词汇学第六章Culturally-loaded words
语境理论观照下文化负载词的英译
语境理论观照下文化负载词的英译作者：刘竞进蒋雯燕来源：《科教导刊》2010年第26期翻译是“一种文化中一套特定符号与另一种文化中一套特定符号之间的意义转移”(Larson，1984：431)，因此，翻译不仅仅着眼于语言层面，更要考虑文化的差异。
而词汇作为语言的基本单位，当然是文化最直接的反映。
这些包含许多重要文化信息的词语通常被称之为“文化负载词”(cultural-loadedwords)，它们是指“标志某种文化中特有事物的词、词组和习语。
这些词汇反映了特定民族在漫长的历史进程中逐渐积累的、有别于其他民族的、独特的活动方式。
”从中国文化负载词的英译来看，主要指两类词：一是汉语文化中所特有而英语文化中没有的词语，这类词语所包含的文化因素最具特色；二是英汉词汇中都有的词语，但是在两种文化中却产生不同甚至是截然相反的联想意义。
富有民族性的文学作品通常会包含大量的文化负载词，但由于其特定的文化内涵，要译入文化差异巨大的英语时，译者很难实现原文与译文的完全对等。
1语境理论对文化负载词翻译的意义语境是交际过程中语言表达某种特定意义所以来的各种主客观环境因素，可以表现为言辞的上下文，也可以表现为言辞以外的主客观因素。
韩礼德的系统功能语法理论将语境分为广义的社会文化语境和狭义的情景语境。
情景语境一般指的是具体参与交际的人、发生的事、交际的方式和渠道、交际者之间的关系以及交际者的心理情感等。
文化语境则由特殊主客观语境构成，包括特殊的社会文化背景、历史传统、思维方式、价值观念、社会心理等。
韩礼德认为语义是语言和语言以外的总和，而语境决定意义。
任何交际都离不开一定的语境，语言和语境紧密联系。
情景语境制约语内交际，即使处于同一文化语境，但还是会出现理解的偏差。
而不同语言文化的交际即使处于同一种情景语境，仍然会产生不少误解，这时大都是文化语境的作用。
在不同语言文化中，由于地理、历史等文化语境的差别及其不断地变化，即使同样的意义也可能有着截然不同的表达形式，或者某些意义是某种语言文化所特有的，在另一文化语境中找不到对应物而出现文化空缺。
文化负载词翻译
文化负载词翻译四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 中国文化负载词的翻译作者：郑秋红院系：文理学院外语系年级： 2006级专业班级：英语（师范）2班学号： 6411106232指导教师：刘慧玲答辩日期： 4月24日中国文化负载词的翻译学生：郑秋红指导教师：刘慧玲摘要：中国文化负载词是表达中国文化中的特有事物，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候,这些文化负载词又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语，被外国人所接受的呢? 本文从中式英语、中国特色词汇和中国文化负载词的对比分析入手，尝试探讨中国文化负载词的特点，分析文化负载词英译中出现的各种问题及其成因。
最后得出结论：在中国文化负载词英译中，译者可以通过意译、直译、意译等方法实现文化负载词的转化和使用，从而逐渐融入传统英语中，为英语使用者所接受。
关键词：中国文化负载词；文化差异；翻译Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded WordsAbstract: Each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, such as idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions. Translation is not only an Interlingua transfer, but also a cross-cultural communication. Chinese culture-loaded words are becomingincreasingly important in the study of China English. Chineseculture-loaded wordsrefer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation ofChinese culture. With the wide spread of Chinese culture to the world, how can they beunderstood and accepted by foreigners accurately in translation? The paper, by giving agood number of examples, introduces some methods of translating Chineseculture-loaded words, including transliteration, literal translation, and free translationand so on. These methods help to understand how Chinese culture-loaded words aretransformed into and used in English.Key words: Chinese culture-loaded words; culture differences; translationContentsIntroduction (1)Part ⅠThe r elation between Chinese Culture and Chinese Culture-loaded word (2)1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and Chinglish (2)1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded words (3)1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded words (4)Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word (7)2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history culture (7)2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differences (8)2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and cultures (8)Part ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words (10)3.1 Hypo taxis and Parataxis (10)3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words (11)3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translation (11)3.2.2 Literal Translation plus free translation (12)3.2.3 Interpretation in culture-loaded words (13)Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)IntroductionToday, English is undeniably becoming a more widely used international language, and it is the interaction tool between countries. Along with the accelerated process of global integration, China’s foreign deepening of reform and opening up and China’s further economic development, a large number of new terms appeared in modern Chinese, including the old words with new meaning, buzzwords, new alien words and expressions, etc.; even many old words that have been annihilated for many years frequently appears. Words with Chinese characteristics are part of the culture-loaded words. Therefore the research of words with Chinese characteristics will gradually become an important discussion of the subject on China’s English teaching and the research community. Cultural-loaded words, as a series of symbols for communication, are the carriers of national culture. They not only open up the unique characteristics of a nation, but also bring difficulties and confusion to English learners Mr.SunZhili said, “It is the meaning of the culture that makes the translation the most difficult ratherthan the language itself.” Mr.WangZuoliang has also said, “The most difficulty of translation is the difference of two different cul tures.” Mr.LiuShouhua thinks, “People with different culture have different view to the real world, therefore making their own language demonstrate uniqueness and nationality in its develop ment.”Cultural terms have different names, such as culture-loaded words, cultural vacancies words, vocabulary vacancies. This paper prepares to discuss the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words in the following aspects: the characteristics of Chinese culturally-loaded words and the reason why it come into being, and will also introduce some of the translation methods of the Chinese culturally-loaded words.Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and ChineseCulture-loaded word1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and ChinglishSince China is a country with a long history of more than 5000 years, during which it has cultivated and accumulated a broad and profound culture. Chinese culture-loaded words refer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation of Chinese culture, such as “Baxianguohai”in the “Eight Immortals”Who was this guy?Which, “Liu Qin”? There is a saying called “seven things” (seven daily needs of household), which “7”?“柴米油盐酱醋茶”(fuel, rice, oil, soy sauce, vinegar and tea) somehow is highlighted. As for the “三教九流”can be translated into people of all sorts, people of different social origins and backgrounds and so on English words with Chinese culture can be regarded as China English, which is almost the same with culture-loaded words. While China English is absolutely different from Chinglish. It is necessary to make it clear what are China English and Chinglish. China English, mainlyused as an international language in China, with Chinese unique borrowings, or phrases, contributes much to the international communication. In contrast, Chinglish refers to the English usually created by inferior Chinese English learners, who translate English into their own words so arbitrarily, that the interpretation fails to accord with grammar rules or custom usages, thus being regarded as an unaccepted form of English.The distinctions between China English and Chinglish lie in three aspects. First, grammatical or spelling mistakes are inevitably found in Chinglish while China English complies with English practical norms strictly. For example, “Open the door see mountain” is a typical Chinglish term, which means explaining one object in very clear words directly before any specific information is given. In the sense of grammar, the phrase is poor. Both “open” and “see” are verbs. They shouldn’t be put together without a conjunction. On the contrary, China English is always accurate, concise polished and hit the nails on the head. Take “one country, two systems” as an examp le. It refers that two diverse political systems coexist in one unified country. With respect to grammar, this term is correct to the core. Besides, it is brief; yet, well-polished, conveying a sophisticated idea with concise words. Thus, correctness differentiates Chinglish and China English. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards these two languages also set them apart from each other. China English is considered as an accepted new form of English, contributing to enriching original language whileChinglish causes barriers and misunderstandings in communication. China English is gaining increasing importance in multinational communication, for the sake of better understanding about Chinese unique policy. Nevertheless,Chinglish is suffering a stead decline, for its negative influences.Actually, that the English language is originally the language of English people. Other peoples who use English should follow the idiomatic and conventional ways of the English people. However, each nation has its specific culture. As in China, there must be special Chinese culture and way of life to be expressed in English, that is, China English is to express Chinese phenomena and ideas.As for China, be it old or new words, it has many things with Chinese characteristics that need to be expressed when they are translated in English. To support this idea, we can cites some examples as follows: Hanlingyua n(翰林院),Imperial examination(科举), May Fourth Movement(五四运动),Xiucai(秀才),Eight-legged essay(八股文),Baihuawen(白话文),Two hundred policies(双百方针), Ideological remolding(思想改造),Four modernization(四个现代化),and so on. All these English versions with Chinese characteristics are correct English and should belong to China English.1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded wordsCulture-loaded words are mainly an international variety. We take Chinese borrowings for instance. From seventeenth to twentieth century, many Chinese borrowings directly entered English through transliteration such as tea (茶), kowtow(叩头), yamen(衙门), Great Leap Forward (大跃进), Great Cultural Revolution (文化大革命), Gang of Four (四人帮), Four Modernizations (四个现代化). All these English versions of course belong to China English no matter where they are used. As is well known, the relation between language and thought is of dialectical unity. Language development can promote that of thought, and vice versa. An accomplished language acquisitionmarks the formation of a certain thinking mode. One’s English inevitably has Chinese features once he or she has acquired Chinese and formed the way of Chinese thinking.Accordingly, the Chinese features of China English are unavoidably caused by the intrinsic thinking model specific to Chinese people and culture. What are the characteristics of culture-loaded words?Firstly, Culture-loaded words do not exist without Chinese interference. When one’s English proficiency is improved, one’s Chinese interference may be less, but it can never disappear completely. This is even so for an expert in English. So long as one has Chinese as one’s nat ive language and thinks in Chinese way, one’s English is definitely characteristic of Chinese flavors. The fourth is on the scope of the features of China English, that is, whether China English has the features at the level of phonology.Secondly, in the process of English language learning, it has been realized that there are sometimes no equivalence between English and Chinese culture-loaded. There exist big differences in the connotation of diverse words, due to unparallel historical and cultural developments of the two languages. By tracing the distinctive cultural elements reflected by certain words, learners are able to thoroughly understand the language itself and the disparity between the Chinese and western cultures, which is definitely conductive to the master of English.Language is closely related to the development of culture, while the various elements of vocabulary in the language can best reflect the material aspects of the culture, and therefore it is greatly influenced by the I culture. By studying a culture of a nation can learn its values and way of thinking, customs, way oflife and traditional customs, religious beliefs, etc.（XuJun, 2001）It is better to give some examples to illustrate the characteristics of the culture-loaded words. Th e mascots “Fuwa” of the Olympic Games in 2008 is a cultu re-loaded word. The English translation of “Fuwa” ---“friendliness” has aroused controversy since its birth. The first, “friendliness” are suspected of having something wrong w ith its spelling; because as an adjective “friendly” means: “affable, friendly, environmentally.” Used as a noun it means “friendly competition”. As in this plural form, it must be used as noun, but its meaning is not proper. The second, “friendliness” is hard to display Chinese characteristics and reflect the distinctive Chinese language and culture.The mascots of each Olympic Games are required to have a wide range of cultural content, which can reflect the national characteristics of the host country.1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded wordsLanguage is a long history of development in the form, the language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the language of the soil. For this the true meaning of culture and cultural groups, it is all too familiar for something, but for different cultural groups, it is very strange. Different cultures create different language groups, so that when different language groups in the process of mutual exchange term vacancies on the rise, that can not be within the scope of non-native languages to find to express the meaning of the correspondingvocabulary, these cultural differences, mainly manifested in the belief, art, ethics, law, Customs, as well as the rest of the community learned abilities and habits.From a certain prospective, it covers all special things. Obviously, there’re many things with Chinese characteristics that haven’t been described in English, not to mention the new things that constantly spring up in recent years. For example, in the aspect of food, there are new different kinds of vegetables and fruits which need to be further discussed. At present, the comparatively practical method is to use Chinese spelling and add notes, most of which have been the Chinese loans in English. For example, lychee, litch(荔枝), baozi, jiaozi, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, etc have been the popular Chinese loans in English. Foreigners can totally understand what they are referring to, for they have accepted the China English version. However, many Chinese specific words cannot be translated in proper English, which is used among the native English speakers, such as “汤圆、馄饨、刀削面”etc, they cannot be replaced by dumplings. That’s because there is no correspondent thing in western countries. Accordingly, few Chinese loans share the same meaning with English words. Therefore, the Chinese loans get involved in English in a completely new meaning.V ocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, the nation’s cultural values and values at all levels of culture are reflected in the vocabulary of their own systems, which form a kind of cultural words with cultural connotations. As with the load of a special connotation of the national culture, cultural terms is often posed as difficulties in the translation of The original existence of the cultural lexical gap shows that translation is not only just a language activity, but also a kind of cultural activities. Therefore, the translator is required not only a bilingual abilities, but also a double-cultural competence. If he can not see the original cultural lexical gap, he will impose his ownunderstanding of the translation to the reader.For example, in an English article, whose author talked about his favorite saying when he was a teacher: Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe? The translation is: “当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸” it is no doubt that very few Chinese readers can understand this meaning. However, the sentence implied in the cultural lexical gap of the Western reader is very clear: According to the “Bible”, which say that humans were made by God with the earth, when the God endowed life to the clay, this clay is completed by the creative process, becoming a living creature. Here the author compared the work of teachers to the God’s work, suggesting that teachers help students to become a flesh and blood person with a soul, so that students have a real life.Cross-cultural communicative and even become an obstacle to information transmission. In next chapter, I will discuss the difficulties in culturally-loaded words translation.Translation is not only the conversion between languages, but also the communicationbetween cultures. Translation language and culture are closely linked. Because language is an integral part of culture, it is also the symbols of culture, its using ways and expressing content still possess a certain cultural connotation. In the process of creating works, the original author’s intended readers generally do not include foreign readers, particularly does not include those with different language and culture. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge which is easy to understand for the original mother tongue speakers in communication is possible not understood or missed the meaning by the people from other culture.Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history cultureChina is an ancient oriental civilization with a long history, its traditional culture and thought of a natural reaction to the language. While tradition is deeply rooted in people's minds, like the “dragon” character, in the Chinese culture, the “dragon” is a legend of the miraculous character of animals, and the phoenix, the unicorn, turtle collectively k nown as the “four spirits”. In addition to the word meaning, it can also be regarded as a symbol of the Chinese nation, forming a kind of totem of the Chinese culture, and now that Chinese people as “Descendants of the Dragon”, is indicative of the great. Later emperors sat on the “dragon” were regarded as a symbol of authority, such as sitting on the throne, wearing gown and robe, sleeping dragon bed and so on. However, in Western countries, “Dragon” (dragon) is a danger thing, because in English history from the Beowulf times, the dragon is a symbol of evil, dangerous and is a monster spit fire injuries. This is the accumulated result of the traditional people’s different interpretations of the same thing; its further development will result in a lexical g ap. What’s more, “Mid-Autumn Festival”Mid-Autumn Day; “Splash”Water-Splashing Day, etc, which are the Chinese traditional festival, are excellent cultural accumulations that has a long history of heritage treasures, these traditional cultural festival is now not only exclusive to the Chinese people, but also a number of foreigners like the Chinese culture. While Europe and the United States is a Christian faith, so there are a lot of words, including their festivals with the “Bible” and Christian related.If a covenant of salt (not betray the Covenant), as poor as achurch mouse (utterly destitute); than the Han culture, an important part and is inseparable from Buddhism and Taoism, such as: Oliver bounds repent and are saved, Buddhism boundless. Then there are some, such as “martial arts”wu shu, “kung fu”kung fu, “Niu Yangge”yang ko, the characteristics of these folk cultures in China has not yet opened to the outside world, which is unheard of for a Westerner, and these reflect The vocabulary of the vacancy caused by two different history and culture.2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differencesRegional cultural differences refer to a nation’s geographical location, natural conditions and ecological environment formed by various cultural differences. Language generations and people’s working and living environment greatly related to the culturally-loaded words. The large number of English idioms, allusions, slangs, sayings, maxims and proverbs are with a thick Chinese name, ethnic and geographical characteristics. Han Chinese living in the Asian continent, the people’s life is inseparable from land. The UK is an island nation; the maritime industry has been very well developed. The difference appeared in Chinese culture, a lot of vocabulary are land-related, while in the English vocabulary in many of which are related with the sea; for example, Chinese with “土崩瓦解” to describe the total collapse and can not be collected, while the English version “get into hot water”, describing a difficult p osition. “烂醉如泥” English with “drunk as a sailor”, here they use sailor to replace “mud”. It may wondered why they use “sailor” instead of “mud”, that’s because the regional culture differences. In English native speakers, they could not use“mud” to describe a person, while in Chinese people’s eyes, they usually use some others words to make the phrase more active, actually these words as “mud” are often without any relation with the phrase itself.In addition, the geographical differences in turn affected by changes in the weather will affect agriculture and animal husbandry;Humid and rainy mountains northwest of the British Isles, followed by an moist type, suitable for the growth of mushrooms in the woods, while China is located in Southeast Asia, the difference between them is quite large, so the Chinese language is used to prompt a large number of new things compared to emerged phrase. For instance: “雨后春笋” was translated into English when the spring up like mushrooms or to mushroom up.Springing up like mushroom refers to after the rain of spring, bamboo shoots turn out suddenly, which means a lot of new things are emerging constantly. England could n ot produce “shoot”, “bamboo” is a foreign language, therefore, use “mushroom” is more acceptable for the r ecipient, but also convey the same meaning. What need to mention is that the emotional color and pragmatic effect are not entirely right, bamboo shoots give vibrant sense, which is compliment, “mushrooms”, with a short growing season, turn out and disappear rapidly, is neutral.2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and culturesThe difference between English and Chinese customs, reflected in many aspects, such as diet, marriage, solar terms, the preference of color, family relations, etc. These differences between languages often make a relatively lexical gap. For example, in China, people like the red to decorate and theauspicious red represents good luck and new love in marriage when they are wearing red clothes; while in Western countries，they think that the red represents the violence and bloody, the new people in the wedding use white to represent their love, but in China, white has often been regarded as unfortunate thing .Therefore, the auspicious day in Chinese is a white day which the English people couldn’t not understand. The attitude in the treatment of animals, dogs are one of the British national favorite pets, they think the dog is very loyal. The dog in the Chinese culture is a kind of humble animal, it is considered a “humble” a synonym. Therefore, most of the dog-related derogatory terms such as: “狗胆包天” ,monstrous audacity“狗仗人势” ,a cock is bold on his own dunghill ，use the influence of sb. in bullying others, be a bully with the backing of a powerful person , be a bully under the protection of a powerful person “狗腿子”,henchman; lackey; hired thug“狗头军师” ,a person who offers bad advice , a person who offers bad advice; inept adviser“狗急跳墙” ,a cornered beast will do something desperate, even a worm will turn , do something desperate; but in English, there is no pejorative term on the majority of phrases concerned with dog, such as: be top dog “living high” ; “lucky”a lucky dog. Again, the Chinese women in ancient times should take three inch golden lotus (“三寸金莲”translated in lite ral meaning) for beauty, so there is woman “bound feet”: A vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually and the “child bride” child wife: girl rose from childhood to be wife of son of family. There are some words that reflect C hina’s living habits, such as “kang”: a heat able brick bed and so on. All these can be seen as a result of cultural differences, customs lexical gap.The whole chapter demonstrates some of the reasons that cause our culturally-loaded words: they are traditional history culture, regional cultural differences and the custom differences. These differences will absolutely make our translation more difficult. For example, when we translate “三寸金莲”,we can not use the literal translation”three inch golden lotus” w hich will confuse the foreigners, they cannot understand what it refers to and don’t know it’s deep meaning. Therefore we must pay more attention to these cultural differences when we do the translation. The translation methods of the culture-loaded words must be chosen according to certain circumstancesPart ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words 3.1 Hypo taxis and ParataxisHypo taxis and Parataxis are the basic difference between English and Chinese language. . Hypo taxis is the meaning of the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives (Christiane, Nord.1988:128), while, the concept of parataxis means that the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.Hypo taxis reflect the thought pattern that westerners attach more importance on logic and empirical, while parataxis reflect that Chinese emphasize on introspection and simple way of expressing, they don’t emphasis the logic, with a ambiguous meaning mode of thinking. With an appropriate understanding of hypo taxis and parataxis is beneficial to the translation of English and Chinese. The translator should be carefully to figure out the differences of the source language and target language, both should not only loyal to the original work, but also think of the feeling of the reader, so that letting the translation be as close as possible with the original article. Mr. Flake once said theexcellent words:” the ideal translation of the works of foreign authors usually gives readers feel as if they are writing in Chinese.”The main difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of Hypo taxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Therefore, English words or sentences are well knitted, and Chinese ones are terse and lucid. Some shortened sentence forms are adopted in Chinese so as to make words or sentences concise. Consequently, this features of Chinese sentence translation is reflected in China English consisting of many short sentences forms, the following translation examples can well illustrate this point:(1) Life is above and service is first. “生命至上,服务第一”(2) Safety is first and prevention is most. “安全第一,预防为主”(3) The higher authorities have polices and the localities have their counter-measures. “上有政策,下有对策”（4）Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, and seize the hour. “一万年太久,只争朝夕”(李文中, 1993:53) These examples fully demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese, whose translation is not rigidly adhere to the original sentences, instead, it uses short, colloquial Chinese language words and sentences to make it read natural and active.Here is another example:“原文：有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地.”English version：There is an old village called Grant Chester, and an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.The Original article is taken fro m Xu’s essay, “I know Cambridge,” the article writes with delicate strokes, refreshing style which is easy to read and feel quite cordial. The picture depicted in the text is just like a group of Cambridge landscape, from far to near, and then from near to far. The whole sentence is not connected with a word, the subject to clause changing every time, but there is no offensive feeling. However, when they were translated in English, the original meaning must be skillfully and reasonable weaving in the “form”with proper English syntax. The most important thing is to identify a verb as the main axis of the structure. Here the translation use the str ucture of “There is ... “as the main line,“Where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees” as attributive clause of “an orchard” , “as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed” as the adverbial of “you ca n lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea “of , with a dash leads to” truly a paradise on earth “as conclu sive and further describe. The translation make s full use of the English translation Hypo taxis features, which make the text read with a sense emotion and fluently, almost like the original style.All these English translation versions mentioned above are close to the structure and style of the original Chinese, and every phrase conforms to English syntax. A series of the symmetric short forms reflect the features of Chinese sentence structure3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translationFrom an information-theoretical point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed。
文化词与文化含义词
Translating Culturally Loaded Words
3. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norms（语用规范不同） substitution（替代） eg. 吃了吗？/上哪儿去？ eg. How are you?/ How do you do? eg. 司马昭之心，路人皆知 Si-Ma-Zhao’s heart? notorious? as plain as the nose on face? an open secret?
5
Culturally Loaded Words – 3 Types
2. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different association（联想不同） eg. Red eg. Magpie eg. Summer eg. West wind
11
Exercise: Try Translating Them
尊重，干部，态度，国家，意义， 关心，情况，宣传，统一，传统 讲，搞，化 个体经济，社会主义精神文明， 乱收费，基本实现小康，街道妇 女，三高农业
12
Examples Analysis
处理国与国关系的时候，我们应该尊重 尊重 现实。 When dealing with inter-state relations, we should face reality.
16
Examples Analysis
我们在贵国度过了内容丰富和有意义 意义的 意义 六天时间。 Our six-day stay in your country has been pleasant, substantial and interesting.
翻译概论--文化负载词翻译方法Cultural Loaded Words
文化负载词的英译汉的翻译方法【摘要】翻译就是从一种语言到另一种语言的转换，语言是文化的一部分，所以它又是文化的载体。
一种语言它不单为表达它词句半身的字面意义而存在，它与文化和国情是紧密联系的。
所以如何在翻译中更好地体现源语言的文化魅力，则是译者需要不断探索解决的。
【关键词】语言，文化负载词，翻译，归化与异化人类的语言大约有六千余种，若加上各类方言估计上万种。
而每一类语言又有专属于自己的文化背景，无论时代如何变迁，语言如何多变，表达同一类文化的语言总是大致保持不变。
归属于文化的一部分，语言的表述就是文化的表达；不同语言之间交流就文化间的碰撞。
如何将特殊文化词准确的翻译成另一种语言则是本文研究的重点。
1.文化负载词的概念1.1文化负载词的定义语言是文化的载体，不同民族的生活习惯、思维方式决定了语言的表达方式有所不同。
语言与文化的关系正如语言学中的重要理论“萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说”的强势和弱势的论断，“强势即强调语言在塑造人类思维方式过程中所起的决定性作用；弱势之说，则是对于初始假说的修正，认为语言、文化和思维之间有相关性，但是地位方式的跨文化差异是相对的，不是绝对的。
”（胡壮麟，2009，p.163）由此可见，语言与文化是存在决定与相关的联系的。
在一种文化的语言形成定型，而语言就会在文化对人思维的影响中气决定性作用。
所以到后期语言不是用来表达一种文化，而是成为文化的载体，直接成为负载文化的语言。
文化负载词的定义是：“在语言系统中，最能直接体现语言承载的文化信息，反应人类的社会生活的词汇就是文化负载词。
”所以并非所有的词语都有文化负载功能。
例如，“苹果”和“apple”；“书”和“book”；“足球”和“football”；“跳跃”和“jump"；“美丽的”和“beautiful”等等这些对等的单纯的词，它们所表达的内在的涵义就是其字面意义，并没有什么文化负载功能。
但是不排除把这些单词放在一些语境中，它便背上了文化的重量。
词汇学第六章Culturally-loaded words分析
Siren莎琳
她是海洋里的半人半鸟的仙女，常用甜美 的歌喉引诱水手。使其葬身大海：因此， 英语中 siren 被用来指“任何妖艳、勾引人 的女人”。这类词汇可以归类到喻意词汇。 “喻意词汇”往往是将希腊神话的人名不 作任何改变或稍加改变来使用。
Echo厄科 她是神话中的一个小仙女，但由于太多话 而被天后赫拉剥夺了自主说话的能力，她 所能说的唯一的一句话是别人对她说的最 后几个字，英语中 echo 便有了“回声”的 意思。
Let’s take a piece of plants words for example to show you what is cultureloaded words and a comparative study of culture-loaded words in Chinese and American English.
Red bean 红豆
In Chinese: In English:
相思豆，象征爱情和思念： 见利忘义，为了眼前的微 红豆生南国，春来发几枝。 小利益而出卖原则：sell
愿君多采集，此物最相思。 —王维《相思》
one’s birthright for some red-bean stew
Culturallyloaded words
Definition
In the language system ,culture-loaded words are the vocabulary which can best embody the cultural information that a language carries and they also reflect the social life.
跨文化交际背景下的文化负载词教学
２０１９年第５期Ｎｏ．５ ２０１９ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬＯＦ ＡＮＨＵＩ ＶＯＣＡＴＩＯＮＡＬ ＣＯＬＬＥＧＥ ＯＦ ＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＮＩＣＳ ＆ ＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ安徽电子信息职业技术学院学报第１８卷（总第１０４期）Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ Ｎｏ．１０４ Ｖｏｌ．１８[文章编号] １６７１－８０２Ｘ（２０１９）０５－００６１－０３跨文化交际背景下的文化负载词教学余夕平，顾 军（安徽师范大学 文学院，安徽 芜湖 241002）摘 要: 文化负载词（Culture-loaded words)也被称作文化词汇、文化词语、文化内涵词，是一个民族文化积淀（包括风俗习惯、价值观念、宗教信仰和审美情趣等）的体现。
跨文化交际与文化负载词教学息息相关，因此，研究跨文化背景下的文化负载词教学就具有重要的意义。
从文化负载词的定义与分类出发，分别介绍了文化负载词的教学原则和教学方法，以期对文化负载词的研究与教学提供一定的帮助。
关键词：跨文化交际；文化负载词；教学原则；教学方法中图分类号：H193.4 文献标识码：A语言与文化密不可分，语言教学与文化教学有机地融合在一起。
Ｎｅｄ Ｓｌｅｅｌｙｅ （１９８８）在《Ｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇ 化词汇”“文化词语”“文化词”等）的界定，国内学者众说纷纭。
廖七一（２０００）在《当代西者们的意见不一，不过大多数学者都是在文化分类的基础上对文化负载词进行分类。
汪榕培（２００２）依据人类生活的各个方面，将文化负载词分为政治层面的词、社会层面的词、颜色词、传说典故词、人体词、动植物词、食物词和其他词八个类别。
［５］李雪君（２０１５）依据美国著名翻译理论家尤金·Ａ·奈达对语言中文化因素的分类，将文化负载词分为物质文化词、生态文化词、语言文化词、社会文化词和宗教文化词。
由于词语本身词义就具有概括性、模糊性和民族性的特点，并且随着社会的发展而不断变化。
词汇量丰富且分类的标准难以统一，这些都阻碍了对文化负载词的分类。
基于文化负载词英译图式的翻译策略——以《台北人》汉英对照版为例
第24卷第5期新余学院学报Vol.24,NO.5 2019年10月JOURNAL OF XINYU UNIVERSITY Oct.2019基于文化负载词英译图式的翻译策略——以《台北人》汉英对照版为例•袁媛(广西职业师范学院外语系，广西南宁530007)摘要：文化负载词的翻译影响着中国文学在海外的有效传播。
从图式理论的视角，分析文化负载词在英译中存在的四类文化图式：重合、错位、缺省和冲突，归纳汉英文化负载词的文化图式对应关系，并以《台北人》汉英对照版语料为 案例分析对象，就这四类文化图式下的文化负载词翻译提出相应翻译策略，以期丰富中国现当代小说文化负载词翻译活动的操作形式及文化使命内涵O关键词：文化图式；文化负载词；《台北人》;翻译策略中图分类号:H315.9文献标识码:A文章编号：2095-3054(2019)05-0046-07文化负载词(culture-loaded words)是指在某种语言中体现了浓郁而鲜明的民族色彩和文化个性的词、词组和习语，“反映了特定民族在漫长的历史进程中逐渐积累的、有别于其他民族的、独特的活动方式”[l：232o对这些词汇的翻译研究一直是译界的一大热点，而对中国文学作品中文化负载词的英译实践也逐渐受到译学界的关注。
短篇小说集《台北人》是白先勇的代表作，收录T《永远的尹雪艳》《思旧赋》《梁父吟》《秋思》《游园惊梦》《国葬》等14个短篇，讲述的是20世纪50年代，形形色色出身大陆后随国民党撤退至台湾的各类人物的故事。
“它浓浓的历史感、圆熟的小说技巧与典雅流丽的行文风格交相辉映”，使得这部小说集成为经典o1982年，白先勇携手叶佩霞(Patia Yasin)和著名翻译家乔治高，由美国印第安纳大学出版社出版了《台北人》英文版，从此《台北人》成为“中英文双绝的文学经典”o白先勇自身对中国传统文化的热爱，使得他的作品字里行间负载了醇厚的文化内涵，体现中华民族发展历史、社会制度变迁、生态环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯的词语是他作品的精髓，也使得其作品的文化意境很难被复制和传达。
翻译理论与实践曾剑平文化词语的翻译
文化词语分为文化词(cultural words)和文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases)。
文化含义词视其构成和意义特点可以分为三类：（1）切分和归类不同的文化含义词（culturally loaded words/phrases due to different classification），如称谓词语；（2）联想不同的文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases due to different association)，如猪的联想；（3）语用规范不同的文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases due to different cultural norms)，如Would you like to have high tea?是邀请你去吃便饭。
文化词的处理法：（1）全式借用(full borrowing)，如来字法语的garage, reservoir, detente9缓和）等；（2）半式借用(semi-borrowing)，基本保持原状，只是拼写和发音略作改动，如senenade（小夜曲）来自法语的senerade。
（3）音译(transliteration, loan words)；（4）半音译(semi-transliteration)，如tong oil来自汉语的桐油；（5）仿译(loan translation, calque),合成词或复合词可以采取按构成全部意译的办法借用。
如蜜月来自honeymoon等。
翻译下列句子，注意划线部分的翻译。
1. 有个老李带来个八九岁的小姑娘，因为没有吃的，愿意把姑娘送给人家逃个活命。
二诸葛---就替小二黑收作童养媳。
(Lao Li brought his daughter of about eight or nine years with him. To avoid starvation, he was willing to give the girl to anybody who wanted her. Kong Ming the Second---took her into his house as little Erhei’s future wife.)2.袭人握了自己的嘴，笑的说不出话来，半日才说道：“那是新娶的二奶奶。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
According to the God Jupiter's wife, the name of the goddess Juno
4. Astronomical Name
天河、银河(Milk Way) It is the road leading to the Temple of Zeus, is the ideal way to heaven, is said to be paved with milk.
3.Month
January（一月）
Janus is The Roman gods, guarded gate of heaven. March（三月）
According to the Roman god Mars’s name. The Romans took him and thunder, electricity together. March was a month of storms. May（五月）
Culturallyloaded words
Definition
In the language system ,culture-loaded words are the vocabulary which can best embody the cultural information that a language carries and they also reflect the social life.
在语言系统中，最能体现语言承载的文化ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้息、反映 人类的社会生活的词汇就是文化负载词。
Let’s take a piece of plants words for example to show you what is cultureloaded words and a comparative study of culture-loaded words in Chinese and American English.
《致橡树》- The heart of
舒婷
oak
蟾宫折桂
Gain one’s laurel
橄榄绿色，爱 Hold out the
好和平
olive branch
美貌（女子） 面似桃花，桃 Peach
腮
cheeks
1.Place Name
Athens雅典 源于希腊神话中的智慧女神雅典娜 (Athena)，希腊神话中最有威力的女神之 一 。 传 说 她 与 海 神 渡 寒 冬 (Poseidon) 竞 争 希腊南端的一块土地，海神劈山驱石以显 示自己的威力，而雅典娜种出了第一棵橄 榄树以示和平安宁，当地居民爱好和平， 拥护她为庇护神，从此该地命名为雅典。
Culturally- loaded words refer to those words or phrases which convey a certain kind of cultural connotations or associations which may or may not be found in other languages or cultures.
（坏蛋） a good apple （张扬的年轻人）
Narcissus 水仙
In Chinese: 清雅，高洁：
In English:
Narcissism（自恋）: Narcissus who is so handsome falls in love with his own shadow in the river and eventually he became into a narcissus.
Siren莎琳 她是海洋里的半人半鸟的仙女，常用甜美 的歌喉引诱水手。使其葬身大海：因此， 英语中siren被用来指“任何妖艳、勾引人 的女人”。这类词汇可以归类到喻意词汇。 “喻意词汇”往往是将希腊神话的人名不 作任何改变或稍加改变来使用。
Echo厄科
她是神话中的一个小仙女，但由于太多话 而被天后赫拉剥夺了自主说话的能力，她 所能说的唯一的一句话是别人对她说的最 后几个字，英语中echo便有了“回声”的 意思。
风尘女子：寻花问柳
Same literal meaning, different cultural connotations.
In Chinese
In English
菊
高雅，坚毅，淡泊； wealth
chrysanthemum 长寿；君子，佳友。
牡丹 peony
荣华富贵
lonely
柏树 cypress
Apple 苹果
In Chinese:
平平安安 （“苹”与 “平”同音所 致）
In English （蛇果） 掌上明珠，宝贝：
the apple of one’s eyes 纽约：the big apple 棒球运动：He likes to play
apple. 同伴，家伙：a bed apple
Red bean 红豆
In Chinese:
In English:
相思豆，象征爱情和思念： 见利忘义，为了眼前的微
红豆生南国，春来发几枝。 愿君多采集，此物最相思。
—王维《相思》
小利益而出卖原则：sell one’s birthright for some red-bean stew
如松树般象征坚贞， mourning
长寿
Same words, similar cultural associations
草 glass 橡树 Oak 月桂树 Laurel 橄榄枝 olive branch 桃 peach
默默无闻 勇敢、坚强者 荣耀、胜利 和平、友好
草民、草头百 Grass roots 姓
（圣经中以扫为了一碗红豆 汤而出卖长子权的故事）
Willow 柳
In Chinese:
In English:
离愁别恨引起的忧伤 （留）：“奏楼月，
悲哀与忧愁，有失落和死 亡的象征意义：
年年柳色，霸陵伤别” Wear the willow：失恋，
女子身段、姿色：柳 眉，柳腰
悲悼心爱者的去世 （莎士比亚《奥赛罗》）