Basin Analysis
多种土地覆被产品一致性分析与精度评价——以淮河流域为例
多种土地覆被产品一致性分析与精度评价——以淮河流域为例邵正艳1李南南2尤慧1李鑫川2（1淮安市气象局，江苏淮安223003；2淮阴师范学院，江苏淮安223300）摘要本文以淮河流域为研究区域，基于5种土地覆被分类产品（CLCD、ESACCI-LC、GLC_FCS30、Globe-Land30、MCD12Q1），将各土地覆被类型重分类为农用地、建设用地、未利用地三大类，从面积和空间两方面进行了一致性分析与精度评价。
结果表明，5种产品对于淮河流域土地覆被的类型特征具有较强的一致性，面积估算的相关性系数均大于0.9。
在3种30m分辨率土地覆被分类产品中，CLCD的识别精度最高，以此作为参考数据；其他4种产品总体精度在92.37%~95.53%之间，Kappa系数在0.523~0.695之间，GlobeLand30产品与GLC_FCS30产品精度较高且各有优势，ESACCI-LC产品和MCD12Q1产品精度较低。
该研究成果可以为不同时空尺度上的土地覆被研究提供参考。
关键词土地覆被产品；一致性；精度评价；淮河流域中图分类号F301.2；TP79文献标识码A文章编号1007-5739（2024）07-0170-06DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1007-5739.2024.07.040开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：Consistency Analysis and Accuracy Evaluation of Multiple Land Cover Products:Taking the Huai River Basin as an ExampleSHAO Zhengyan1LI Nannan2YOU Hui1LI Xinchuan2(1Huai'an Meteorological Bureau,Huai'an Jiangsu223003;2Huaiyin Normal University,Huai'an Jiangsu223300)Abstract In this paper,the Huaihe River Basin was taken as the research area.Based on five land cover classifi-cation products(CLCD,ESACCI-LC,GLC-FCS30,GlobeLand30,MCD12Q1),each land cover type was reclassified into three categories(agricultural land,construction land and unused land).Consistency analysis and accuracy evalu-ation were carried out from two aspects of area and space.The results showed that the five products had strong consistency in the type characteristics of land cover in the Huaihe River Basin,and the correlation coefficients for area estimation were all greater than0.9.Among the three land cover classification products with30m resolution,CLCD had the highest recognition accuracy and served as a reference data.The overall accuracy of the other four products ranged from92.37% to95.53%,with Kappa coefficients ranging from0.523to0.695.GlobeLand30products and GLC_FCS30products had high accuracy and each had its own advantages,while ESACCI-LC products and MCD12Q1products had lower accu-racy.This research result could provide reference for land cover research at different temporal and spatial scales.Keywords land cover product;consistency;accuracy evaluation;Huaihe River Basin土地覆被信息是理解人类活动与全球变化复杂的交互作用的重要途径，同时也是众多生态系统模型、陆面过程模型和大气耦合模型的基础输入，它影响生态系统，包括生物多样性，调节温室气体排放以及收获和再生产[1]。
冶金专业英语词汇（G）
冶金专业英语词汇(G)gadolinite 硅铍钇矿钕gadolinium 钆gage 尺度;计gage pressure 计示压力gage reduction 厚度压减gage rod 探尺gagging 矫正gahnite 锌尖晶石galactite 乳石galena 方铅矿galenite 方铅矿galling 磨损gallium 镓gallon 加仑galvanic coating 电镀galvanic corrosion 电化腐蚀galvanization 电镀galvanized prestressed steel 预应力镀锌钢galvanized sheet 镀锌薄板galvanized tube 镀锌管galvanized wire 镀锌丝galvanizing 镀锌galvanizing line 镀锌线galvanizing pot 镀锌槽galvanoplastics 电铸galvanoplasty 电铸galvanostegy 电镀gamma iron 铁gamma ray test 射线探伤gamma rays 射线gamma solid solution 固溶体gamma thickness gage 射线测厚仪gangue 脉石ganister 致密硅石gantry crane 龙门式起重机gap adjustment 轧辊间隙蝶garnierite 硅镁镍矿garret reel 加勒特式线材卷取机gas 气体gas absorption 气体吸收gas analyser 气体分析器gas analysis 气体分析gas analysis apparatus 气体分析装置gas atmosphere 气氛gas atomization 气体雾化gas black 气黑gas blower 煤气鼓风机gas boriding 气体渗硼gas brazing 焰炬加热断焊gas bubble 气泡gas burner 煤气燃烧器gas calorimeter 煤气量热器gas carbonitriding 气体碳氮共渗gas carburizing 气体渗碳gas cavity 气孔gas chromatographic analysis 气相色谱分析gas chromatography 气体色谱法gas cleaner 净气器gas cleaning 煤气净化gas coal 气煤gas coke 气化焦炭gas compressor 煤气压缩机gas conduit 煤气导管gas constant 气体常数gas cooler 气体冷却器gas corrosion 气体腐蚀gas curtain 气体帘幕gas cutter 气割器gas cutting 氧气切断gas cutting machine 火焰切割机gas cylinder 气瓶gas distribution 气体分布gas down take 煤气降下管gas dynamics 气体动力学gas environment 气氛gas evolution 气体析出gas expelling 脱气gas fired furnace 煤气燃烧炉gas flue 煤气通道gas furnace 煤气炉gas gate valve 煤气闸阀gas generator 煤气发生炉gas gouging 火焰刨槽gas heating 煤气加热gas impermeability 不透气性gas injection 吹气gas line 煤气管线gas line pipe 煤气管线用管gas mixture 气体混合物gas nitriding 气体氮化gas nitrocarburizing 气体共渗氮碳gas permeability 透气性gas pickling 气体浸蚀gas pipe 气管gas pocket 气阱gas porosity 气孔性gas port 煤气喷口gas pressure 煤气压力gas pressure welding 气体压力焊接gas producer 煤气发生炉gas purification 煤气净化gas purifier 净气器gas quenching 气体零火gas reforming 煤气变换gas release 气体放出gas removal 脱气gas scrubbing 煤气洗涤gas seal 气封gas separation 气体分离gas separator 气体分离器gas shielded arc welding 气体保护弧焊gas siliconizing 气体渗硅gas stirring 气体搅拌gas supply 煤气供应gas thermometer 气体温度计gas up take 煤气上升管gas valve 煤气阀gas washer 洗气器gas washing 煤气洗涤gas welder 气焊工gas welding 气焊gas welding equipment 气焊装置gaseous carburization 气体渗碳gaseous corrosion 气体腐蚀gaseous fuel 气体燃料gaseous phase 气相gasholder 储煤气柜gasification 气化gasket 密封垫gasket cement 填密料gassing 放气gate 闭锁器gate stick 浇口棒gated pattern 带浇口的铸模gathering table 收集辊道gating system 浇铸系统gauss 高斯gear 齿轮gear box 齿轮箱gear case 齿轮箱gear drive 齿轮传动gel 凝胶gelatin 煤general corrosion 全面腐蚀general waviness 总波纹generator 发电机generator furnace 煤气发生炉generator gas 发生炉煤气gentleman 软焊料用旋转机germ 核german silver 锌白铜germanite 锗石germanium 锗gersdorffite 辉砷镍矿getter 吸气剂ghost lines 鬼线gibbs free energy 自由焓gibbs thermodynamic potential 等压等温位gibbsite 水铝矿gilding 镀金gilsonite 硬沥青gilt 镀金girder 梁girder mill 钢梁轧机girth welding 环缝焊接glance coal 亮煤glass extrusion 玻璃润滑热挤压glass wool 玻璃棉glassy feldspar 透长石glauber's salt 芒硝glauberite 钙芒硝glaucodot 铁硫砷钴矿glauconite 海绿石glazed pig 高硅生铁glazing 抛光glazy pig 高硅生铁glide 滑移glide dislocation 滑移位错glide plane 滑移面glissile dislocation 滑动位错globular cementite 粒状渗碳体globular inclusion 球状夹杂物globular perlite 球状珠光体globular structure 球状结构globule 小球;珠滴globulites 球雏晶globurizing 球状化glow discharge 辉光放电glow discharge boriding 辉光放电渗硼glow discharge carbonitriding 辉光放电碳氮化glow discharge nitriding 辉光放电氮化glut weld v 形焊缝gneiss 片麻岩goethite 针铁矿gold 金gold amalgam 金汞膏gold beating 金箔制造gold bronze 金青铜gold bullion 金块gold chloride 氯化金gold cyanide 氰化金gold dust 金粉gold foil 金箔gold leaf 金箔gold ore 金矿石gold plating 镀金gold point 金点gold telluride 二碲化金goldschmidt's process 高氏铝热还原法goldsmithing 金饰工术goniometer 测角仪gooseneck 鹅颈管goslarite 皓矾goss texture 高斯织构gothic groove 弧边菱形孔型gothic pass 弧边菱形孔型gouging 开槽governor valve 第阀grab crane 抓斗起重机grade of steel 钢种gradient 梯度grading 分级grading analysis 粒度分析graduation 刻度grain 粒grain boundary 晶界grain boundary attack 晶界腐蚀grain boundary corrosion 晶界腐蚀grain boundary diffusion 晶界扩散grain boundary dislocation 晶界位错grain boundary migration 晶界移动grain boundary porosity 晶界气孔grain boundary precipitates 晶界沉淀物grain boundary segregation 晶界偏析grain boundary slip 晶界滑动grain composition 粒度组成grain fineness 细晶粒度grain growth 晶粒长大grain growth annealing 晶粒长大退火grain orientation 晶粒取向grain refining 细晶化grain segregation 晶内偏析grain size 粒度grain size analysis 粒度分析grain size number 粒度号数grain structure 晶粒结构graining 粒化granular cementite 粒状渗碳体granular powder 粒状粉granular structure 粒状组织granularity 粒度granulated copper 粒状铜granulated iron 粒化生铁granulated metal 粒状金属granulated powder 粒状粉granulated slag 水碎炉渣granulating 成粒granulating basin 水渣池granulating machine 制粒机granulating pit 水渣池granulation 成粒granule 细粒granulometric composition 粒度组成granulometric curve 粒度曲线graph 曲线图graphite 黑铅状碳素graphite brick 石墨砖graphite bronze 石墨青铜graphite carbon 石墨碳graphite crucible 石墨坩埚graphite electrode 石墨电极graphite eutectic 石墨共晶graphite metal 铅基轴承合金graphitic carbon 黑铅状碳素graphitic cast iron 灰铸铁graphitic corrosion 石墨腐蚀graphitic embrittlement 石墨脆性graphitic nitralloy 石墨氮化graphitic pig iron 灰口铁graphitic steel 石墨钢graphitizable steel 可石墨化钢graphitization 石墨化graphitizator 石墨化剂graphitized steel 石墨钢graphitizer 石墨化剂graphitizing 石墨化graphitizing annealing 石墨化退火grate 格子grate bar 炉篚grate stoker 链笥煤机grate surface 炉箧grating 炉篦gravimetric analysis 重量分析gravimetric method 重量法gravity casting 重力浇注gravity concentration 重力选矿gravity segregation 重力偏析gravity separation 重力选矿gray body 灰体gray forge pig 可锻灰生铁gray iron 灰铸铁;灰生铁gray slag 灰色矿渣gray tin 灰锡grease marks 油痕green anode 生阳极green brick 不烧砖green compact 生坯压坯green core 湿砂型芯green density 生跑度green gold 绿金green molding 湿砂造型green pellets 生球团green permeability 生砂通气度green sand 湿型砂green sand mold 湿砂型green sludge 绿色淤渣green strength 生趴度green vitriol 绿矾green volume 生佩积greenawalt pan 格林纳瓦尔特盘式烧结机greenockite 硫镉矿grena 原矿grid method 网络法griffith's crack 格里菲思脆性裂纹grindability 粉碎能力grinder 磨床grinding 粉碎grinding machine 磨床grinding paste 研磨膏grinding wheel 研磨砂轮gripper 夹钳gripping 咬入gripping angle 咬入角grit 碎石grit blasting 喷丸清理grizzly 栅筛grog 熟料groove 凹槽;孔型groove angle 坡口角度groove cutting 切槽groove face 坡口面groove rolling 孔型轧制grooved roll 有槽轧辊grooving 孔型设计gross calorific value 总热值gross heating value 总热值group drive 集体传动group teeming car 成盘浇注车growth front 生长阵面guard 导板guard plate 保护板guard valve 安全阀guide 导向装置guide bar 导杆guide box 导板箱guide fittings 轧辊导卫装置guide marks 导卫划痕guide mill 带围板的轧机guide pin 导销guide pulley 导轮guide roll 导辊guide scratch 导卫划痕guillotine shears 铡刀式剪切机guinier preston zone 纪尼埃普雷斯顿区gummite 脂铅铀矿gun 焊枪gun bronze 炮铜gun iron 钢性铸铁gun metal 炮铜gunning mix 喷补混合物gutter 鳞gypsum 石膏gypsum molding 石膏造型gypsum pattern 石膏模型gyratory breaker 旋回破碎机gyratory crusher 旋回破碎机。
水文水资源标准术语英文版
hydrologi cal fhoyrdercoalsgtoc ial forecast
leading tsihmoert term hydrologi cal forecastin gmid and long term hydrologi cal forecast
3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7
hydrologi cal computati ohnydrologi cal statistics
2.1.3 2.1.4
累计频率 重现期
2.1.5 水文频率曲线 2.1.6 设计频率 2.1.7 相关分析
2.2 暴雨
2.2.1 大暴雨
2.2.2 特大暴雨
2.2.3 2.2.4区） 暴雨中心 暴雨强度 暴雨历时
2.2.7 点雨量
2.2.8 面雨量
2.2.9 定点定面关系
accumulat ive frequency return period
hydrologi cal frequency curve design frequency corelation analysis rain storm large rain storm
水文技术标准术语
序号 中文名称
1 河流及流域特征 1.1 河流及水系 1.1.1 河流 1.1.2 干流（主河）
1.1.3 支流
英文名称 中文释义
Characteri stics of river and basin
River and river system rtrivuenrk river (main stream)
2.3.12 2.3.13
河槽集流（河网集流） 单位线（时段单位线）
海洋工程模型试验
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Models
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Industry Practice
Some ITTC Questionnaire Results (The Specialist Committee on Deep Water Mooring )
• Have you validated your coupled vessel motion and dynamic mooring analysis tools through:
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If you are to simulate the behavior of a moored deep water vessel (depth ≥1500 m) experimentally, which of the following test strategies would you choose?
Model test results will help to enhance the research & development in deep water/ultra deep water technology
Hybrid Model Testing
(Model the Model)
Ultra-Deepwater Modeling Challenge
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Passive Hybrid Systems
石油英语词汇（T4）
石油英语词汇（T4）transnational bank 跨国银行transnational corporation 跨国公司transnational investment 跨国投资transobuoy 漂浮式海洋自动气象站transoid 反型；反向transom beam 尾横梁transom board 艄板；艉板transom frame 艉肋transom stern 方艉transom 横梁；气窗；连接构件transonics 跨声速空气动力学；跨声速流transoplarizer 铁电阻抗器transparence 透明性transparency =transparence transparent base 透明胶片transparent casing 透明套管transparent film 透明胶片transparent flow model 透明流动模型transparent flow tube 透明流动管transparent graph paper 透明方格纸transparent model 透明模型transparent overlay 透明覆盖图版transparent positive 透明正片transparent print 透明图transparent 透明的transpassivity 超钝性transpiration 蒸发transplutonium 超钚元素transponder buoy 转发浮标transponder pulse 发射脉冲transponder 应答器transport barge 运输驳船transport by road 公路运输transport capacity 输送能力transport coefficient 移动系数transport equation 迁移方程transport fluid 携带液transport fuels 运输业燃料transport function 传递函数transport in bulk 散装运输transport layer 传输层transport mean-free path 输运平均自由程transport property 传输特性transport 运输transportable 可运输的transportation bottleneck 运输瓶颈transportation by railroad 铁路运输transportation charges 运费transportation cost 运输成本transportation equipment 运输设备transportation facilities 运输设施transportation leakage 运输漏损transportation of sediment 沉积搬移transportation plan 输送计划transportation sort 运输分类transportation 运输transported assemblage 迁移群体transported deposit 搬运沉积transported fossil 异地化石transported overburden 运积层transporting agent 搬运营力；携砂剂transporting mechanism 传输机理transposability 可移置性transpose 转置transposed matrix 转置阵transposed method 少道接收法transposed recording 移位记录transposer 换位器transposition 互换位置transpression 转换挤压作用transpressional basin 转换挤压盆地transradar 变换雷达transreactance 互抗transrectification 交换整流；板极检波transrectifier 电子管检波器transregional company 跨国公司transregional 跨地区transresistance 互阻transshipment terminal 储油-卸油浮动码头transshipment 转运transsusceptance 互纳transtat 可调变压器transtension 转换拉伸transtensional basin 扭张盆地transubstantiation 使变质transudate 渗出液transudation 渗滤作用transuranic element 超铀元素transvar 可变定向耦合器transversal bubble 横向水准器transversal discrepancy 横向偏差值transversal displacement 横向位移transversal fault 横推断层transversal filter 横向滤波器transversal orientation 横向定向transversal section 横断面transversal shrinkage 横向收缩transversal surface 横截面transversal thrust 横冲断层transversal vector 横向量transversal wave 横波transversal 贯线transverse acceleration 横向加速度transverse anisotropy 横向各向异性transverse axis 水平轴transverse baffle 横向挡板transverse bar 横沙坝transverse basin 横向盆地；外准地糟transverse beam 横梁transverse bearing 径向轴承transverse bending strength 横向抗弯强度transverse brace 横拉筋transverse chart 横轴投影地图transverse compression wave 横向压缩波transverse contracting strain 横向压缩应变transverse conveyor 横向传送带transverse crack 横裂纹transverse diffusion coefficient 横向扩散系数transverse dip scanning 横向倾向扫描transverse dispersion 横向扩散transverse dune 横向沙丘transverse fault 横断层transverse fissure 横裂缝transverse fold 横向褶皱transverse force 横向力transverse isotropy 横向同性transverse joint 横节理transverse lap 横向搭接transverse lineament 横区域构造线transverse load 横荷重transverse Mercator projection 横轴麦卡托投影transverse migration 穿层运移transverse modulus of elasticity 横向弹性模量transverse permeability 横向渗透性transverse pitch 横向倾斜transverse planing machine 牛头刨床transverse profile 横剖面transverse relaxation time 横弛豫时间transverse ridge 横脊transverse righting arm 横稳性力臂transverse scour mark 横向冲刷痕transverse seal 横向封闭transverse section 横剖面transverse seep 横向渗溢transverse strength 横向强度transverse stress 横向应力transverse tank bulkhead 油罐横向隔舱板transverse thrust 横推冲断层transverse uplift 横向隆起transverse vibration 横向振动transverse wave 横波transverse 横切成直角之物transversely isotropic 横向各向同性的transverter 换流器transwitch 可控硅开关trap circuit 陷波电路trap efficiency 圈闭效率trap for scraper 刮管器座槽trap hysteresis 捕集滞后trap pressure 分离器压力trap rock 暗色岩trap structure 圈闭构造trap 圈闭TRAP 真反射振幅保持trap-door fault 活门状断层trap-down 正断层trap-out tray 隔离盘trap-up 逆断层trapeze 吊架；梯形trapezia trapeze 的复数trapezium 不等边四边形trapezohedron 偏方三八面体trapezoid formula 梯形公式trapezoid 梯形；不规则四边形trapezoid-shaped trench 梯形沟trapezoidal rule 梯形法则trapezoidal waighting 梯形加权trapezoidal wave 梯形波Trapezotheca 梯管螺属trapped oil globule 圈闭油珠trapped oil 被圈闭的油trapper 捕波器trapping mechanism 圈闭机理trapping of oil 石油圈闭作用trapping 收集trash line 碎屑线trash 废料trass cement 火山灰水泥trass 粗面凝灰岩trauma 外伤traumas =traumata trauma 的复数travail 艰苦的努力travel document 旅行文件travel expense allowance and standards 公出费和补助标准travel expenses 差旅费travel line 路径travel of oil 石油运移travel of plunger 柱塞行程travel path 传播路径travel 行程travel-time difference 旅行时差travel-time equation 旅行时方程travel-time 传播时间traveling salesman 旅行推销员traveling slip 游动卡瓦traveling valve 游动阀traveling wave 行波traveller's check 旅行支票traveller's cheque =traveller's checktravelling allowance 出差补贴travelling assembly 游动阀travelling barrel pump 游动泵筒式深井泵travelling barrel rod pump 游动泵筒杆式泵travelling barrel 游动泵筒travelling belt 传送带travelling block 游动滑车travelling derrik 移动式人字起重机travelling hoist 移动式卷扬机travelling load 动荷载travelling sheave 游动滑车travelling shield 移动式防护篷travelling shuttering 移动式模板travelling speed 运行速度travelling spider 游动楔形卡箍travelling trolley 滑车travelling tube 游动筒travelling valve 游动阀travelling wave 行波travelling 运行的travellubg crnbe 移动式起重机；行车traverse course 导线traverse line 导线traverse measurements 导线量测traverse side 导线边traverse station 导线站traverse 横穿traverser 转车台traversing 横动；压力横向分布测定；导线测量；横穿的travertine former 造华生物travertine 石灰华trawlboat 拖网渔船tray gradient 塔盘梯度tray hydrodynamics 塔盘水力学tray riser 塔盘升汽管tray spacing 塔盘间距tray sweating 盘式发汗tray valve 塔盘阀tray 盘tray-type column 盘式塔TRC 顶部红色砾岩TRC 温度记录和控制TRC 温度记录器-控制器tread 踩treadle 踏板treasure 财产treasurer 司库treasurer's department 财务部门treasury bill 国库券treasury bills 财政部债券treasury bonds 国库券treasury stock 国库券treasury 宝库treat of 论述treat 款待treated crude 处理过的原油treated interval 处理层段treated water 处理过的水treater 处理器treating fluid 处理液treating packer 作业封隔器treating pond 净化池；处理池treating 处理treatise 论文treatment capacity 处理量treatment component 处理作业工序treatment contamination 处理作业污染treatment cost 处理作业费用treatment fluid 工作液treatment loss 精制损失treatment of emulsion 乳状液处理treatment of mud 泥浆处理treatment scheme 处理流程treatment slurry 作业砂浆treatment variable 作业变数；处理作业变量treatment 加工；处理treaty 条约treble 三倍；尖音trebler 三倍倍频器tree cap 采油树罩tree classifier 树状分类器tree connector 采油树联接器tree derivation 树形图tree grammar 树文法tree guide frame 采油树导向架tree manifold 采油树管汇tree network 树型网络tree saver 采油树内护套tree structure 树状结构tree 采油树tree-protector 井口保护装置treeing 树枝状组织treelike drainage pattern 树状水系treenail 定缝梢钉TREF 电缆张力参考点trefoil 车轴草trellis diagram 格子图trellis drainage 格状水系trellis dune 格状沙丘trellis pattern 格状水系trellis 格子结构trellised 格式的Tremadocian 特马豆克阶tremble 颤抖trembler 震颤的东西；自动振动器；震颤片tremie pipe 下料管tremie tube 漏斗尾管tremie-type gravel pack 漏斗式砾石充填tremolite 透闪岩tremor 动作震颤Trempealeauan 特伦佩劳trench backfill 沟回填trench basin 海沟盆地trench compactor 管沟夯实机trench crossing 掘沟穿越trench cutting 开管沟trench digger 挖沟机trench drain 排水沟trench excavator 挖沟机trench wall 沟壁trench 峡谷trench-arc-back arc system 沟-弧-弧后体系trench-arc-basin system 沟-弧-盆体系trench-hoe 挖锄；挖沟机trench-slope basin 海沟-陆坡盆地trench-slope break 海沟-陆坡坡折trench-trench transform fault 沟-沟转换断层trench-type subduction zone 海沟型消减带trenched fault 堑形断层trencher 挖沟机trenching 槽探trend analysis 趋势分析trend component 趋势分量trend curve 趋势曲线trend extrapolation 趋势外推trend function 趋势函数trend line 走向线trend map 趋势图trend play 在两个已探明油藏间或其周边打探井找油；在老油田周边找油层trend residual 趋势剩余trend surface analysis 趋势面分析trend surface residual 趋势面剩余trend term 趋势项trend 方向Trentonian 特伦顿阶trepan 钻井机trepanning 切取岩样trespass 侵权tressel 活动架trestle crane 门式起重机trestle excavator 高架挖土机trestle-board 大绘图板trestlework 栈桥trevet 三脚架TRF 射频调谐TRH 总旋转时间TRI 技术报告说明书TRI 三极管tri- 三重tri-cone 三锥tri-porosity logging 三孔隙度测井tri-state 三态tri-vector 三维向量triacetate 三醋酸盐triacetin 三醋精triacid 三酸的triacontane 三十烷triad 三站定位系统；三个一组trial and error 试错法trial boring 试验钻井trial cruise 试航trial employment 试用trial function 测试函数trial method 试探法trial pit 初探浅井trial production 产品试制trial range 试航航程trial run 试执行；调试；试车trial solution 试探解trial test 预试trial value 试验值trial voltage 试验电压trial 试验trialkyl 三烷基triallyl cyanurate 三聚氰酸三烯丙醇酯triamine 三胺triange method 三角图版法triangle belt 三角皮带triangle distribution 三角分布triangle facies map 三角形相图triangle zone 三角地带triangle 三角形triangular cross-plot 三角交会图triangular diagram 三角形图；三角坐标图triangular matrix 三角矩阵triangular pattern 三角形井网triangular phase diagram 相三角图triangular plot 三角图triangular pulse 三角形脉冲triangular sample 三角形岩心triangular shaped wire 断面为三角形的钢丝triangular weighting 三角形加权triangular 三角形的triangular-wave generator 三角形波发生器triangularity 三角形triangulation adjustment 三角测量平差triangulation base 三角测量基线triangulation network 三角测量网triangulation pillar 三角点标石triangulation point 三角点triangulation 三角形测量Triangulodus 三隅牙形石属triaromatic steroid 三芳甾烷Trias 三叠纪；三叠系Triassic period 三叠纪Triassic system 三叠系Triassic 三叠纪Triassochelys 三叠龟属Triavestigia 三列趾迹triaxial borehole seismic survey 三轴井下地震测量triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验triaxial ellipsoid 三轴椭圆体triaxial geophone 三维检波器triaxial hydrophone system 三轴压敏检波器系统triaxial inclinometer 三轴测斜仪triaxial loading cell 三轴载荷试验元triaxial magnetometer 三轴磁力仪triaxial stress state 三轴应力状态triaxial test 三轴试验triaxial 三轴的tribar-rubble-mound breakwater 抛三柱块体；块石防波堤tribble 立根tribe 族；一群tribo- 摩擦triboelectricity 摩擦电triboelectrification 摩擦起电tribolet 心轴tribological behavior 润摩性能tribology 摩损学triboluminescence 摩擦发光tribometer 摩擦计tribophysics 摩擦物理学tribrach 三角基座tribune 讲坛Tribune 论坛报tributary river 支流tributary stream 支流tributary 支流的tributyl phosphate 磷酸三丁酯tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙tricalcium 三钙tricar 三轮汽车trice 瞬间；吊起；捆trichite 发雏晶trichloride 三氯化物trichloroacetic acid 三氯乙酸trichlorobenzene 三氯代苯trichloroethane 三氯乙烷；甲基氯仿trichloroethylene 三氯乙烯trichloromethane 氯仿trichlorophenol 三氯苯酚trichloropropane 三氯丙烷trichloropropylene oxide 三氯环氧丙烷trichlorosilane 三氯氢硅Trichotomosulcites 三歧槽粉属trichroism 三色trichroite 堇青石trichrom-emulsion 三色乳胶trichromatic coefficient 三色系数trichromatic coordinate 三色坐标trichromoscope 彩色电视显象管trick 技巧trickle bed reactor 滴流床反应器trickle reactor 滴流式反应器trickle-charged battery 连续充电蓄电池triclene 三氯乙烯triclinic crystal system 三斜晶系triclinic 三斜的；三斜tricolor grating 三色光栅tricolor projection 三色投影tricolpate 三沟型Tricolpites 阔三沟粉属Tricolpopollenites 三沟粉属Tricolporopollenites 三孔沟粉属TRICON 有三个地面台的雷达导航系统tricone bit 三牙轮钻头tricone rock bit 三牙轮岩石钻头tricore tool 切割式井壁取心器tricore 三角柱形岩心tricosane 二十三烷tricresyl phosphate 磷酸三甲苯酯tricycle 三轮脚踏车tricyclene 三环烯tricyclic aromatics 三环芳香化合物tricyclic compound 三环化合物tricyclic diterpane 三环二萜烷tricyclic hydrocarbon 三环烃tricyclic naphthenes 三环环烷tricyclic ring 三环核tricyclic 三环的tricycloparaffin 三环链烷烃tridecane 十三烷tridecanol 十三醇tridecylene 十三烯tridecylic acid 十三酸trident 三叉戟tridiagonal coefficient 三对角系数tridiagonal matrix 三对角线矩阵tridimensional processes 三维法triductor 三倍倍频器tridymite 鳞石英triels 第三族元素triene 三烯trier 试验者；试验仪表triethanolamine 三乙醇胺triethoxy 三乙氧基triethyl phosphate catalyst 三乙基磷酸酯催化剂triethyl phosphate 磷酸三乙酯triethyl 三乙基triethylamine 三乙胺triethylene glycol 三甘醇triethylene tetramine 三乙烯四胺triethylene 三乙烯triflux 气-汽-汽热交换器；三维流动；三通量trifocal 三焦点透镜；三焦点的；三光眼镜trifuel engine 可用三种燃料的发动机trig card 三角点成果表TRIG 触发器TRIG 三角TRIG 三角的trig 刹车trigatron 含气三极管trigdatum 三角测量数据trigger action 脉冲触发trigger bit 带岩心爪的取心钻头trigger circuit 触发电路trigger decoder 触发译码机trigger delay 触发延迟trigger electrode 触发电极trigger error 触发误差trigger flip-flop 双稳态触发器trigger generator 触发脉冲发生器trigger impulse 触发脉冲trigger pip 触发信号trigger pressure 启动压力trigger pulse 触发脉冲trigger register 触发寄存器trigger sensitivity 触发灵敏度trigger sweep 触发扫描trigger voltage 启动电压trigger 起动器trigistor 三端开关器件triglist 三角点成果表triglyceride 甘油三酯trigon 三角的trigon 三角法的trigon 三角形；三角规trigonal system 三方晶系trigonal 三角形网线；三角形的trigonal-dipyramidal class 三方双锥组trigonal-pyramidal class 三方锥组trigonal-trapezohedral class 三方偏方面体组trigonometer 平面直角三角形计算工具trigonometric control point 三角控制点trigonometric equation 三角方程trigonometric fixed point 三角控制点trigonometric function 三角函数trigonometric identity 三角恒等式trigonometric point 三角点trigonometric series 三角级数trigonometry 三角学；三角法trigpoint 三角点trigram 三字母组trihedra trihedron 的复数trihedral 三面形；三边的；三棱的trihedron 三面体；三面的trihydrate 三水合物trijunction 三线交点trikalsilite 三型钾霞石triketohydrindene hydrate 茚三酮trilateral 三角形trilateration 三边测量Triletes 三缝孢属Triletisporites 波沿孢属trilinear form 三线性型trilinear solution 三线性解trill 三连晶；颤音trilling 三连晶trillion 1012；1018；太trilobin 三叶素trilobitic facies 三叶虫相Trilobosporites 三瓣孢属Trilobozonotriletes 具环三片孢属trilogy 三部曲trim angle 纵倾角trim by bow 艏倾；前倾trim by head 艏倾；前倾trim by stern 艉倾；后倾trim cooler 调温冷却器trim potentiometer 微调电容器TRIM 下井仪月检trim 修整；布置；平衡调整trimaceral 三组分显微类型trimacerite 微三组分混合煤trimellitic anhydride 偏苯三酐trimer 三聚物trimesic acid 1trimethyl chlorosilane 三甲基氯硅烷trimethyl 三甲基trimethylamine 三甲胺trimethylbenzene 三甲苯trimethylene 环丙烷trimethylnaphthalene 三甲基萘trimethylpentane 三甲基戊烷trimethylthiophene 三甲基噻吩trimmability 可微调性trimmer 调整器；微调电容trimming hatch 匀货舱口trimming tank 纵倾平衡水柜trimming 整理trimo wrench 管钳trimodal pore size distribution 三峰孔隙大小分布trimotor 三发动机trinascol 稠硫沥青石油trinistor 三端 pnpn 开关trinitrin 三硝基甘油trinitro-toluene 三硝基甲苯Trinitron 单枪三束彩色显像管trinitrotoluene 三硝基甲苯trinity 三位一体trinkerite 富硫树脂trinomial 三项式；三项式的trinoscope 彩色电视接收装置trinuclear aromatics 三环芳香烃trinuclear 三环的trinucleate 三环的trio 三件一套trioctyl phosphate 磷酸三辛酯trioctyl trimellitate 偏苯三酸三辛酯triode amplifier 三极管放大器triode 三极管Triograptus 三笔石属Triorites 三口粉属trioxane 三NFDA5烷trioxide 三氧化物trioxymethylene 三聚甲醛trip bolt 紧固螺钉trip breaker 跳闸断路器trip casing spear 套管打捞矛trip delay 断开延迟trip dog 自动爪trip gas 起下钻气trip guard instrument 起下钻防护仪trip mechanism 脱钩装置trip mode 起下钻方式trip out 起出trip over stop 跳档trip ring 松开环trip show 起下钻显示trip spear 打捞矛trip spring 松开弹簧trip tank 泥浆补给罐trip time 断开时间trip valve 捶拍阀trip 短程旅行；解扣TRIP 高强度及高延性tripartite arrangement 三方协议tripartite method 三点求速度法tripartite 分为三部分的tripartition 三部分的划分；分成三部分triphase flow pattern 三相流型triphase separator 三相分离器triphase 三相triphenyl 三苯基triphenylmethane 三苯甲烷triphylite 磷铁锂矿Triplanosporites 三面孢属triple belt 三层带triple cable 三芯电缆triple coil 三线圈triple completion 三层完井triple concentric cable 三芯同轴电缆triple derrick drilling rig 三层井架钻机triple diagonal matrix 三对角线矩阵triple gear 三联齿轮triple hinged 三铰链的triple junction 三合点triple packer 三管封隔器；具有三段密封元件的封隔器triple point 三态点triple precision 三字长triple producer 分采三层的生产井triple ram preventer 三闸板防喷器triple reduction gear 三级减速器triple root 三重根triple seal 三重密封triple tank ship 三排舱油轮triple tube 三层取心筒triple valve 三通阀triple wrapped screen 三层绕丝筛管triple 三重的triple-change gear 三级变速箱triple-fluid method 三流体法triple-frequency harmonics 三次谐波triple-phase line 三相线triple-phase region 三相区triple-porosity systems 三重孔隙度系统triple-pulse 三重脉冲triple-section multistage spindle turbodrill 三段式多级主轴涡轮钻具triple-section turbodrill 三节复式涡轮钻具triple-suspension safety hook 三挂环大钩triple-tube core barrel 三层取心筒tripler 三倍器triplet impulse 三重脉冲triplet 三点校正法；三个一组triplex fracturing truck 三缸压裂车triplex mud pump 三缸泥浆泵triplex pump rate 三缸泵排量triplex pump trailer 三缸泵拖车triplex 三倍的triplicate 三倍的triplicity 三倍triply 三重tripod crane 三脚起重机tripod derrick 三脚起重机tripod head 三脚架头tripod leg 三脚架腿tripod mast 三脚桅tripod tower platform 三腿塔式平台tripod 三脚架Tripodellus 小三脚牙形石属Tripodus 三脚牙形石属tripoli earth =tripoli-powder 硅藻土tripoli 风化硅土tripolite 板状硅藻土tripolyphosphate 三聚磷酸盐triporate 三孔的Triporicellaesporites 三孔多胞孢属Triporopollenites 三孔粉属Triporosa 三孔粉组tripped firing head 撞击发火头tripper 倾卸装置tripping ball 挡球tripping data plot 起下钻数据曲线图tripping device 分离装置tripping in 下入tripping operation 起下钻作业tripping out 起出tripping pulse 起下钻脉冲tripping sleeve 浮动套筒tripping 下钻Triprojectus 三突起粉属triptane 一种高抗爆燃料trisection 三等分trisectrix 三等分角线trishomohopane 三升藿烷trisilalkane 丙硅烷trisilane =trisilalkane trisnorhopane 三降藿烷trisnormoretane 三降莫烷trisnorneohopane 三降新藿烷trisodium cellulose 纤维素三钠trisodium phosphate 磷酸三钠trisonics 三音速；三声速空气动力学tristearin 甘油三硬酯酸酯trisulfide 三硫化物triterium 氚triterpane 三萜烷triterpene alcohol 三萜烯醇triterpene 三萜烯triterpenic acid 三萜酸triterpenoid 三萜烯化合物tritiated ethane 氚化乙烷tritiated hydrogen 氚化氢tritiated methane 氚化甲烷tritiated propane 氚化丙烷tritiated titanium target 氚钛靶tritiated water tracer 氚化水示踪剂tritiated water 氚化水tritium carrier 氚载体tritium target 氚靶tritium =triteriumtritium-zirconium target 氚锆靶triton 氚核；三硝基甲苯triturate 磨碎triturator 研钵trityl 三苯甲游基triumph 凯旋trivalent metal ion 三价金属离子trivalent 三价的trivet =trevettrivial leak 小漏triweekly 三周刊；每星期出版三次的刊物；每三星期一次的trixial stress 三轴应力Trizygia 三对叶属trk 载重汽车TRM 热剩磁troch- 轮Trochasterites 似车轮星石Trochiliscus 右旋轮藻属Trochodendron 昆栏树属Trochograptus 轮笔石属trochoid pump 次摆线泵trochoid 旋轮线trochoidal fault 枢动断层trochoidal wave 坦谷波；余摆线波trochometer 车程计trochotron 磁旋管troctolite 橄长岩trolite 特罗里特trolitul 特罗里图耳troll 旋转troller 拖钩渔船trolley beam 滑动游梁trolley 手推车tromeling 滚筒筛选trommel 鼓trona 天然碱trondhjemite 奥长花岗岩trondjemite =trondhjemite troop 军队troostite 屈氏体；锰硅锌矿tropadyne 超外差电路tropane 托烷trope 奇异切面；转义tropic of Cancer 北回归线tropic of Capricorn 南回归线tropic zone 热带tropic 回归线tropical air masses 热带气团tropical climate 热带气候tropical cyclone 飓风tropical storm 热带风暴tropical weathering 热带风化作用tropicalization test 热带试验tropicalization 热带条件；热带化tropics 热带；回归线tropopause 对流层顶troposcatter 对流层散射troposphere 对流层tropospheric correction 对流校正tropospheric error 对流层误差tropospheric refraction correction 对流层折射校正tropospheric scatter communication 对流层散射通信tropospheric scatter 对流层散射tropotron 一种磁控管troptometer 测扭计trottoir 人行道trotyl 三硝基甲苯；错弟耳trouble chart 故障图表trouble clearing 故障排除trouble hunting 故障检修trouble point 故障点trouble prone job 有事故隐患的作业trouble shoot 故障寻找trouble shooting chart 故障检修图表trouble spot 故障点trouble 事故trouble-free operation 无故障运转trouble-free 无故障的trouble-saving 预防故障的troubleshooter 故障检修员troubleshooting 故障查找troublesome zone 易发生复杂情况的层带trough axis 槽轴trough banding 岩浆房底条带trough bend 凹槽trough block 沉陷断块trough core 向斜核心；槽核trough cross set 槽形交错层组trough cross-bedding 槽形交错层trough cross-stratification 槽状交错层理trough fault 断槽trough limb 槽翼trough line 向斜轴线；槽底线trough valley 槽谷trough 槽trough-edge 槽谷缘trough-shoulder 槽谷肩troughing 槽；电缆走线架trousers 裤子；整流罩troutstone 斑点橄长岩trowel 泥铲trowlesworthite 萤电花岗岩troy 金衡制；用金衡制表示的trs 调换；颠倒；转置trs 转移TRT 升温时间Trube's correlation 特鲁布关系曲线Trucherognathus 残颚牙形石属truck loading 装车truck mixer 混凝土搅拌车truck mounted well servicing unit 车装修井机truck scale 地称truck with boiler 锅炉车truck 卡车；铁路上无盖敞车；滚轮truck-loading rack 汽车槽车装油台truck-mounted blender 混砂车truck-mounted computer 车载计算机truck-mounted crane 汽车起重机truck-mounted gravel injection unit 车装砾石充填装置truck-mounted hoist 车装绞车truck-mounted rig 车装钻机truck-mounted vibrator 车装可控震源trucking costs 运输费用truckle 小轮true altitude 真实高度true amplitude migration 真振幅偏移true amplitude recovery 真振幅恢复true anomaly 真异常true azimuth 真方位角true bearing 真方位；真象限角true boiling point 实沸点true boiling-poin 真沸点true chemical constant 真化学常数true cleavage 真劈理true closure 真闭合度true complement 补码true compressibitity 真压缩性true conductivity 真电导率true conic projection 真圆锥投影true course 真航向true crystallization temperature 真实结晶温度true depth 真深度true dip angle 真地层倾角true distance 真距离true dopplerite 真弹性沥青true emulsion 稳定乳状液true error 真差true fault 正断层；相对误差true fluidity 真流动度true folding 真褶皱true form 原码形式true formation conductivity 地层真电导率true formation resistivity 地层真电阻率true formation thickness 地层真厚度true heading 真航向true horizon 真地平true image 真象true IP effect 均匀介质激发极化效应true migration before stack 叠前真偏移true north 真北true orientation 真定向true origin 坐标原点true permeability 真渗透率true porosity 真孔隙度true purity 真纯度true reservoir thickness 储层真厚度true resistivity 真电阻率true resolution 实际分辨率true slip 真断距true solar time 真太阳时true solution 真溶液；真解true spatial dip 真空间倾角true specific gravity 压实比重true specific heat 真实比热true specular point 真镜象点true stromatolite 直叠层石true terpene 真萜烯true three-dimensional display 真三维显示true triaxial test 真三轴试验true up 调准true value 真值true vapour pressure 真实蒸汽压true velocity structure 真速度结构true velocity-depth model 真速度-深度模型true vertical depth log 真垂直深度测井曲线true vertical depth 真垂向井深；实际垂直深度true viscosity 真粘度true water saturation 真含水饱和度true-amplitude seismic section 真振幅地震剖面true-liquid 真液体true-rolling bit 纯滚动牙轮钻头true-time operation 实时操作true-to-gauge hole 原尺寸井true-zero-offset raypath 真零炮检距射线路径true-zero-offset 真零炮检距trueness error 精度误差trueness 真实truing device 修整器truing 整形truing 整形；校准trump 王牌trumpet cooler 管式冷凝器trumpet log 号角测井曲线trumpet 喇叭truncate 截断truncated anticline 削蚀背斜truncated cone 截锥truncated distribution 截断分布truncated error 截断误差truncated reflectors 削截反射层truncated upland 削蚀准平原truncation effect 截断效应truncation error 截断误差truncation points 截断点truncation trap 截顶圈闭truncation 削蚀Truncodiscoaster 畸形盘星石trundle 矮轮手推车trunk buoy 具有短索的系泊浮标trunk call 长途电话trunk chain 主链trunk for expansion 膨胀箱trunk line heating furnace 干线加热炉trunk line station 干线站trunk pipe-line 管道干线trunk sewer 污水干管trunk 干trunking 风道trunkline 干线trunnion joint 耳轴式万向接头trunnion 轴颈truss head rivet 大圆头铆钉truss structure 桁架结构truss type chassis 桁架式底座truss 构架truss-frame structure 桁架结构trussed ladder 构架梯trussed pan-type floating root 桁架盘式浮顶trust company 信贷公司trust deed 信托契据trust 信任；责任；信心；委托trustee 受托人trustor 信托人trusty 受信任的人；可靠的truth check 实况检查truth state 真值状态truth 真理try and error method 试差法try square 直角尺try 试验tryout 试用tryptophane 色氨酸TS 翻转开关TS 分时TS 工具钢TS 绝密TS 抗拉强度TS 时间切片TS 试液TS 瞬态TS 温度开关TS 终端站TS 追踪系统tscf 万亿标准立方英尺tscherwinskite 贫硫沥青tschirwinskite 含硫沥青TSD bit 热稳定性能好的金刚石钻头TSD 触敏数字转换器TSD 暂时关闭TSD 真实地层深度tsf 吨平方英尺TSI 测试样品指示标志tsi 吨平方英寸TSI 暂时关井tsilaisite 钠锰电气石TSL 三态逻辑TSM 悬浮物总量TSOS 分时操作系统TSP 磷酸三钠TSP 热稳定聚晶金刚石tspn 一茶匙容量TSPP 四焦磷酸钠TSR 临时避难所TSS 时分系统TSS 悬浮固体物总量悬浮机械杂质总量TST 测试TST 试井TST 真实地层厚度tstg 测试tstr 测试器Tsugaepollenites 铁杉粉属tsunami barrier 津浪防波堤tsunami protection breakwater 津浪防波堤tsunami 地震海啸Tsunyiella 小遵义介属TTBP 过油管桥塞TTC 过油管井径仪TTI 累积传播时间TTI 时间温度指数TTI 时间温度综合影响TTL 晶体管-晶体管逻辑电路TTP 靶的总穿深TTP 过油管射孔TTR 车载磁带机TTR 目标跟踪雷达TTY 电传打字机TU 传输单位TU 磁带机TU 工会TU 管子TU 热量单位Tu 铥Tu. 星期二tub 盆tube bank 管束tube bender 弯管机tube bundle 管束tube clip 管夹tube count 计数管计数tube cutter 切管机tube exchanger 盘管式换热器tube expander 胀管器tube fittings 管子配件tube furnace pyrolyzer 管炉热解器tube fuse 管状保险丝tube hanger 吊管架tube holder 管夹tube machine 制管机tube pass 管程tube radiator 管式散热器tube sample boring 取土样钻孔tube scraper 刮管器tube sheet 管板tube skin 管壁tube turn 回弯头tube viscometer 管式粘度计tube wave energy 管波能量tube wave spectra 管波谱tube wave 管波tube 管子tube-bundle cleaning 管束清理tube-in-sleeve alidade 转镜照准仪tubeaxial fan 轴流式风扇tubed well 下油管的井tubeless 无内胎的tuber 制管机tubercle 疣tubercular corrosion 点状腐蚀tuberculation corrosion 瘤状腐蚀tuberculation 腐蚀瘤Tuberculatosporites 刺面单缝孢属Tuberocypris 瘤星介属tubicolus 管栖的tubiform 管状的tubing anchor 油管锚tubing backoff 卸开被卡油管tubing bleeder 油管泄放阀tubing block 起下油管用滑车tubing board 油管操作台tubing bonnet 油管头tubing caliper 油管测蚀器tubing catch 油管打捞作业tubing catcher 油管抓持器tubing centralizer 油管扶正器tubing check valve 油管底端止回阀tubing clamp 油管卡tubing collar 油管接箍tubing connecting link 油管接环tubing control head 油管控制头tubing conveyed 油管传送的tubing coupling 油管接箍tubing cutter 油管割刀tubing depth 油管深度tubing drain 油管泄油器tubing elevator 油管吊卡tubing erosion 油管冲蚀tubing extension 油管补接段tubing float shoe 油管浮鞋tubing flow 油管中的液流tubing fracturing technique 油管压裂工艺tubing gauge 油管压力表tubing gradient 油管压力梯度tubing guide shoe 油管引鞋tubing handling 油管装卸tubing hanger neck seal 油管悬挂器密封圈tubing hanger 油管悬挂器tubing head sampler 油管头采样器tubing head 油管头tubing hook 油管大钩tubing injector 油管喷射器；挠性管下管机tubing job 油管修理作业tubing joint 油管接箍tubing leak 油管泄漏tubing line 起下油管用吊绳tubing liner pump 管式抽油泵tubing manipulation 油管操作tubing obstruction 油管中的阻塞物tubing packer 油管封隔器tubing perforator 油管射孔器tubing plug 油管堵塞器tubing plugging device 油管封堵装置tubing pressure 油管压力tubing pump 管式泵tubing pup joint 油管短节tubing rack 油管架tubing reciprocation 油管上下运动tubing record 下油管的记录tubing ring with wedges 带卡瓦的起下油管用工具tubing rotator 油管转动器tubing rotor 油管转动器tubing safety joint 油管安全接头tubing safety valve 油管安全阀tubing seal assembly 油管密封组件tubing seal divider 油管密封分配器tubing seal grease 油管密封脂tubing seal seat 油管密封座tubing socket 油管打捞筒tubing spear 油管打捞矛tubing spider 油管卡盘tubing stop 油管限位机构tubing stoper 油管制动器tubing stretch 油管伸长度tubing string 油管柱tubing sub 油管接头tubing sucker-rod pump 管式泵tubing suspender 油管悬挂器tubing swivel 油管旋转头tubing tension 油管张力tubing thread 油管螺纹tubing tongs 油管钳tubing wall 油管壁tubing wiper 油管刷子；油管刮刀tubing with external upset ends 外加厚油管tubing with internal upset ends 内加厚油管tubing with plain ends 平端油管tubing 管材tubing-casing annulus 油套-套管环形空间tubing-mounted 装在油管上的tubing-retrievable 由油管收回的tubingless completion 无油管完井tubingless sucker rod pump 无管式抽油泵tubingless 不下油管的Tubirhabdus 管棒石tuboscope 管子探伤器tubular annulus 管闸环状空间tubular boiler 管式锅炉tubular cooler 管式冷却器tubular cyclone 管状旋风分离器tubular derrick 钢管井架tubular furnace 管式炉tubular gauge 管用量规tubular goods 管类tubular heat exchanger 管式换热器tubular heater 管式加热炉tubular key 套筒扳手tubular loading 管材负载tubular member 管形构件tubular piliar 管状支柱tubular pole 管桩tubular pore 管状孔隙tubular radiator 管式散热器tubular reactor 管式反应器tubular rivet 空心铆钉tubular scaffolding 管式脚手架tubular shaft 空心轴tubular space frame 管架。
大学英语四、六级词汇(超全、打印版)
超全的大学英语四、六级词汇（适合打印版）一、英语四级词汇Aa art.一(个)；每一(个)abandon vt.丢弃；放弃，抛弃ability n.能力；能耐，本领able a.有能力的；出色的abnormal a.不正常的；变态的aboard ad.在船(车)上；上船about prep.关于；在…周围above prep.在…上面；高于abroad ad.(在)国外；到处absence n.缺席，不在场；缺乏absent a.不在场的；缺乏的absolute a.绝对的；纯粹的absolutely ad.完全地；绝对地absorb vt.吸收；使专心abstract a.抽象的n.摘要abundant a.丰富的；大量的abuse vt.滥用；虐待n.滥用academic a.学院的；学术的academy n.私立中学；专科院校accelerate vt.(使)加快；促进acceleration n.加速；加速度accent n.口音，腔调；重音accept vt.vi.接受；同意acceptable a.可接受的，合意的acceptance n.接受，验收；承认access n.接近；通道，入口accessory n.同谋，从犯；附件accident n.意外的；事故accidental a.偶然的；非本质的accommodate vt.容纳；供应，供给accommodation n.招待设备；预定铺位accompany vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随accomplish vt.达到(目的)；完成accord vt.使一致；给予accordance n.一致；和谐；授予accordingly ad.因此，所以；照着account n.记述；解释；帐目accumulate vt.积累vi.堆积accuracy n.准确(性)；准确度accurate a.准确的，正确无误的accuse vt.指责；归咎于accustom vt.使习惯accustomed a.惯常的；习惯的ache vi.痛；想念n.疼痛achieve vt.完成，实现；达到achievement n.完成；成就，成绩acid n.酸；酸的，酸性的acquaintance n.认识；了解；熟人acquire vt.取得；获得；学到acre n.英亩(=6.07亩)across prep.横过；在…对面act vi.行动；见效n.行为action n.行动；作用；功能active a.活跃的；积极的activity n.活动；活力；行动actor n.男演员；演剧的人actress n.女演员actual a.实际的；现行的actually ad.实际上；竟然acute a.尖的，锐的；敏锐的ad n.广告adapt vt.使适应；改编add vt.添加，附加，掺加addition n.加，加法；附加物additional a.附加的，追加的address n.地址；演说；谈吐adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的adjective n.形容词a.形容词的adjust vt.调整，调节；校正administration n.管理；管理部门admire vt.钦佩，羡慕，赞赏admission n.允许进入；承认admit vt.承认；准许…进入adopt vt.收养；采用；采取adult n.成年人a.成年的advance vi.前进；提高n.进展advanced a.先进的；高级的advantage n.优点，优势；好处adventure n.冒险；惊险活动adverb n.副词advertisement n.广告；公告；登广告advice n.劝告；忠告；意见advisable n.明智的；可取的advise vt.劝告；建议；通知aeroplane n.飞机affair n.事情，事件；事务affect vt.影响；感动affection n.慈爱，爱；爱慕afford vt.担负得起…；提供afraid a.害怕的；担心的Africa n.非洲African a.非洲的n.非洲人after prep.在…以后；次于afternoon n.下午，午后afterward ad.后来，以后again ad.又一次；而且against prep.倚在；逆，对着age n.年龄；时代vt.变老agency n.经办；代理；代理处agent n.代理人，代理商aggressive a.侵略的；好斗的ago ad.以前agony n.极度痛苦agree vi.同意；持相同意见agreement n.协定，协议；同意agriculture n.农业，农艺；农学ahead ad.在前；向前；提前aid n.帮助，救护；助手aim vi.瞄准，针对；致力air n.空气；空中；外观aircraft n.飞机，飞行器airline n.航空公司；航线airplane n.飞机airport n.机场，航空站alarm n.惊恐，忧虑；警报alcohol n.酒精，乙醇alike a.同样的，相同的alive a.活着的；活跃的all a.全部的prep.全部allow vt.允许，准许；任alloy n.合金；(金属的)成色almost ad.几乎，差不多alone a.单独的ad.单独地along prep.沿着ad.向前aloud ad.出声地，大声地alphabet n.字母表，字母系统already ad.早已，已经also ad.亦，也；而且，还alter vt.改变，变更；改做alternative n.替换物；取舍，抉择although conj.尽管，虽然altitude n.高，高度；高处altogether ad.完全；总而言之aluminium n.铝always ad.总是，一直；永远a.m (缩)上午，午前amaze vt.使惊奇，使惊愕ambition n.雄心，抱负，野心ambulance n.救护车；野战医院America n.美洲；美国American a.美洲的n.美国人among prep.在…之中amongst prep在…之中(=among) amount n.总数；数量；和ampere n.安培amplify vt.放大，增强；扩大amuse vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐analyse vt.分析，分解，解析analysis n.分析，分解，解析ancestor n.祖宗，祖先anchor n.锚vi.抛锚，停泊ancient a.古代的，古老的and conj.和，又，并，则angel n.天使，神差，安琪儿anger n.怒，愤怒vt.使发怒angle n.角，角度angry a.愤怒的，生气的animal n.动物，兽a.动物的ankle n.踝，踝节部announce vt.宣布，宣告，发表announcer n.宣告者；播音员annoy vt.使恼怒；打搅annual a.每年的n.年报another a.再一个的；别的answer vt.回答；响应；适应ant n.蚂蚁anticipate vt.预料，预期，期望anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望anxious a.忧虑的；渴望的any a.什么，一些；任何的anybody prep.任何人anyhow ad.无论如何anyone pron.任何人anything pron.任何事物；一切anyway ad.无论如何anywhere ad.在什么地方apart ad.相隔；分开；除去apartment n.一套公寓房间apologize vi.道歉，谢罪，认错apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪apparatus n.器械，仪器；器官apparent a.表面上的；明显的appeal vi.&n.呼吁；申述appear vi.出现；来到；似乎appearance n.出现，来到；外观appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望apple n.苹果，苹果树appliance n.用具，器具，器械applicable a.能应用的；适当的application n.请求，申请；施用apply vt.应用，实施，使用appoint vt.任命，委任；约定appointment n.任命；约定，约会appreciate vt.欣赏；领会；感谢approach vt.向…*近n.*近appropriate a.适当的，恰当的approval n.赞成，同意；批准approve vt.赞成，称许；批准approximate a.近似的vt.近似approximately ad.近似地，大约April n.四月Arabian a.阿拉伯的arbitrary a.随心所欲的；专断的architecture n.建筑学；建筑式样area n.面积；地区；领域argue vi.争论，争辩，辩论argument n.争论，辩论；理由arise vi.出现；由…引起arithmetic n.算术，四则运算arm n.臂；臂状物；武器army n.军队；陆军around prep.在…周围arouse vt.引起，唤起；唤醒arrange vt.筹备；整理；调解arrangement n.整理，排列；安排arrest vt.逮捕，拘留；阻止arrival n.到达；到来；到达者arrive vi.到达；来临；达到arrow n.箭；箭状物art n.艺术，美术；技术article n.文章；条款；物品artificial a.人工的；娇揉造作的artist n.艺术家，美术家artistic a.艺术的；艺术家的as conj.当…的时候ash n.灰，灰末；骨灰ashamed a.惭愧(的)；羞耻(的) Asia n.亚洲Asian a.亚洲的n.亚洲人aside ad.在旁边，到旁边ask vt.问；要求；邀请asleep a.睡着的，睡熟的aspect n.方面；样子，外表assemble vt.集合，召集；装配assembly n.集合；集会；装配assess vt.对(财产等)估价assign vt.指派；分配；指定assignment n.任务，指定的作业assist vt.援助，帮助；搀扶assistant n.助手，助理；助教associate vi.交往n.伙伴，同事association n.协会，团体；联合assume vt.假定；承担；呈现assure vt.使确信；向…保证astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊astronaut n.宇宙航行员，宇航员at prep.在…里；在…时athlete n.运动员；田径运动员Atlantic a.大西洋的n.大西洋atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛atmospheric a.大气的；大气层的atom n.原子；微粒；微量atomic a.原子的；原子能的attach vt.缚，系，贴；附加attack vt.&vi.&n.攻击，进攻attain vt.达到，获得，完成attempt vt.尝试，试图n.企图attend vt.出席；照顾，护理attention n.注意，留心；注意力attentive a.注意的；有礼貌的attitude n.态度，看法；姿势attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑attraction n.吸引；吸引力；引力attractive a.有吸引力的attribute vt.把…归因于n.属性audience n.听众，观众，读者August n.八月aunt n.伯母，婶母，姑母aural a.耳的，听觉的Australia n.澳大利亚Australian a.澳大利亚的author n.作者，作家authority n.当局，官方；权力auto n.(口语)汽车automatic a.自动的；机械的automation n.自动，自动化automobile n.汽车，机动车autumn n.秋，秋季auxiliary a.辅助的；附属的available a.可利用的；通用的avenue n.林荫道，道路；大街average n.平均数a.平均的aviation n.航空，航空学avoid vt.避免，躲开；撤消await vt.等候，期待awake a.醒着的vt.唤醒award n.奖，奖品；判定aware a.知道的，意识到的away ad.离开，远离；…去awful a.令人不愉快的awfully ad.令人畏惧的；很awkward a.笨拙的；尴尬的ax n.斧子axis n.轴，轴线；中心线Bbaby n.婴儿；孩子气的人back ad.在后；回原处；回background n.背景，后景，经历backward a.向后的；倒的ad.倒bacteria n.细菌bad a.坏的，恶的；严重的badly ad.坏，差；严重地badminton n.羽毛球bag n.袋，包，钱包，背包baggage n.行李bake vt.烤，烘，焙；烧硬balance vt.使平衡；称n.天平ball n.球，球状物；舞会balloon n.气球，玩具气球banana n.香蕉；芭蕉属植物band n.乐队；带；波段bang n.巨响，枪声；猛击bank n.银行；库；岩，堤banner n.旗，旗帜，横幅bar n.酒吧间；条，杆；栅barber n.理发师bare a.赤裸的；仅仅的bargain n.交易vi.议价；成交bark n.吠叫声vi.吠，叫barn n.谷仓；牲口棚barrel n.桶；圆筒；枪管barrier n.栅栏，屏障；障碍base n.基础，底层；基地basic a.基本的，基础的basically ad.基本上basin n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地basis n.基础，根据basket n.篮，篓，筐basketball n.篮球；篮球运动bat n.球拍；短棍；蝙蝠bath n.浴，洗澡；浴缸bathe vt.给…洗澡；弄湿bathroom n.浴室；盥洗室battery n.电池；一套，一组battle n.战役；斗争vi.作战bay n.湾；山脉中的凹处B.C. (缩)公元前be aux.v.&vi.是，在，做beach n.海滩，湖滩，河滩beam n.梁；横梁；束，柱bean n.豆，蚕豆bear n.熊；粗鲁的人bear vt.容忍；负担；生育beard n.胡须，络腮胡子beast n.兽，野兽；牲畜beat vt.&vi.打，敲；打败beautiful a.美的，美丽的beauty n.美，美丽；美人because conj.由于，因为become vi.变成；成为，变得bed n.床，床位；圃；河床bee n.蜂，密蜂；忙碌的人beef n.牛肉；菜牛beer n.啤酒before prep.在…以前；向…beg vt.&vi.乞求；请求beggar n.乞丐，穷人begin vi.开始vt.开始beginner n.初学者，生手beginning n.开始，开端；起源behalf n.利益，维护，支持behave vi.表现，举止；运转behavior n.行为，举止，态度behind prep.在…后面being n.存在；生物；生命belief n.信任，相信；信念believe vt.相信；认为bell n.钟，铃，门铃；钟声belong vi.属于，附属beloved a.为…的爱的n.爱人below prep.在…下面(以下) belt n.带，腰带；皮带；区bench n.长凳，条凳；工作台bend vt.使弯曲vi.弯曲beneath prep.在…下方beneficial a.有利的，有益的benefit n.利益；恩惠；津贴berry n.浆果(如草莓等) beside prep.在…旁边besides ad.而且prep.除…之外best a.最好的；最大的bet vt.&vi.&n.打赌betray vt.背叛；辜负；泄漏better a.较好的ad.更好地between prep.在…中间beyond prep.在…的那边Bible n.基督教《圣经》bicycle n.自行车，脚踏车big a.大的，巨大的bike n.自行车vi.骑自行车bill n.账单；招贴；票据billion num.万亿(英)bind vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉biology n.生物学；生态学bird n.鸟，禽birth n.分娩，出生；出身birthday n.生日，诞生的日期biscuit n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼bit n.一点，一些，小片bite vt.咬，叮，螫；剌穿bitter a.痛苦的；严寒的bitterly ad.苦苦地；悲痛地black a.黑色的；黑暗的blackboard n.黑板blade n.刀刃，刀片；叶片blame vt.责备，把…归咎于blank a.空白的n.空白blanket n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯blast n.爆炸，冲击波vt.炸blaze n.火；闪光vi.燃烧bleed vi.出血，流血；泌脂blend vt.&vi.&n.混和bless vt.为…祝福blind a.瞎的；盲目的block n.街区vt.堵塞，拦阻blood n.血，血液；血统bloom n.花；开花，开花期blossom n.花，开花vi.开花blow vi.吹，吹动；吹响blue a.蓝色的n.蓝色board n.板vt.上(船、车等) boast vi.自夸vt.吹嘘boat n.小船，艇；渔船body n.身体；主体；尸体boil vi.沸腾；汽化vt.煮沸bold a.大胆的；冒失的bolt n.螺栓；插销vt.闩门bomb n.炸弹vt.轰炸bond n.联结，联系；公债bone n.骨，骨骼book n.书，书籍vt.预定boot n.靴子，长统靴booth n.货摊；公用电话亭border n.边，边缘；边界bore vt.使厌烦；钻，挖born a.天生的；出生的borrow vt.借，借用，借人bosom n.胸，胸部；内心boss n.老板，上司vt.指挥both pron.两者(都)bother vt.烦扰，迷惑n.麻烦bottle n.瓶，酒瓶；一瓶bottom n.底，底部，根基bough n.树枝bounce vi.反跳，弹起；跳起bound a.一定的；有义务的boundary n.分界线，办界bow n.弓；蝴蝶结；鞠躬bowl n.碗，钵；碗状物box n.箱，盒；包箱box vi.拳击，打拳boy n.男孩，少年；家伙brain n.脑，脑髓；脑力brake n.闸，刹车vi.制动branch n.树枝；分部；分科brand n.商品；烙印vt.铭刻brandy n.白兰地酒brass n.黄铜；黄铜器brave a.勇敢的，华丽的bread n.面包；食物，粮食breadth n.宽度，幅度；幅面break vt.打破；损坏；破坏breakfast n.早饭，早餐breast n.乳房；胸脯，胸膛breath n.气息，呼吸；气味breathe vi.呼吸vt.呼吸breed n.品种vt.使繁殖breeze n.微风，和风brick n.砖，砖块；砖状物bridge n.桥，桥梁；桥牌brief a.简短的；短暂的bright a.明亮的；聪明的brighten vt.使发光；使快活brilliant a.光辉的；卓越的brim n.边，边缘；帽沿bring vt.带来；引出；促使brisk a.活泼的；清新的bristle n.短而硬的毛；鬃毛Britain n.不列颠，英国British a.不列颠的，英联邦的brittle a.脆的；易损坏的broad a.宽的，阔的；广泛的broadcast n.广播，播音broken a.被打碎的，骨折的bronze n.青铜；青铜制品brood n.同窝幼鸟vt.孵(蛋) brook n.小河，溪流broom n.扫帚brother n.兄弟；同事，同胞brow n.额；眉，眉毛brown n.褐色，棕色bruise n.青肿，伤痕；擦伤brush n.刷子，毛刷；画笔brute n.禽兽，畜生bubble n.泡vi.冒泡，沸腾bucket n.水桶；吊桶；铲斗bud n.芽，萌芽；蓓蕾build vt.建筑；建立；创立building n.建筑物，大楼；建筑bulb n.电灯泡；球状物bulk n.物体，容积，大批bull n.公牛；雄的象bullet n.枪弹，子弹，弹丸bunch n.束，球，串；一群bundle n.捆，包，束；包袱burden n.担子，重担；装载量bureau n.局，司，处；社，所burn vi.烧，燃烧n.烧伤burst vt.使爆裂vi.&n.爆炸bury vt.埋葬，葬；埋藏bus n.公共汽车bush n.灌木，灌木丛，矮树business n.商业，生意；事务busy a.忙的，繁忙的but conj.但是，可是butcher n.屠夫；屠杀者butter n.黄油；奶油butterfly n.蝴蝶button n.扣子；按钮vt.扣紧buy vt.买，购买vi.买by prep.在…旁；被，由Ccabbage n.洋白菜，卷心菜cabin n.小屋；船舱，机舱cabinet n.橱，柜；内阁cable n.缆，索；电缆；电报cafe n.咖啡馆；小餐厅cafeteria n.自助食堂cage n.笼；鸟笼，囚笼cake n.饼，糕，蛋糕calculate vt.计算；估计；计划calculation n.计算，计算结果calculator n.计算器，计算者calendar n.日历，历书；历法call vt.把…叫做；叫，喊calm a.静的，平静的camel n.骆驼camera n.照相机，摄影机camp n.野营，营地，兵营campaign n.战役；运动campus n.校园，学校场地can aux.v.能，会，可能can n.罐头，听头；容器Canada n.加拿大Canadian a.加拿大的canal n.运河；沟渠；管cancel vt.取消，撤消；删去cancer n.癌，癌症，肿瘤candidate n.候选人；投考者candle n.蜡烛；烛形物；烛光candy n.糖果；砂糖结晶cannon n.大炮，火炮；榴弹炮canoe n.独木舟，皮艇，划子canteen n.小卖部；临时餐室canvas n.粗帆布；一块油画布cap n.帽子，便帽；帽状物capable a.有能力的，有才能的capacity n.容量；能力；能量capital n.资本，资金；首都captain n.陆军上尉；队长captive n.俘虏，被监禁的人capture vt.捕获，俘获；夺得car n.汽车，小汽车，轿车carbon n.碳card n.卡，卡片，名片care vi.关心，介意n.小心career n.生涯，职业，经历careful a.仔细的；细致的careless a.粗心的，漫不经心的cargo n.船货，货物carpenter n.木工，木匠carpet n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carriage n.客车厢；四轮马车carrier n.运输工具；运载工具carrot n.胡罗卜carry vt.携带；运载；传送cart n.二轮运货马车carve vt.刻，雕刻；切开case n.情况；事实；病例case n.箱(子)，盒(子)，套cash n.现金，现款cassette n.盒式录音带；盒子cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸castle n.城堡；巨大建筑物casual a.偶然的；随便的cat n.猫，猫科，猫皮catalog n.目录，目录册catch vt.捉住；赶上；领会cathedral n.总教堂；大教堂cattle n.牛；牲口，家畜cause n.原因，理由；事业cave n.山洞，洞穴，窑洞cease vi.&vi.&n.停止，停息ceiling n.天花板，顶蓬celebrate vt.庆祝；歌颂，赞美cell n.细胞；小房间cellar n.地窑，地下室cement n.水泥；胶泥vt.粘结cent n.分；分币；百centigrade a.百分度的centimetre n.公分，厘米central a.中心的；主要的centre n.中心；中枢vt.集中century n.世纪，百年ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼节certain a.确实的；肯定的certainly ad.一定，必定；当然certainty n.必然；肯定certificate n.证书，证件，执照chain n.链，链条，项圈chair n.椅子；主席chairman n.主席；议长，会长chalk n.白垩；粉笔challenge n.挑战；要求，需要chamber n.会议室；房间；腔champion n.冠军，得胜者chance n.机会，机遇；可能性change n.改变，变化；零钱channel n.海峡；渠道；频道chapter n.章，回，篇character n.性格；特性；角色characteristic a.特有的n.特性charge vt.索价；控告n.费用charity n.施舍；慈善事业charming a.迷人的，可爱的chart n.图，图表；海图chase n.追逐，追赶，追求cheap a.廉价的；劣质的cheat vt.骗取；哄vi.行骗check vt.检查；制止n.检查cheek n.面颊，脸蛋cheer vt.使振作；欢呼cheerful a.快乐的，愉快的cheese n.乳酪，干酪chemical a.化学的n.化学制品chemist n.化学家；药剂师chemistry n.化学cheque n.支票cherry n.樱桃；樱桃树chess n.棋；国际象棋chest n.胸腔，胸膛；箱子chew vt.咀嚼，嚼碎chicken n.小鸡，小鸟；鸡肉chief a.主要的；首席的child n.小孩，儿童；儿子childhood n.童年，幼年；早期childish a.孩子的；幼稚的chill vt.使变冷n.寒冷chimney n.烟囱，烟筒；玻璃罩chin n.颏，下巴China n.中国china n.瓷器，瓷料Chinese a.中国的n.中国人chocolate n.巧克力；巧克力糖choice n.选择，抉择choke vt.使窒息；塞满choose vt.选择，挑选；情愿chop vt.砍，劈；切细vi.砍Christian n.基督教徒；信徒Christmas n.圣诞节church n.教堂，礼拜堂；教会cigarette n.香烟，纸烟，卷烟cinema n.电影院；电影，影片circle n.圆，圆周；圈子circuit n.电路；环行；巡行circular a.圆的；循环的circulate vt.使循环vi.循环circumference n.圆周，周长，圆周线circumstance n.情况，条件；境遇citizen n.公民；市民，居民city n.城市，都市civil a.公民的；文职的civilization n.文明，文化；开化civilize vt.使文明；教育claim vt.声称，主张；索取clap vi.拍手vt.拍，轻拍clarify vt.澄清，阐明clasp n.扣子，钩子；别针class n.班，班级；阶级classical a.古典的；经典的classification n.分类；分级；分类法classify vt.把…分类classmate n.同班同学classroom n.教室，课堂claw n.爪，脚爪，螯clay n.粘土，泥土；肉体clean a.清洁的；纯洁的clear a.清晰的vt.清除clearly ad.明白地，清晰地clerk n.店员；办事员，职员clever a.聪明的；机敏的cliff n.悬崖，峭壁climate n.气候；风土，地带climb vi.攀登，爬vt.爬cloak n.斗篷；覆盖(物)clock n.钟，仪表close vt.关，闭；结束closely ad.紧密地，接近地cloth n.布；衣料；桌布clothe vt.给…穿衣服clothes n.衣服，服装；被褥clothing n.衣服，被褥cloud n.云；云状物；阴影cloudy a.多云的；云一般的club n.俱乐部，夜总会clue n.线索，暗示，提示clumsy a.笨拙的；愚笨的coach n.长途公共汽车coal n.煤，煤块coarse a.粗的，粗糙的coast n.海岸，海滨(地区)coat n.外套，上衣；表皮cock n.公鸡；雄禽；旋塞code n.准则；法典；代码coffee n.咖啡，咖啡茶coil n.(一)卷；线圈vt.卷coin n.硬币；铸造(硬币)cold a.冷的；冷淡的n.冷collapse vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解collar n.衣领，项圈colleague n.同事，同僚collect vt.收集vi.收款collection n.搜集，收集；收藏品collective a.集体的；集合性的college n.学院；大学collision n.碰撞；冲突colonel n.陆军上校；中校colony n.殖民地；侨居地color n.颜色，彩色；颜料column n.柱，支柱，圆柱comb n.梳子vt.梳理combination n.结合，联合；化合combine vt.使结合；兼有come vi.来，来到；出现comfort n.舒适；安慰vt.安慰comfortable a.舒适的，安慰的command vt.命令，指挥；控制commander n.司令官，指挥员comment n.评论，意见；注释commerce n.商业，贸易；社交commercial a.商业的；商品化的commission n.委任状；委员会commit vt.犯(错误);干(坏事) committee n.委员会；全体委员common a.普通的；共同的commonly ad.普通地，一般地communicate vi.通讯；传达；传播communication n.通讯；传达；交通communism n.共产主义communist n.共产党员community n.社区；社会；公社companion n.同伴；共事者；伴侣company n.公司，商号；同伴comparative a.比较的，相对的compare vt.比较，对照；比作comparison n.比较，对照；比似compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规compel vt.强迫，迫使屈服compete vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competent a.有能力的；应该做的competition n.竞争，比赛compile vt.编辑，编制，搜集complain vi.抱怨，拆苦；控告complaint n.抱怨；怨言；控告complete a.完整的；完成的completely ad.十分，完全地complex a.结合的；复杂的complicate vt.使复杂；使陷入complicated a.复杂的，难懂的component n.组成部分；分；组件compose vt.组成，构成；创作composition n.构成；作品；写作compound n.化合物；复合词comprehension n.理解，理解力；领悟comprehensive a.广泛的；理解的compress vt.压紧，压缩comprise vt.包含，包括；构成compromise n.妥协，和解compute vt.计算，估计，估算computer n.计算机，电脑comrade n.同志，亲密的同伴conceal vt.把…隐藏起来concentrate vt.集中；聚集；浓缩concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩concept n.概念，观念，设想concern n.关心，挂念；关系concerning prep.关于concert n.音乐会，演奏会conclude vt.推断出；结束conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾concrete n.混凝土；具体物condemn vt.谴责，指责；判刑condense vt.压缩，使缩短condition n.状况，状态；环境conduct n.举止，行为；指导conductor n.售票员；(乐队)指挥conference n.会议，讨论会confess vt.供认，承认；坦白confidence n.信任；信赖；信心confident n.确信的，自信的confine vt.限制；禁闭confirm vt.证实，肯定；批准conflict n.争论；冲突；斗争confuse vt.使混乱，混淆confusion n.混乱；骚乱；混淆congratulate vt.祝贺，向…道喜congratulation n.祝贺；祝贺词congress n.大会；国会，议会conjunction n.接合，连接；连接词connect vt.连接，连结；联系connection n.连接，联系；连贯性conquer vt.征服，战胜；破除conquest n.攻取，征服；克服conscience n.良心，道德心conscious a.意识到的；有意的consciousness n.意识，觉悟；知觉consent n.同意，赞成vi.同意consequence n.结果，后果consequently ad.因此，因而，所以conservation n.保存，保护；守恒conservative a.保守的n.保守的人consider vt.认为；考虑；关心considerable a.相当大的；重要的considerate a.考虑周到的；体谅的consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴consist vi.由…组成；在于consistent a.坚持的，一贯的constant a.经常的；永恒的constitution n.章程；体质；构造construct vt.建造；建设；构筑construction n.建造；建筑；建筑物consult vt.请教，查阅consume vt.消耗，消费；消灭consumption n.消耗量；消耗contact vt.使接触；与…联系contain vt.包含，容纳；等于container n.容器；集装箱contemporary a.当代的，同时代的contempt n.轻蔑；藐视；受辱content n.内容，目录；容量content a.满意的，满足的contest vt.争夺，争取；辩驳continent n.大陆；陆地；洲continual a.不断的；连续的continue vt.继续，连续；延伸continuous a.连续不断的，持续的contract n.契约，合同；婚约contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认contrary a.相反的n.相反contrast n.对比，对照，悬殊contribute vt.捐献，捐助；投稿control vt.控制，克制n.控制convenience n.便利，方便；厕所convenient a.便利的；近便的convention n.习俗，惯例；公约conventional a.普通的；习惯的conversation n.会话，非正式会谈conversely ad.相反地conversion n.转变，转化；改变convert vt.使转变；使改变convey vt.传送；运送；传播convince vt.使确信，使信服cook vt.烹调，煮vt.烧菜cool a.凉的，冷静的cooperate vi.合作，协作；配合coordinate vt.使协调，调节cope vi.对付，应付copper n.铜；铜币，铜制器copy n.抄件vt.抄写，复制cord n.细绳，粗线，索cordial a.真诚的，诚恳的core n.果实的心，核心corn n.谷物；(英)小麦corner n.角；犄角；边远地区corporation n.公司，企业；社团correct a.正确的vt.纠正correction n.改正，纠正，修改correspond vi.相符合；相当correspondent n.通信者；通讯员corresponding a.相应的；符合的corridor n.走廊，回廊，通路cost n.价格，代价；成本costly a.昂贵的；价值高的cottage n.村舍，小屋cotton n.棉；棉线；棉布cough vi.咳，咳嗽n.咳嗽could aux.v.(can的过去式) council n.理事会，委员会count vt.计算vi.数，计数counter n.柜台；计数器country n.国家，国土；农村countryside n.乡下，农村county n.英国的郡，美国的县couple n.夫妇；(一)对；几个courage n.勇气，胆量，胆识course n.课程；过程；一道菜court n.法院，法庭；庭院cousin n.堂(或表)兄弟(姐妹) cover vt.盖，包括n.盖子cow n.母牛，奶牛；母兽coward n.懦夫；胆怯者crack n.裂缝，裂纹vi.爆裂craft n.工艺；手艺，行业crane n.起重机，摄影升降机crash vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞crawl vi.爬，爬行crazy a.疯狂的，荒唐的cream n.奶油，乳脂；奶油色create vt.创造；引起，产生creative a.创造性的，创作的creature n.生物，动物，家畜credit n.信用贷款；信用creep vi.爬行；缓慢地行进crew n.全体船员cricket n.板球；蟋蟀crime n.罪，罪行；犯罪criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯cripple n.跛子；残废的人crisis n.危机；存亡之际critic n.批评家，爱挑剔的人critical a.决定性的；批评的criticism n.批评；批判；评论criticize vt.批评；评论；非难crop n.农作物，庄稼；一熟cross vt.穿过；使交*crow n.鸦，乌鸦vi.啼crowd n.群；大众；一伙人crown n.王冠，冕；花冠crude a.简陋的；天然的cruel a.残忍的，残酷的crush vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压crust n.面包皮；硬外皮cry vi.哭，哭泣；叫喊crystal n.水晶，结晶体；晶粒cube n.立方形；立方cubic a.立方形的；立方的cucumber n.黄瓜cultivate vt.耕；种植；培养culture n.文化，文明；教养cunning a.狡猾的，狡诈的cup n.杯子；(一)杯；奖杯cupboard n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱cure vt.医治；消除n.治愈curiosity n.好奇，好奇心；珍品curious a.好奇的；稀奇古怪的curl n.卷毛；螺旋vi.卷曲current a.当前的；通用的curse n.诅咒，咒骂；天谴curtain n.帘，窗帘；幕(布) curve n.曲线；弯vt.弄弯cushion n.垫子，坐垫，*垫custom n.习惯，风俗；海关customer n.顾客，主顾cut vt.切，割，剪；减少cycle n自行车，循环Ddaily a.每日的n.日报dairy n.牛奶场；乳制品dam n.水坝，水堤；障碍物damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害damp a.潮湿的，有湿气的dance vi.跳舞；摇晃n.舞danger n.危险；危险事物dangerous a.危险的，不安全的dare vt.&aux.v.敢；竟敢daring a.大胆的，勇敢的dark a.暗的；黑色的darling n.亲爱的人；宠儿dash vt.使猛撞；溅n.猛冲data n.数据; 资料date n.日期vt.注…日期daughter n.女儿dawn n.黎明；开端vi.破晓day n.(一)天，白昼，白天daylight n.白昼，日光；黎明dead a.死的，无生命的deadly a.致命的，死一般的deaf a.聋的；不愿听的deal n.买卖；待遇vt.给予dear a.亲爱的int.啊death n.死，死亡；灭亡debate n.&vi.争论，辩论debt n.债，债务，欠债decade n.十年，十年期decay vi.腐烂；衰败n.腐烂deceit n.欺骗，欺诈deceive vt.欺骗，蒙蔽，行骗December n.十二月decent a.正派的；体面的decide vt.决定，决心；解决decision n.决定，决心；果断deck n.甲板；舱面；层面declare vt.断言；声明；表明decorate vt.装饰，装璜，修饰decrease vi.&n.减少，减少deduce vt.演绎，推论，推断deed n.行为；功绩；契约deep a.深的；纵深的deepen vt.加深vi.深化deer n.鹿defeat vt.战胜，击败；挫败defect n.缺点，缺陷，欠缺defence n.防御；防务；辩护defend vt.保卫，防守define vt.给…下定义；限定definite a.明确的；肯定的definitely ad.一定地，明确地definition n.定义，释义；定界degree n.程度；度；学位delay vt.推迟；耽搁；延误delete vt.删除；擦掉delegation n.代表团delicate a.纤细的；易碎的delicious a.美味的，怡人的delight n.快乐vt.使高兴deliver vt.投递，送交；发表delivery n.投递；交付；分娩demand vt.要求；需要；询问democracy n.民主，民主制democratic a.民主的，民主政体的demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露dense a.密集的；浓厚的density n.密集，稠密；密度deny vt.否定；拒绝相信depart vi.离开，起程；出发department n.部，司，局，处，系departure n.离开，出发，起程depend vi.依*，依赖；相信dependent a.依*的，依赖的deposit vt.使沉淀；存放depress vt.使沮丧；按下depth n.深度；深厚；深处derive vt.取得vi.起源descend vi.下来，下降；下倾describe vt.形容；描写，描绘description n.描写，形容；种类desert n.沙漠vt.离弃；擅离deserve vt.应受，值得design vt.设计n.设计；图样desirable a.值得相望的；可取的desire vt.相望；要求n.愿望desk n.书桌，办公桌despair n.绝望vi.绝望desperate a.拼死的；绝望的despise vt.鄙视，蔑视despite prep.不管，不顾destination n.目的地，终点；目标destroy vt.破坏；消灭；打破destruction n.破坏，毁灭，消灭detail n.细节；枝节；零件detect vt.察觉，发觉；侦察detection n.察觉，发觉；侦察determination n.决心；决定；确定determine vt.决定；查明；决心develop vt.发展；形成；开发development n.发展；开发；生长device n.器械，装置；设计devil n.魔鬼，恶魔devise vt.设计，发明devote vt.将…奉献，致力于dew n.露，露水diagram n.图解，图表，简图dial n.钟面；拨号盘vt.拨dialect n.方言，土语，地方话dialog n.对话，对白diameter n.直径diamond n.金钢石，钻石；菱形diary n.日记，日记簿dictate vt.&vi.口授；命令dictation n.口授笔录，听写dictionary n.词典，字典die vi.死，死亡；灭亡differ vi.不同，相异difference n.差别；差；分歧different a.差异的；各种的difficult a.困难的；难对付的difficulty a.困难；难事；困境dig vt.掘，挖；采掘digest vt.消化；领会n.文摘digital a.数字的，计数的diligent a.勤勉的，勤奋的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的dimension n.尺寸，尺度；面积dinner n.正餐，主餐；宴会dip vt.浸，蘸vi.浸一浸direct a.直接的；直率的direction n.方向，方位；指导directly ad.直接地；立即director n.指导者；理事；导演dirt n.尘，土；污物，污垢dirty a.脏的；下流的disable vt.使无能，使伤残disadvantage n.不利，不利地位disagree vi.有分歧；不一致disappear vi.不见，失踪；消失disappoint vt.使失望，使受挫折disaster n.灾难，灾祸；天灾disk n.圆盘，唱片；磁盘discard vt.丢弃，抛弃，遗弃discharge vt.释放；排出n.释放discipline n.纪律；训练vt.训练disclose vt.揭开，揭发；透露discourage vt.使泄气，使灰心discover vt.发现；暴露，显示discovery n.发现；被发现的事物discuss vt.讨论，谈论；论述discussion n.讨论，谈论；论述disease n.病，疾病；病害disguise vi.隐瞒，掩埋n.假装disgust n.厌恶，憎恶dish n.碟，盘子；菜肴dishonour n.不光彩；丢脸的人dislike vt.&n.不喜爱，厌恶dismiss vt.不再考虑；解雇disorder n.混乱，杂乱；骚乱display vt.陈列，展览；显示disposal n.丢掉，处理，销毁dispose vi.去掉，丢掉；销毁displease vt.使不愉快，使生气dispute vi.争论，争执n.争论dissatisfy vi.使不满，使不平dissolve vt.使溶解；解散distance n.距离，间距；远处distant a.在远处的，疏远的distinct a.与其他不同的distinction n.差别，不同，区分distinguish vt.区别，辨别，认别distress n.忧虑，悲伤；不幸distribute vt.分发，分送；分布distribution n.分发，分配；分布district n.区；地区，区域disturb vt.打扰，扰乱；弄乱ditch n.沟，沟渠，渠道dive vi.跳水；潜水；俯冲diverse a.不一样的，相异的divide vt.分；分配；分开division n.分，分配；除法divorce n.离婚，离异vi.离婚do aux.v. vt.做，干，办dock n.船坞；码头；船厂doctor n.医生，医师；博士document n.公文，文件；证件dog n.狗，犬，犬科动物dollar n.元(货币单位) domestic a.本国的；家庭的donkey n.驴；笨蛋door n.门，通道；一家dorm n.宿舍dormitory n.集体寝室；宿舍dose n.剂量，用量；一剂dot n.点，圆点vt.打点于double a.两倍的；双的doubt n.怀疑；疑虑vt.怀疑doubtful a.难以预测的；怀疑的doubtless ad.无疑地；很可能down ad.向下，在下面downstairs ad.在楼下a.楼下的downward a.向下的ad.向下地dozen n.一打，十二个draft n.草稿；汇票vt.起草drag vt.拖，拉；拖曳dragon n.龙；凶暴的人drain vt.排去；放水n.耗竭drama n.一出戏剧，剧本dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的draw vt.画，划；拖；拨出drawer n.抽屉drawing n.图画，素描；绘图dread n.畏惧；恐怖vt.惧怕dream n.梦；梦想vi.做梦dress n.女服，童装；服装drift vi.漂流，漂泊n.漂流drill n.钻头；操练vi.钻孔drink vt.饮vi.喝n.饮料drip vi.滴下；漏水n.水滴drive vt.驾驶；打入；驱driver n.驾驶员，司机drop vt.使落下；降低drought n.旱灾，干旱drown vi.淹死，溺死drug n.药，药物，药材drum n.鼓；鼓状物，圆桶drunk a.醉的；陶醉的dry a.干的，干燥的duck n.鸭，雌鸭；鸭肉due a.预期的；应给的dull a.枯燥的；不鲜明的dumb a.哑的；无言的dump vt.倾卸，倾倒；倾销durable a.耐久的，耐用的duration n.持续，持久during prep.在…期间dusk n.薄暮，黄昏，幽暗dust n.尘土，灰尘duty n.职责；责任；税dwelling n.住处，寓所dye vt.染n.染料；染色dying a.垂死的；临终的dynamic a.有活力的；动力的Eeach pron.各，各自a.各eager a.渴望的，热切的eagle n.鹰ear n.耳朵；听力，听觉early ad.早a.早的，早期的earn vt.赚得，挣得；获得earnest a.认真的，诚恳的earth n.地球；陆地，地面earthquake n.地震；大震荡ease n.容易，舒适vt.缓和easily ad.容易地；舒适的east n.东；东部ad.在东方eastern a.东方的；朝东的easy a.容易的；安逸的eat vt.吃，喝vi.吃饭echo n.回声，反响vi.重复economic a.经济的，经济学的economical a.节约的；经济学的economy n.经济；节约，节省edge n.边缘，边；刀口edition n.版，版本，版次editor n.编辑，编者，校订者educate vt.教育；培养；训练education n.教育；训导；教育学effect n.结果；效果，效力effective a.有效的；有影响的efficiency n.效率；功效，效能efficient a.效率高的，有能力的effort n.努力；努力的成果egg n.蛋，鸡蛋，卵eight num.八，八个，第八eighteen num.十八，十八个eighth num.第八n.八分之一eighty num.八十，八十个either pron.(两者)任何一个elaborate a.复杂的；精心制作的elastic n.松紧带a.有弹性的elbow n.肘，肘部；弯管elder a.年龄较大的n.长者elect vt.选举，推选；选择election n.选举，选择权；当选electric a.电的，电动的electrical a.电的，电气科学的electricity n.电，电学；电流electron n.电子electronic a.电子的electronics n.电子学element n.成分；要素；元素elementary a.基本的；初级的elephant n.象elevator n.电梯；升降机eleven num.十一，十一个eleventh num.第十一(个) eliminate vt.消灭，消除，排除elimination n.消灭，排除，消除else ad.其它，另外a.别的elsewhere ad.在别处，向别处embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难embrace vt.拥抱；包括；包围emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件emit vt.散发；发射；发表emotion n.情感，感情；激动emotional a.感情的，情绪的emperor n.皇帝emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性emphasize vt.强调，着重empire n.帝国employ vi.雇用；用；使忙于employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工employer n.雇佣者，雇主employment n.工业；雇用；使用empty a.空的；空洞的enable vt.使能够，使可能enclose vt.围住，圈起；附上encounter vt.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇encourage vt.鼓励，支持，助长end n.末端；目标vt.结束ending n.结尾，结局；死亡endless a.无止境的endure vt.忍受；容忍enemy n.敌人；仇敌；敌兵energy n.活力；精力；能enforce vt.实施，执行；强制engage vt.使从事于；聘用engine n.发动机，引擎；机车engineer n.工程师，技师engineering n.工程，工程学。
Mike Basin完整介绍(中+英)
MIKEBASIN主页› 主要产品› 水资源数学模型软件› MIKEBASIN水资源模型软件MIKE BASINMIKE BASIN是由Danish Hydraulic institute 丹麦水利研究院开发的、完全与ArcGIS®整合的多种管理规划工具。
它是一个综合河网模拟系统，用于水资源分配/ 用水权和环境的研究。
MIKE BASIN分为两种软件包：MIKE BASIN BASIC 和MIKE BASIN EXTENDED，前者包括Temporal Analyst模块和NAM(降雨径流模块)，后者是MIKE BASIN BASIC加上流域自动描述功能，具有空间分析能力，可以进行河网自动生成及流域自动划分。
另外还有一个添加模块，WQ 模块，可进行水质模拟。
图1给出了一个标准的MIKE BASIN界面。
NAM模型该模型是一个降雨径流模型,包括在MIKE BASIN 软件包中。
该模型是一个集中式、概念性降雨径流模型，它将含水层分为四个相互作用的储水层，坡面流、壤中流和基流是作为相应储水层中含水量的函数来进行模拟的。
储雪层地表储水层根区储水层地下储水层另外，还可以在水文循环中加入人为干预，如灌溉和地下水抽水。
降雨径流模型可以在每个子流域中使用，也可以用于代表一个或多个产生旁侧入流到河网的集水区。
可以应用该模型来模拟复杂的大型流域，可以将包含有众多子流域和复杂河网的大流域建立在同一模型框架里。
WQ模块—MIKE BASIN添加模块该模块并不包括在MIKE BASIN软件包中，需要单独购买。
该模块可以模拟一些影响水质的最重要的物质传输过程（N、P、DO、BOD、大肠肝菌等）。
对所有物质采用一级降解率来描述其降解过程，其中还包括转换过程如硝化和反硝化等过程。
在河流水质模拟上包括了演算过程来反映物质在河流中的滞留过程及与水流的混合影响。
还可以宏观地模拟地下水及水库的水质问题。
图1 一个基于ArcGIS的标准MIKE BASIN界面Temporal Analyst模块该模块是DHI独创的一个GIS扩展模块，该模块将时间维数添加到了GIS空间技术中，使空间与时间紧密结合起来，可直观显示与图形要素相关联的时间序列，并可进行各种统计计算、图表绘制，可作为前后处理模块。
两种典型边界条件下的趵突泉泉域水均衡分析
( a ) 断裂边界泉域
（ b ) 断裂-分水岭边界泉域
图 1 两种边界示意图 Fig. 1 Two kinds of boundary diagrams
2 断裂边界性质
2.1 马山断裂
(1)地 层 岩 性 。马 山 断 裂 两 侧 地 层 有 明 显 错 动 ， 岩性有较大差异，水 理 性 质 也 有 较 大 差 别 。根据断 裂两侧岩性可以将断裂分为4 段 ，主 要 岩 性 见 表 1。 岗辛以南段泰山群变质岩在风化层下坚硬密实不透 水 ，故该段为地层阻水。岗辛-孙庄段东侧地层地下
奥陶系马家沟群的灰岩 奥陶系马家沟群的灰岩
奥陶系马家沟群五阳山组灰岩 奥 陶 系 马 家 沟 群 五 阳 山 组 、阁 庄 组 和 八 陡 组 灰 岩
透水性 阻水 阻水 弱透水 透水
(2)流场对比。马 山 断 裂 两 侧 1 9 8 5 年 1 0 月及 2011年 1 2 月的水位图，由 图 2 可以发现:在长清以 北 地 区 ，马山断裂两侧等水位线连续，东西两侧水力 联系 密 切 ；长清以南地区，马山断裂两侧等水位线断 开 ，西侧等水位线稀疏，东 侧 等 水 位 线 密 集 ，说明此 段马山断裂两侧水力联系变弱，断 裂 相 对 阻 水 。根 据 流 场 图 可 以 得 知 ，马 山 断 裂 为 一 相 对 阻 水 的 断 层 ， 仅在断裂北段透水性良好。
岩溶不发育，透水性差，富水性弱，特别是崮山组、炒 米 店 组 下 部 地 层 ，为 相 对 隔 水 地 层 ，断层西侧岩溶发 育 、透水性好，故 此 段 东 侧 的 地 层 阻 水 。孙庄-老屯 段 断 层 两 侧 ，岩 性 相 同 .富 水 性 均 较 好 ，但 两 侧 岩 溶 含水层发育的不均一，主要岩溶含水段标高不同，东 侧较西侧高.断层东侧的地层对西侧的岩溶水含水 层 起 相 对 阻 水 作 用 ，故 此 段 具 弱 透 水 性 。老屯-前隆 段 两 侧 岩 溶 均 发 育 ，富 水 性 好 ，此 段 透 水 。
大清河流域土地利用变化的地形梯度效应分析
第37卷第5期农业工程学报V ol.37 No.52021年3月Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Mar. 2021 275 大清河流域土地利用变化的地形梯度效应分析李硕1,2，沈占锋1,3，刘克俭4※，许泽宇1,3，王浩宇1,3，焦淑慧1,3，刘相臣1,3，雷雅婷1,3（1. 中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，北京100101；2. 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院，北京100049；3. 中国科学院大学，北京100049；4. 中国人民公安大学公安遥感应用工程技术研究中心，北京100038）摘要：地形对于土地利用具有重要制约作用。
该研究选取1974－2019年的Landsat影像，从地形起伏度、坡度、地形位等级的角度，分析大清河流域土地利用类型、结构变化在地形梯度上的分布效应，对影响研究区土地利用变化的驱动力进行讨论。
结果表明：1）大清河流域土地利用类型分布具有显著的地形梯度。
建设用地、耕地与水体在低地形梯度地区分布优势明显，草地的优势分布区在中、高地形梯度地区，林地的优势分布区多集中在高地形梯度区域。
2）大清河流域土地利用结构变化类型主要包括保持恒定与后期变化2种。
其中保持恒定型以低地形梯度的耕地与高地形梯度的林地为主；后期变化型广泛分布于中高、中低地形梯度地区，建设用地挤占耕地现象愈加严重，耕地的优势分布区向更高的地形梯度区域扩张，因为“退耕还林还草”战略的实施，林地的优势分布区呈现下移趋势，耕地由单向转入演变为双向流转。
3）由于人口的增长与降水减少等原因，大清河流域在太行山麓毁林垦荒约4 866 km2，后由于城市扩张导致建设用地侵占耕地约3 727 km2，“人地矛盾”尖锐、建设用地总体设计不合理、集约化程度不高等问题突出，未来土地政策应根据不同地形梯度因地制宜。
关键词：遥感；土地利用；地形梯度；大清河；分布指数doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.032中图分类号：TP79 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1002-6819(2021)-05-0275-10李硕，沈占锋，刘克俭，等. 大清河流域土地利用变化的地形梯度效应分析[J]. 农业工程学报，2021，37(5)：275-284. doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.032 Li Shuo, Shen Zhanfeng, Liu Kejian, et al. Analysis of terrain gradient effects of land use change in Daqing River Basin[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(5): 275-284. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.032 0 引 言土地是包括地质、地貌、土壤、植被、水文与气候等多种自然要素在内的综合体[1]，土地利用的动态演变是人与自然共同作用的结果[2]，表现为土地利用类型在时间或空间上的不断变化[3]。
二连盆地额仁淖尔地区赛汉组砂岩粒度特征
/RESOURCES2021年第一期WESTERN RESOURCES 基础地质1.引言赛汉组为二连盆地砂岩型铀矿的主要赋矿层位，分布范围广，沉积期处于整个盆地断拗转换期，普遍认为赛汉组为辫状河—三角洲沉积体系。
赛汉组沉积末期以来，盆地发生构造反转，地层遭受剥蚀，大部分地区缺失赛汉组上段，因此与上覆地层界面特征不明显。
近年来大量的综合找矿工作和科研工作成果对研究赛汉组地质特征、沉积环境提供了坚实的物质基础。
我们运用赛汉组砂岩粒度测试数据，通过概率累积曲线形态、参数特征、判别函数等基本参数来研究赛汉组沉积环境。
2.区域地质背景额仁淖尔凹陷位于二连盆地乌兰察布坳陷北西部，为一北东向展布的东断西超的箕状凹陷，东北部较宽，南西部较狭窄，凹陷内部褶皱构造不发育，断陷、断裂作用强烈，断裂构造控制了凹陷的形成与发育。
赛汉组属于下白垩世早期沉积，与上覆地层二连组呈不整合接触，与下伏地层腾格尔组呈整合接触关系。
多数研究资料认为二连盆地在整个漫长的地质演化历史中可以划分为第一裂陷幕、第二裂陷幕及列后期，分别对应的主要地层为阿尔善组、腾格尔组、二连组，而赛汉组处于第二裂陷幕后期，此时盆地发生回返、萎缩，具有断—拗转换性质，断陷强度已大大减弱，沉积速率超过沉降速率。
早期以一套低水位体系域为代表的辫状河沉积为主；中期沉积范围扩大，聚煤作用较为强烈，黄铁矿、有机质含量高，形成一套湖沼沉积；晚期沉积范围发生萎缩，以辫状河三角洲沉积为主。
3.砂岩粒度特征分析粒度分析在沉积学中有着广泛的应用，是判定沉积环境沉积相的主要工作手段之一。
粒度可以作为研究沉积物及沉积岩分类的定量指标，可以准确地反映出沉积作用的流体力学性质［1-2］。
沉积物的粒度分布受搬运方式、搬运介质、沉积环境等因素控制，因此对沉积物的粒级分布、粒度判别函数、概率累积曲线、粒度特征参数等开展综合研究可以判别出沉积物所处的沉积环境［6，10］。
3.1粒级分布沉积物粒度分布能够准确地反映出沉积物质来源、沉二连盆地额仁淖尔地区赛汉组砂岩粒度特征齐文博李小伟中陕核工业集团地质调查院有限公司西安710100摘要：对二连盆地额仁淖尔地区赛汉组砂岩的粒度测试数据进行综合分析，赛汉组砂岩以中、细粒为主，分选中等，偏度介于-0.29~0.65，呈现为正偏态分布，且峰度值介于0.54~1.25，表现为中等，说明赛汉组砂岩沉积时的水动力能量较强，识别为河流—三角洲沉积相。
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Basin AnalysisBasin AnalysisIntroductionMechanisms of Basin Formation Basin ClassificationBasins and Sequence Stratigraphy SummaryIntroductionBasin analysis -Study of sedimentary rocks to determine:Subsidence historyStratigraphic architecturePaleogeographic evolutionTools:Geology (outcrops, wireline logs, core)Geophysics (seismic, gravity, aeromag)Computers (modeling, data analysis)IntroductionWhat is a basin?Repository for sedimentFormed by crustal subsidence relative to surrounding areasSurrounding areas sometimes uplifted Many different shapes, sizes andmechanisms of formationIntroductionZonation of the Earth –Composition CrustMantleCoreIntroductionZonation of the Upper Earth –RheologyLithosphereRigid outer shellCrust and upper mantleAsthenosphereWeaker than lithosphereFlows (plastic deformation)IntroductionZonation of the Upper Earth –RheologyVertical motions (subsidence, uplift) in sedimentary basins are primarily inresponse to deformation of lithosphere and asthenosphereIntroductionPlate motionsPlate-plate interactions can generatevertical crustal movementsWe will examine basins according to their positions with respect to plateboundaries and plate-plate interactions“Wilson Cycle” –opening and closing ofocean basinsIntroductionThree types of plate boundaries: Divergent –plates moving apartMid-ocean ridges, riftsConvergent –plates moving towardseach otherSubduction zonesConservative –plates move parallel to each otherStrike-slip systemsMechanisms of Basin FormationMajor mechanisms for regional subsidence/uplift:Isostatic–changes in crustal orlithospheric thicknessLoading –by thrust sheets, volcanic piles, sedimentDynamic effects –asthenospheric flow,mantle convection, plumesMechanisms of Basin FormationIsostatic Processes:Crustal thinningExtensional stretching, erosion during uplift,magmatic withdrawalMantle-Lithosphere ThickeningCooling of lithosphere, following cessation ofstretching or cessation of heatingMechanisms of Basin FormationIsostatic Processes:Crustal densificationDensity increase due to changingpressure/temperature conditions and/oremplacement of higher density melts intolower density crustMechanisms of Basin FormationLoading:Local isostatic compensation of crust and regional lithospheric flexureDependent on flexural rigidity oflithosphereMechanisms of Basin FormationLoading:Sedimentary or Volcanic LoadingTectonic loadingDuring overthrusting and/or underpulling Subcrustal loadingLithospheric flexure during underthrusting ofdense lithosphereMechanisms of Basin FormationDynamic effects:Asthenospheric flowDescent or delamination of subductedlithosphereMantle convectionPlumesBasin ClassificationMany different classification systems have been proposedPrincipal factors:Position of the basin in relation to platemarginsCrustal/lithospheric substratumOceanic, continental crustType of plate boundaryBasin ClassificationIngersoll and Busby (1995): 26 different types of basin (see handout)Divided into various settingsDivergentIntraplateConvergentTransformHybridBasin ClassificationAlternate approach (Allen and Allen, 2005): focus on basin-forming processesWhat causes subsidence?Allen and Allen (2005)Basin ClassificationThis course –hybrid approach:What causes subsidence?What is tectonic setting?We do not have time to cover all types of basinsFocus on selected basin typesBasin ClassificationBasins can be related to tectonicsettingPosition with respect to plate boundaryNature of plate boundary“Wilson Cycle”Allen and Allen, 2005Divergent Plate BoundariesContinental rifting (a) may lead to opening of an ocean with a mid-ocean ridge (b, c)Rift basin evolves into passive marginBasin Classification Rift BasinsElongate, valleysbounded by normalfaultsFew km -> 10s of kmwideLength –up to 1000s ofkmOccur in many platesettings, but mostcommon in divergentsettingsBasin ClassificationRift BasinsSeismic studies indicate rifts overliethinned crustEvidence for thermal anomalies at depth: Negative Bouguer gravity anomaliesHigh heat flowBimodal volcanic activityBasin ClassificationRift BasinsActive rifting:Mantle upwelling causes crustal thinning(heating)Thinning leads to upliftUplift leads to tension and rifting Passive rifting:Regional extension causes failureHot mantle rocks rise and penetratelithospherePassive Rifting –regionalextension causes rifting,upwelling of hot mantlefollows.Example: Rio GrandeActive Rifting –Upwelling ofhot mantle leads to upliftand extension.Example: East African Rift Allen and Allen, 2005Basin ClassificationRift BasinsRift fill commonly consists of“continental” depositsFluvial, lacustrine, alluvial fansEvaporites may form if rift valley/basin is located in a hot, dry areaInvasion of the seaClosed drainage basinsVolcanic rocks, and associated intrusions, may be present Evaporitesaccumulated inshallow basinsas Pangaeabroke apartduring theEarly MesozoicWater fromthe Tethys Seaflowed into theCentralAtlantic OceanEarly Mesozoic EvaporitesBasin ClassificationContinued rifting can lead to formation of oceanic crust –opening of ocean basinE.g., Red Sea“Rift-Drift” transitionRift-drift transition may be marked by a “breakup unconformity”If rift associated with subaerial relief atonset of driftingBasin Classification Passive MarginsContinentalCrustOceanicCrustTransitionalCrustBasin ClassificationPassive MarginsStrongly attenuated continental crust Stretched over distances of 50-500 kmOverlain by seaward-thickening sediment prismsTypically shallow-marine depositsSometimes referred to as “Atlantic-type margins” or “continental rises and terraces” (Boggs)Beaumont et al. 1992 –cited in Allen and Allen 2005Scotian ShelfBasin ClassificationPassive MarginsVarious subsidence mechanisms:Cooling (thermal contraction) following lithospheric thinningMain mechanismPhase changes in lower crust/mantle (gabbro to eclogite)Not known if this process can be widespread enoughSediment loadingAdds to other effectsBasin ClassificationPassive MarginsSubsidence variable in space and timeSubsidence rate increases in offshore directionSubsidence rate decreases with time for all parts of the profileTotal SubsidenceSubsidence as a Function of TimeS u b s i d e n c eTime ->A B CA B CBasin ClassificationPassive MarginsMorphology characterized by shelf, slope and continental riseShelf margin builds out with timeShelf sediments can be clastic or carbonateWater depth stays relatively constant on shelfAbundant sediment supplyBasin ClassificationPassive MarginsSlope/rise –material shed from continental shelf during lowstands (clastic systems)Aprons/fans deposited along slope/riseAlso pelagic sediments, contourites, etc.Basin ClassificationGravity-driven deformation common in drift-phase sedimentsListric growth faults, salt tectonics, mud diapirs, etc.Basin ClassificationAulacogens“Failed rifts”Occur at high angleto continentalmarginFill: non-marine todeep marineExample: ReelfootRift (Mississippivalley)AulacogenAllen and Allen, 2005Convergent PlateBoundariesSubduction of oceanic plate(d) may lead to closing ofocean basin (e) andultimately to continentalcollision (f)Convergent PlateBoundariesAge of oceanic crust affects angle at which it is subductedYoung crust (top) –shallow angle subduction, compression behind arcOld crust (bottom) –steep angle subduction, “roll-back”, extension behind arcBasin ClassificationArc-related basinsBackarc BasinDeep-sea TrenchAccretionary complexEdge of Continent Volcanic Island ArcSpreadingCenterForearc BasinBasin ClassificationArc-related basinsForearc and backarc basins dominated by sediment derived from arcImmature clasticsBackarc basin may also have componentderived from continentDeep-sea trench has sediments derivedfrom arc and sediments scraped offsubducting oceanic crust“Melange”Basin ClassificationForeland basinsThrust beltForeland basinBasin ClassificationForeland basinsCrustal loading of thrust sheets causes subsidenceMay face towards or away fromcontinental interiorOcean-continent or continent-continent collisionRate of subsidence greatest adjacent to thrust loading T h ru s tl o ad i ngSubsidence UpliftPeripheralbulgePeripheral (pro)Foreland BasinRetro Foreland BasinHimalayan peripheral foreland basinDecelles and Giles, 1996Retro foreland basinsDepth to basement (km; outcrop=0)Turcotte and Schubert, 1982Late CretaceousBasin ClassificationForeland basinsGenerally clastic –high sediment inputfrom adjacent uplifts“Clastic wedges”Date thrustingCarbonates in some settingsMarine or non-marine fillTurbidites, pelagic, deltaic, shoreface/shelf,fluvialBasin ClassificationForeland basinsBasin fill adjacent to thrusting typicallygets caught up in deformationCretaceous Clastics, AlbertaBasin ClassificationIntracratonic BasinsBasin ClassificationIntracratonic Basins“Interior Basins” Semi-circular to ovate downwarps Within continental interiorsOtherwise stable cratonic areas Away from plate boundariesBasin ClassificationIntracratonic BasinsCauses of subsidence?Underlying rifts, large-scale fault blocks Cooling after intrusion of dense material Mantle “cold” spots (downwelling) Phase changes Subsidence UpliftSubsidence greatest towards center of basinBasin ClassificationIntracratonic BasinsSedimentary fill terrestrial or marineCarbonates, clastics, evaporitesBasin ClassificationOther basins, e.g. basis associated with wrench faulting, not discussed here (time constaints) Some basins have had multiple-phase historySometimes related to reactivation because of changes in plate tectonic setting E.g., Western Canada Sedimentary BasinMiddle CambrianMid-Ordovician -> Lower DevonianWestEastCauses of subsidence in these areas, many 100s of km away from thrust belt are poorly understood “Dynamic effects”?Basins and Sequence StratigraphyPatterns and rates of subsidence and sediment supply can be strongly influenced by tectonic processes that are responsible for forming some basins Temporal and spatial changes in these factors can significantly affect sequence development in those basinsRelative Sea Level ->Eustasy + High SubsidenceEustasy + Moderate SubsidenceEustasy Time ->“Low Subsidence” RSL Can Fall“High Subsidence” RSL Cannot FallBasins and Sequence StratigraphyTowards shelf margin – rate of subsidence is always greater than rate of eustatic fallNo fall of relative sea levelTotal SubsidenceFurther landward – rate of subsidence is less than rate of eustatic fallFall of relative sea level possible Incised valleys can formArea covered by each zone will change with time, basin to basinBasins and Sequence StratigraphyWhen a discrete shelf margin is present, shelf margin sediments may be thick even in the absence of rapid thermal/tectonic subsidenceFaulting, compaction, diapirism cause localized subsidenceFluvial incision is greatest near landward edge of shelf“High Subsidence” RSL Cannot Fall“Low Subsidence” RSL Can FallSubsidenceUpliftl ust ThroadingPeripheral bulgeBasins and Sequence StratigraphyTowards thrust belt – rate of subsidence is always greater than rate of eustatic fallNo fall of relative sea level Favours fluvial accomodation/deposition towards thrust beltFurther basinward – rate of subsidence is less than rate of eustatic fallFall of relative sea level possiblePosamentier and Allen, 1999Area covered by each zone will change with time, basin to basinDignes (Miocene) Foreland Basin, SE France Thickest preserved fluvial (“alluvial”) sediments adjacent to thrust beltBasins and Sequence StratigraphyVariations in subsidence along strike in a basin can also cause variations in sequence developmentBasins and Sequence StratigraphyUplift along basin margins can cause variations in sediment supplyUplift due to thrusting and other processes Erosion of highlandsPosamentier and Allen, 1999Variations in sediment supply can generate “cycles” whose development has little/nothing to do with eustatic changes in sea levelEspecially in basins dominated by fluvial depositionBasins and Sequence StratigraphyDevelopment of a shelf profile most common on passive marginsAllows lowstand clastic deposits (submarine fans) to formBasins and Sequence StratigraphySubsidence rates for a given basin may be determined using a variety of techniquesE.g., “backstripping”Foreland basins typically have a ramp profileAbsence of deep-water deposits (i.e., lowstand fans)Subsidence mechanisms/patterns can be derived from examining sedimentary recordThick sediment accumulations correspond to rapid subsidence and/or high sediment supplyIsopach: Paleozoic to Second White Specks 100m ctr intIsopach: 1st white specks to 2nd white specks 20m ctr intSummarySedimentary basins are repositories for sediment that are formed by crustal subsidence relative to surrounding areas Several different mechanisms can produce subsidence, but they can be grouped into two main categories:Isostacy LoadingSummarySedimentary basins are found in many different tectonic settings“Wilson Cycle” a useful concept for classifying basinsOpening and closing of ocean basins Not all basins fit into this conceptual frameworkSummaryDivergent plate boundaries – rift/drift transitionsNot all rifts lead to the opening of ocean basins Passive margins have highest subsidence that increases seawardsSubsidence primarily due to coolingSummaryForeland basins – subsidence due to loading by thrust sheetsHighest subsidence closest to thrust sheetsIntracratonic basins – away from plate boundaries, causes of subsidence poorly understood Basins can have complex historiesSummaryTectonic and other factors that cause subsidence and influence sediment supply can have a significant impact on sequence developmentLikely to vary from basin to basin, and over time within any given basin。