英文论文写作经验总结

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英语议论文的写作方法与技巧(优秀5篇)

英语议论文的写作方法与技巧(优秀5篇)

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介绍写作经验总结英语作文

介绍写作经验总结英语作文

介绍写作经验总结英语作文Title: Summarizing Writing Experience in English Composition。

Writing is not merely putting words on paper; it's a craft that requires practice, patience, and perseverance. Through my journey in writing, I've accumulated various experiences and insights that have refined my skills and shaped my approach to composition. In this essay, I will delve into the key aspects of my writing experience and share valuable lessons learned along the way.First and foremost, cultivating a deep understanding of the English language is foundational to effective writing. Mastery of grammar, vocabulary, and syntax empowers writers to articulate their thoughts with clarity and precision. Through consistent practice and continuous learning, I've enhanced my grasp of grammar rules, expanded my vocabulary, and honed my sentence structure, which has significantly elevated the quality of my compositions.Moreover, developing a keen sense of audience awareness is indispensable in writing. Whether it's an academic essay, a persuasive argument, or a creative piece, tailoring the content and style to resonate with the intended audience is crucial for engaging readers and conveying messages effectively. I've learned to adapt my writing tone, style, and level of formality based on the target audience,thereby maximizing the impact of my compositions and fostering meaningful connections with readers.Furthermore, the process of brainstorming, outlining, and organizing ideas plays a pivotal role in the writing process. Before putting pen to paper, I invest ample timein brainstorming ideas, conducting research, and creating outlines to structure my thoughts cohesively. This preparatory phase not only facilitates the writing process but also ensures that the content flows logically and seamlessly, making it easier for readers to follow the narrative or argument presented.Additionally, revising and editing are indispensablesteps in refining written works and polishing them to perfection. Recognizing that writing is a recursive process, I embrace feedback from peers, mentors, and educators to identify areas for improvement and fine-tune my compositions. Whether it's revising for clarity, coherence, or conciseness, I approach the revision process with diligence and a commitment to enhancing the overall quality of my writing.Furthermore, cultivating creativity and originality is essential for producing compelling and impactful writing. Whether it's crafting vivid descriptions, devisinginnovative arguments, or exploring unconventional perspectives, I strive to infuse my writing with freshness and authenticity. By embracing experimentation and embracing my unique voice, I've been able to captivate readers and evoke emotional resonance through my compositions.Lastly, maintaining discipline, perseverance, and resilience are vital for navigating the challenges and setbacks encountered in the writing journey. Whether it'sovercoming writer's block, grappling with self-doubt, or facing criticism, I've learned to stay committed to my craft, persevere through obstacles, and harness setbacks as opportunities for growth. By cultivating resilience and maintaining a growth mindset, I've emerged stronger andmore resilient as a writer, continually pushing the boundaries of my creativity and striving for excellence in every piece I produce.In conclusion, my writing journey has beencharacterized by growth, discovery, and continuous learning. Through diligent practice, audience awareness, effective organization, revision, creativity, and perseverance, I've honed my writing skills and evolved as a proficient and adaptable writer. As I continue on this journey, I remain committed to refining my craft, expanding my horizons, and making meaningful contributions through the power ofwritten expression.。

论文写作心得英文版

论文写作心得英文版

论文写作心得英文版第一篇:论文写作心得英文版How Did I Finish the Team Paper of Postgraduate SWB and Its Influencing Factors Abstract: The team paper of postgraduate SWB and its influencing factors is finished through a sample survey of xx University graduates. Using the methods of factor analysis and regression analysis analyzed the graduate SWB (SWBP) status and its influencing factors . The main purpose of this paper is to explain questions encountered in the process of the team paper writing and its solutions . The main problems in the process of the team paper writing are involved the literature review, preparation, distribution and collection of the questionnaires, data analysis and paper writing.Key words: team paper , problems , solutions 1 Introduction With the development of mental health education , researches of how SWB reflect the positive aspects of mental health are being paid more attention .Its reflecting factors have been studied and reported at home and abroad more frequently . However, studies on subjective well-being mainly focus on the elderly, teachers and young students groups , and are less concerned about the graduate students . Therefore , it is very necessary to deepen the study of contact between the various factors of subjective well-being of this group . It is for these reasons that we chose the graduate groups SWB and its influencing factors research as our team work . It is also related to the vital interests of every one of us . Scholars home and aboard have made a series of research and analysis on SWB and its influencing factors. Diener, Ed and Micaela [1] (2010) pointed out that factors affecting SWB differences were: education level, income level, employment andunemployment, savings accounts, whether having a house, whether getting married , area of residence , and so on , by analyzing the the drivers factors of SWB differences. Clark, Andrew and Claudia Senik [2] (2010) studied the intrinsic link between economic growth policies and subjective well-being of people. He pointed out that only rely solely on economic growth could not achieved the social well-being goals of enhance the people's sense of happiness. And a hundred percent employment rate and a universal social protection could enhance people’s happiness. Frey, Bruno S. and Matthias Benz [3] (2008) presented that income factors had a significant influence to the SWB through a study of subjective well-being fluencing factors. Wushu Feng [4](2006) explained the various factors that influence the formation of social well-being from different perspectives in his paper of four dimensions influencing the formation of the social well-being in a harmonious society:Theoretical and empirical research,by the four dimensions of social well-being formed that demands satisfaction dimensions, and the relative standard dimensions, target dimension analysis and presentation of the cultural dimension, respectively.It provided the corresponding theoretical framework and research perspective to build a harmonious society . Zheng Xia [5] (2007) investigated 412 graduate students of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Normal University and Jiangxi Finance and Economics University in order to study the status and influencing factors of SWB. She found that the fluencing factors of SWB major included economic status, health status, interpersonal situation, character status, pressure status, marriage status, casual status, marriage status and cultural background through the literature analysis. Feng Cuixian [6](2008) conducted a graduate SWB and social support related research, using the questionnaires randomly collected from 150 students of three graduate colleges and universities of Shanxi. What statistical methods the research use were questionnaires and the relevant statistical methods such as analysis of variance. The conclusion of the analysis are that we should actively encourage graduate students to form a good network of people , to establish an intimate relationship, improve their social support to improve the well-being of graduate students.In this paper writing of our team work, my job was mainly involved in the preparation of the questionnaire , questionnaire distribution and collection , data collection and sorting , and assisting other members of the team finishing a good analysis of the data to obtain the data needed for writing papers . It is to provide a theoretical basis for finalizing the paper . Here is what I had done in this group paper writing. 2 Reading papers of home and abroadTo conduct research on an issue , first of all, we need to know the included aspects of the problems we studied and the study extent of the problem from the home and abroad scholars, and the progress of the study now . So we collected and read lots of papers and books about the problems we studied . Inductived and sorted them , so we have had a comprehensive understanding of the problems we studied . This also helped us to form our own ideas and methods on the issue . In this group study, we chosed to collect datas through questionnaires . Then we studied these datas collected from the questionnaires . 3 Questionnaires’ preparation , distribution and collection After determin the problem we want to study in the future, the next step is the preparation of the questionnaires and thedata collecting . There are many places in the preparation of the questionnaires should be noted .Now summarize them as follows: Ways of the presentations of the problems should be noted:1 ) The language should be simple and clear as possible . Do not use ambiguous , prone to ambiguity in the statement.2 ) The language should be easy to understand . Do not use statements that may seem strange to the respondents . In addition to the questionnaires to the professionals , avoid using professional terms .3 ) Language expression should be objective . Do not use implied , tendentious language. For example , " the vast majority of high school students worship singers, what is your worship singers ? " The sentence of " the vast majority of high school students worship singers " in ahead of the sentence of "what is your worship singers ? " is obweriously implied to the responsers . So this question is wrong .4 ) The content of the question should be concrete . Do not design abstract , general issues. For example , "students’ recommend for school construction ." This question is too general . It can be changed to " students’ suggestionsto construction of campus culture " according to the survey purposes.5 ) The content of the question should be single . Do not put two or more questions in one question . Writing options should be noted: 1)Correlation. Option should be designed to be a direct relationship with the questions asked . 2) With the hierarchy. Various options given must belong to the same nature, the same level. 3) Independence. There should not be included and compatible relationships between the various options presented. It must be independent of each other , mutually exclusive. 4) Exhaustive .Options designed should contain all the conditions as far as possible .After the questionnaires were finished , the next step is todistribut and collect questionnaires . It should be noted at the time of the questionnaires distributed that questionnaires should be distributed randomly and representatively. With Xinjiang University students as an example , The questionnaires should not be sent to studerts of one college , nor distributed to all boys or all girls , and so on . The number of the College should be selected according to the number of the questionnaires . Try to balance the gender ratio , both the art and science studerts , and so on. So as to make the data collected representative. We screened the questionnaires , after finishing collecting the questionnaires . Retain effective questionnaires . Exclude valid questionnaires . Thus, the phase of the work was finished . 4 Data AnalysisWhen we got back to the survey data , the next work we did wsa to use relevant statistical software for processing. Here, we used the SPSS for the processing software . Its processes can be divided into four processes : data entry , variables defining , statistical analysis and results saving .The first step is to set the variable. It includes setting the variable name, type, width, decimals, label, Values, Missing, Colomns, Align, Measure property.The second step is data entry . Data entry window can be entered directly in the SPSS . In the data entry window, we can see a table . Each row of this table represents a questionnaire . We also call it a case . In the data entry window, we can see 1,2,3,4,5 ... tag name appearing at the top of the table . This is actually the first step we define a variable name variable, we take every issue of the questionnaire . That is that 1 stand for the first question , 2 stand for the second question , others by analogy . We just need to enter the answers to the questions below thecorresponding variable name to complete the questionnaires’ data entry .The third step is statistic and analysis. With the data , we can use a variety of analytical methods of the SPSS to analyze. But the choice of statistical analysis methods, that is use what statistical analysis process , is the key to get ture analyze results. It need according to the purpose of our survey , and what results we want to choose . What we use is regression analysis and factor analysis in our group paper .The fourth step is to save the results . Our SPSS software will store our statistical analysis results in a window which is called the result output window . Since the SPSS software supports copy and paste functionality , so we can copy and paste the results we want into our report . Under normal circumstances, we recommend saving our data. The results can not be saved . As long as we have the data , if we want the results , we can always use the data to get results. 5 Writing papersPaper writing not from the pen to write or typing on a computer began. Many of the steps is necessary to link the previous fall paper writing , to some extent, much more important than the actual hands-on writing . Here are steps about how to write a specification paper .First, determine the thesis topic . Broadly speaking , the election of any problems associated with the study of the subject is able to write something , as long as you have new ideas, new discoveries, new angles , new methods , new materials , and so on . The second step , choose topic around the thesis topics which have been identified . Review of relevant theory and research , or " literature search ." This step is necessary. Without this step , your thesis is likely to repeat with the work alreadydone , which is equal to waste . The process of looking up is also idea inspired , opinion generating sparking process . If you do not take this step , it is equal to give up your own new ideas, new perspectives , new sources of material . This is done for the next view angle on the preparation material . The third step is to put forward our own assumptions or theories about the topic to study specific issues . The central idea or thesis topic argument must be clear and consistently throughout the paper . The fourth step is to choose which research method to use . Generally speaking, according to oer own specific issues and topics discussed , a research method can be based, supplemented by other methods . The fifth step is to design the thesis framework . Like an architect to build a house in front of the drawing must be the same . When we got to the level to write papers , not just the general framework of articles should be stored in the brain , in general , words style always need to be formed . They are need to be relatively detailed , so easy to know what to do when writing . The sixth step is to analyze and classified papers , survey meterial and all kinds of theories . And added them to various sections . Then explain , argumentation . This is actually the thesis writing itself . Such description is intended to allow the author to understand the process of writing the paper . A variety of materials and arguments , the arguments are not born can prove specific issues or instructions . It is need the organization of the material and arguments in order to make it full of vitality , naturally , forcefully on the subject for their own services . The seventh step is to check and adjustment standardizatly . T echnical questions section design , the text of the citation label, notes and numbers , after the text of Bibliography and paper itself does not belong to an executive summary , keywords, etc. It should bechecked in accordance with the requirements of standardized and adjusted . Although this is a technical issue, but it also reflects the author's attitude toward research . In particular citation , who used the ideas of others places , must indicate the source material . Not vague , nor make someone else's research results into its own . Also indicate the source of the material clearly . Treatises name, author or editor , publisher or publication name published , published or time, etc , should be full . Sometimes , to a level higher paper, the most easily overlooked problem is cited irregularities . Through these seven steps, a complete, standardized paper is complete. 6 Summary In the first part of the work , we readed a lot of papers . We have understanded the situation of the question we studied , and formed a preliminary essay writing idea . In the second part of the work , we have completed the preparation of the questionnaire , the distribution and collection of the questionnaire . We have collected the necessary data for writing oer papers . In the third part , we have handled and analyzed the data we collected. Eventually we got the results of the analysis we need . It provided a theoretical basis for the final data essay writing . Finally , we completed our group thesis according to the requirements of Part four . Through this group thesis writing , what I have learned are not only how to write a thesis , but also how to do the preliminary work of the thesis writing , how to prepare questionnaires and how to and handle and analyze the data we collected . I will continue to use these approaches and ideas in the later thesis writing . And through continuous learning make my use of the quantitative analysis more mature.Reference[1]Diener, Ed and Micaela Y. Chan (2011). Happy People LiveLonger: Subjective Well-Being Contributes to Health and Longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 3(1): 1–43.[2]Clark, Andrew and Claudia Senik (2010). Who Compares to Whom? The Anatomy of Income Comparisons in Europe. Economic Journal 120(544): 573–594. [3] Frey, Bruno S. and Matthias Benz(2008). Being Independent is a Great Thing: Subjective Evaluations of Self-Employment and Hierarchy. Economica 75(298): 362-383. [4]Wu shuFeng. Four dimensions influencing the formation of the social well-being in a harmonious society:Theoretical and empirical research [J] study and practice,2006.7:86-87.[5] Zheng Xia. Factors Master SWB Study [D]. Nanchang University,2008.8:190-192 [6]Feng Cuixian.Related research of the postgraduates SWB and social support[J] ,2008.8:388-389 [7] Wang Lingling. SWB of graduate study [D]. Nanjing Medical University,2010.6:132-133 [8] Xiao Xinhua. Postgraduates SWB and its Promotion Strategy [D].Hunan University,2007.9:98-99[9] Wushu Feng. Four dimensions influencing the formation of the social well-being [J]. Changjiang Daily,2007.2:125-126.[10] He Yixin. Status quo of graduate mental health and its coping strategies [J]. Proceedings of the Southwest University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2004.9:398-399第二篇:论文写作心得论文写作心得引导语:论文写作,简单的说,就是大专院校毕业论文的写作,包含着本科生的学士论文,研究生的硕士论文,博士生的博士论文,延伸到了职称论文的写作以及科技论文的写作,我们要总结一些写作的心得,我们才能写出更加优秀的论文。

如何写总结英文作文

如何写总结英文作文

如何写总结英文作文英文:As I reflect on my experience, I have learned a lotfrom this project. First and foremost, I have gained valuable knowledge and skills in the field of research and analysis. I have learned how to gather and analyze data,and how to draw conclusions from that data. Additionally, I have learned how to effectively communicate my findings to others, both verbally and in writing.Another important lesson that I have learned is the importance of teamwork. Throughout this project, I have had the opportunity to work with a diverse group of individuals, each with their own unique strengths and weaknesses. By working together and leveraging each other's strengths, we were able to achieve our goals and complete the project successfully.Furthermore, I have learned the importance of timemanagement and organization. This project required a lot of planning and coordination, and I quickly realized that I needed to be organized and efficient in order to meet deadlines and stay on track.Overall, this project has been a valuable learning experience for me. I have gained new skills and knowledge, and have developed a greater appreciation for the importance of teamwork, time management, and organization.中文:回顾这次项目经验,我从中学到了很多东西。

英语文章总结怎么写6篇

英语文章总结怎么写6篇

英语文章总结怎么写6篇第1篇示例:英语文章总结是对一篇英语文章的内容、观点以及结构进行概括和归纳的过程。

总结的目的是帮助读者了解文章的核心内容,提炼出文章的要点,并展示作者的观点和论证方式。

下面就是一份关于如何写英语文章总结的指南。

第一步:确定文章的主题和要点在写文章总结之前,首先要认真阅读原文,了解文章的主题和主要内容。

在阅读的过程中,可以做一些标记,以便在总结时更快地找到文章的重点内容。

要注意文章的结构和论证方式,例如作者是如何阐述自己的观点,以及是否使用了举例、对比、引用等论证手段。

第二步:概括文章的要点在总结时,要抓住文章的重点内容,用简洁的语言概括出文章的要点。

可以根据文章的主题和内容,将文章的要点分成几个段落,对每个段落进行概括。

在概括文章的要点时,一定要保持客观和准确,不要添加自己的观点和解释,只需要简单概括文章中的重要观点和论据。

第三步:分析文章的观点和论证方式在总结文章的时候,除了概括文章的要点,还需要分析文章的观点和论证方式。

这包括作者对主题的看法和态度,以及作者是如何通过事实、数据、案例等论据来支持自己的观点。

如果文章存在争议性观点或者有一定的立场倾向,也可以在总结的时候加以说明,以便读者更好地理解文章的内涵。

第四步:总结文章的结论在总结文章时,还需要总结出文章的结论和作者想要表达的核心主题。

在总结结论时,要用简洁的语言概括出文章的核心观点,以及作者对主题的总体看法。

同时也要注意结论是否具有普遍性和启发性,可以对读者以及相关领域的研究提出一定的思考和启示。

第五步:检查总结的准确性和完整性在完成文章总结后,一定要对总结的内容进行仔细检查,确保总结的准确性和完整性。

尤其要注意是否遗漏了文章的重点内容,以及是否偏离了文章的原意。

还要检查用词是否准确、语言是否通顺,保证总结的质量和可读性。

写好一篇英语文章总结需要认真阅读原文,概括出文章的要点,并分析文章的观点和论证方式,最终总结出文章的结论和核心观点。

论文写作课心得,英语版5篇

论文写作课心得,英语版5篇

论文写作课心得,英语版5篇第一篇:论文写作课心得,英语版What I have learned:In this week’s class, first of all, our teacher showed us how to formulate a working thesis.A working thesis is a hypothetical answer to one’s research question and a good working thesis should be a single clear sentence, positive,non-obvious statement and can be tested.I think this could force us to narrow our topic and we should have our own opinion on the topic or what we want to prove.Then according to what I have learned I proposed three hypotheses of my own topic.After finished this task, the teacher showed us how to write the literature review.First, if we want to write a good literature review, we should have a clear thesis or research question.In the literature review we should describe the history and current situation of the field related to our research subjects, the definitions of some important terms and so on.I think the most important thing are that we should not ignore our own evaluation of the current cited paper and also our own opinions on the topics.Then according to what I have learned from this class, I read the article which the teacher have given us.I found that the author used the Thematical Method in the literature review.The author first introduced the surveys on the ownership of PDE in different countries, and then the function of the PDE and the disadvantages and advantages of the use of PDE , the teacher’s attitude towards the PDE and how to train students to use the PDE.At last, the author evaluated all the researches of this topic ,and showed what his own paper would do.Therefore, we can see that the author introduced all the related theories to thestudy of PDE these years in good order, but in each paragraph the author used the chronological method to introduce each period of the researches on this topic.About the tense of the literature review the author mainly used the past tense to introduce what the other authors have found.Then, in the last part, the author used the simple present tense to evaluate the researches and illustrated what would be tested in his own paper.I think the tenses that the author used are appropriate.About my own paper, first I collect more articles about my topic and read two articles carefully to find out the hypotheses and comprehend their literature reviews.Then, I also discuss the topic with my partner and supervisor.At last I find what I should do first is to search some political news in China Daily and the Liberty Times(the newspaper of Taiwan).Then I should read these news carefully to find out and analyze the main features of the use of metaphors in political discourse from different newspapers.Then I can analyze the differences and similarities of the use of metaphors between Mandarin and Taiwanese.Only after that can I illustrate the different ideologies of the two different language varieties.At the same time, I should read more articles and books about my topic so that I can write a good article.第二篇:论文写作心得论文写作心得引导语:论文写作,简单的说,就是大专院校毕业论文的写作,包含着本科生的学士论文,研究生的硕士论文,博士生的博士论文,延伸到了职称论文的写作以及科技论文的写作,我们要总结一些写作的心得,我们才能写出更加优秀的论文。

撰写英文论文的心得体会

撰写英文论文的心得体会

撰写英文论文的心得体会有人归纳了外刊论文撰写的五个基本要求,即5C:正确(correctness)、清楚(clarity)、简洁(concision)、完整(completion)和一致性(consistency)。

只有在满足这5点要求的情况下才可以算是一篇合格的外刊文章。

对此,我深表同意。

下面,从外刊论文的基本结构分别来说明我的看法:1Introduction我一直认为Introduction是外刊文章最为难写的部分之一(另外一个是Discussion)。

中文文章的缺陷就在于Introduction没有内涵,过于简单,没有真正体现出一篇论文的研究起初和创新要素。

应该说外刊论文对于Introduction 的要求是非常高的,可以毫不夸张的说,一个好的Introduction就相当于文章成功了一半。

所以大家应该在Introduction上集中足够的精力。

我认为要写好一个Introduction,最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性,这两点是结合在一起的,即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。

一开始,我们要首先阐述自己研究领域的基本内容,要尽量的简洁明了,不要罗里罗嗦一大堆。

须知看文章的人都是该领域的专家,所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。

接下来,就是Introduction的重头戏之一:文献的总结回顾。

这一点要特别着重笔墨来描写。

一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面的概括总结出来,不能有丝毫的遗漏,特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。

这是两个最容易出现的问题,应该是我们要极力避免的。

如果一旦审稿人之处这两个毛病,很可能意味着说你做的不够深入或者全面,负面作用是非常明显的。

另一方面,文献的应用和数据的提供一定要准确。

片面的摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果是千万要不得的。

引用的数据也要正确,特别是间接引用的数据(即不是从原文献中查到的数据,而是从别人的文献中发现的另外一篇文献的数据)。

英语文章总结怎么写6篇

英语文章总结怎么写6篇

英语文章总结怎么写6篇第1篇示例:英语文章总结是对一篇英语文章的主要观点和结论进行概括和归纳的过程。

总结的目的是为了让读者更好地理解文章的主旨和重点内容,帮助他们快速获取文章的要点。

一、总结的基本原则1. 简明扼要:总结应该简短明了,不偏离文章的主题,突出文章的中心思想。

2. 概括要点:总结时要抓住文章的重点和亮点,避免刻意扩大或缩小内容。

3. 不另加评论:总结应该客观客观,不加入个人情感或评论。

二、总结的常用句式1. In conclusion, the article argues that…(这篇文章认为…)三、总结的步骤1. 阅读整篇文章,理解文章的主题和中心思想。

2. 提取文章的要点和关键信息,做好笔记。

3. 将要点按逻辑顺序进行整理,构建文章的逻辑结构。

4. 选择合适的总结句式,将要点和结论串联起来,形成一篇完整的总结。

四、总结的注意事项1. 避免直接复制粘贴文章的原文内容,要用自己的语言和句式进行总结。

2. 不可歪曲作者原意,总结要客观中立。

3. 要保持上下文的逻辑连贯,避免断章取义。

总结一篇英语文章是提高阅读理解能力的有效方式,通过总结可以更好地掌握文章的主题和内容,帮助我们更加深入地理解文章的内涵,提高语言表达能力和思维逻辑。

希望以上内容能够帮助您更好地写出优质的英语文章总结。

第2篇示例:文章总结是在阐述文章主要内容后,对所阐述的内容进行提炼、概括、归纳和评价,从而形成一个整体的概括性结论。

写好一篇英语文章总结,需要考虑以下几个方面:对文章的主要内容进行概括。

文章总结的首要任务是对文章的主要内容进行概括和提炼,要点要突出,概括要准确。

对文章的思想观点进行评价。

文章总结还需要对文章的思想观点进行评价,看作者的观点是否合理,是否有说服力,是否值得借鉴。

对文章所使用的论据进行分析。

文章总结也需要对文章所使用的论据进行分析,看这些论据是否具有说服力和证明力。

进行整体评价。

在文章总结的需要对整篇文章进行整体评价,可以从内容价值、论证严密度、语言表达等方面进行评价,表明自己对于这篇文章的看法。

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2015-04-27华南农业大学学报(社科版)华南农业大学学报(社科版)
本文来源科学网,作者黄合来(中南大学交通运输工程学院教授),文章是作者长期的英文论文写作实践和与学生交流沟通中归纳出来的个人体会,供参考。

小编认为下面的经验更适合运用模型进行分析的论文,但一些好的写作的方法都是通用的,与各位分享。

建议写作顺序:
Method — Data — Results — Introduction — Discussion —Conclusion — Abstract — References
论文各部分写作内容与注意事项
1.Abstract
标准摘要五句话,包含五个层次的内容:
1.1 Introduction: 为什么要进行本项研究,现状中本项研究的缺失或者做了但是存在不足;
1.2 Method:用什么方法做这个研究;
1.3 Data:用什么样的数据来验证你的方法;
1.4 Results:从研究中得出什么结论;
1.5 Implication:得出的结论对研究领域和实践有什么意义(理论与实践意义)
2. Introduction
2.1 Research background:
目的是证实该研究问题的重要性。

如这一类问题造成的损失很严重,因此研究这一问题很重要。

2.2 Research problem:
在上述的这一大研究背景下,要做什么问题(或者方面)的研究;在上述的这一大研究背景下,这一研究可以在哪些方面解决现存的实际问题。

2.3 研究现状:
别人已经做了哪些东西,别人已经做过什么,发现了什么样的问题?
2.4现存的研究有什么问题与不足:
别人有什么没有做过?为什么别人没有做得更好?并说明这些研究不足会带来严重后果。

2.5本研究的目标(objective)和研究范围(scope):
本研究弥补这些问题中(这些没做过或者做过没做好的问题中)的哪些不足,采用什么研究方法去弥补不足。

陈述本项研究的范围局限,并高度概括本论文研究结论。

2.6文章结构:本论文的后续部分的基本内容架构。

3. Literature review
目的:Literature review证明与说明两件事情:一是研究目标的设定是有意义的;二是你在本研究中采用的方法是可靠的、有效的。

包括三个层次的内容:
3.1对选题(你找到的研究问题)的justification。

即对做过没做好或者没做过的研究问题,在这个研究领域,针对research problem而言,让读者明白本项研究是有意义的;
3.2现存文献中对本文值得参考并可借鉴的东西(包括分析工具和成果);
3.3非相关或者相邻研究领域值得借鉴的东西,侧重于可借鉴的研究方法。

3.2与3.3就确定了研究方法。

补充说明:注意introduction 2.5中的研究目的与研究范围的区别。

Scope:如洪水发生后带来10个后续问题,本研究只考虑了6个关键问题。

在Literature review 3.1与3.2中应该对scope进行说明和辨析,即说明我为什么留下这6个问题,去掉其他4个问题。

小结:文献综述不是综述文献,而是去找到问题,不是为了综述而述。

并不在于对所有的相关文献作详尽描述和总结,应该是对相关研究现状的高度概括。

至此,已经把研究问题、研究目标、研究方法明确了,并且对它们已经证明了、辩护了。

4. Method
此部分主要是对方法的描述。

该部分包含三个方面的内容:
4.1研究策略(Research strategy)
总概研究过程。

要做这样的一个研究采用一个什么样的研究策略:即所采用的研究思路。

4.2数据采集的方法
建立在对研究问题深入认识的基础上,需要采集什么样的数据(变量)。

这里的数据的概念是泛泛的,不是指具体的数据,而包括数据结构、变量(考虑的因素)。

4.3数据的分析方法:如数学分析、逻辑分析(推理)、统计模型等数据分析方法。

统计模型(模型的建立、模型校验(模型计算)、模型推断(在算的过程中所推断出的一些结果)、模型评价与对比)。

5. Date
主要围绕data,对你所收集的数据做一个简要的描述,描述所收集的数据的特点。

如从哪个机构得到一个数据,有什么样的特征、变量的期望值、方差、中位数、最大与最小值等。

包含两个层次的内容:
5.1数据的来源、采集数据的时间周期、描述性的统计值
5.2对所收集的数据的初步的处理方法。

6. Results
运用所采用的数据分析方法(即模型的建立、模型校验(模型计算)、模型推断(在算的过程中所推断出的一些结果)、模型评价与对比)得到的模型分析结果。

应该着重对所得出的重要结果进行描述,不需要对所有的结果进行描述。

7. Discussion
Discussion就是针对所得出的结果做横向或者纵向的对比和讨论,包括自己的结果之间的比较、自己结果与别人结果之间的比较;如果结果存在差异性,并对结果之间的差异性的成因
作讨论分析。

这样的差异性分析进一步加强了本研究的重要性。

可以进一步地验证:对所提出的观点做数据方面的支持。

注意6和7的区别:Results强调清楚地陈述研究结果,受制于数据分析方法(模型建立、模型校验、模型推断、模型评价)的框架制约。

而Discussion强调把结果打乱,提出最值得讨论和有意义的结果,是对本项研究所得出结果(results)高度抽象的产物。

写discussion的三重境界:一是得出与人家相同的结果(意义不大);二是得出不同结果,但是不讨论差异性成因(需要升华);三是得出不同结果,并作差异性成因分析(较高水平)。

8. Conclusion
标题可以叫conclusion,但是实际包含四个内容:
8.1 Conclusion
8.1.1研究过程:对研究过程的综述。

在期刊论文中可以不写,但是在学位论文中一定要写。

8.1.2该研究得出的结论:这个研究成果不是Results和Discussion的复述,而是对Results 和Discussion的更进一步的抽象和概括。

8.2 Implication:从研究结论中所反映出来的对该研究领域的贡献以及启示,更侧重于启示。

8.3 Limitation:所得出的研究结果(该研究结果)的局限性。

Limitation与scope是两回事,但两者相关,有差异性,其差异性体现在scope针对的是研究范围,在该研究范围内,你的研究结论是成立的,有效的,在scope内是绝对不能被人家挑毛病的;limitation要承认即使在scope内,由于数据的有限性和方法的不完备性所导致的局限性。

总之,limitation的
成因包括两个方面,一是scope所造成的limitation;另一方面是由于数据、方法所造成的limitation。

8.4 Future study
基于两个认识(一是对limitation的认识,二是对本文结论的implication的认识)所提出的后续研究课题。

9. References
就是一个字:consistent,文献列表和标注的一致性。

应该与刊物格式要求一致,不同journal 格式要求不一样。

更为重要的是自己论文格式前后要一致,包括标点符号等。

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