim:Minimize:antipathy between self and other,Maximize sympathy between self and other
1.CP cooperative principle 1.1 Definition of CP(cooperative principle)
It is first introduced by Grice in the book Logic and Conversation(1975). • Definition: He describes communication as adhering to what he calls the Cooperative Principle (CP) and argues that a basic underlying as- sumption we make when we speak to one another is that we are trying to cooperate to construct meaning- ful conversations (1975). Grice’s Cooperative Principle has been a central and controversial theme in pragmatics.
1.3Critical Challenges to Grice’s Theory
Grice’s Cooperative Principle has played a historically important role in pragmatics, because this theory separated pragmatics from linguistics. However, the interpretation of his theory is problematic. There seems to be a misinterpretation between everyday notion of “cooperation”, and Grice’s technical term. Thomas (1998b: p. 176) argues that proponents of Grice’s theory have neglected to explore the ambiguous term “coopera- tion” and have not explained how they interpreted and used this concept in their own works. She adds many authors have criti- cized Grice’s theory due to misunderstanding about the mis- leading term “cooperation”.